Papel de la imagen de movimiento incoherente intravóxel (IVIM) en la evaluación de la respuesta del carcinoma hepatocelular después de la quimioembolización transarterial (TACE): un estudio prospectivo / Role of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging in response assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE): a prospective study

Introducción: La evaluación de la respuesta del carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) se basa actualmente en el realce en la fase arterial, que no tiene en cuenta los cambios microestructurales en el tumor después de la quimioembolización transarterial (TACE). Objetivo: Este estudio prospectivo se llevó a cabo para evaluar la viabilidad y la eficacia de la imagen de movimiento incoherente intravóxel (IVIM) en la evaluación de la respuesta de CHC después de TACE. A 39 pacientes cirróticos con 48 CHC se les realizó una resonancia magnética (RM) 1 semana antes y 6 semanas después de la TACE. Se midieron parámetros IVIM como Dlenta (difusión verdadera), Drápida (seudodifusión), la fracción de perfusión y el ADC antes y después de la TACE. Los valores antes y después de la TACE en las lesiones LR-TR no viables y viables según la clasificación LI-RADS de categorías de respuesta al tratamiento se compararon mediante pruebas t emparejadas. Se realizó un análisis de la curva ROC para calcular la sensibilidad y la especificidad y proponer valores de corte.Resultado: Las lesiones no viables mostraron un aumento significativo de la Dlenta (1,208±0,581 frente a 1,560±0,494, valor de p=–0,0207) y de ADC (1,37±0,53 frente a 1,65±0,4287, valor de p=–0,016) después de la TACE. También se observó una disminución significativa de los valores de Drápida (33,7±10,4 frente a 23,75±12,13, valor de p=0,0005) y f (19,92±10,54 frente a 12,9±10,41, valor de p=0,012) después de la TACE en las lesiones no viables en comparación con las viables. El cambio en la difusión verdadera tuvo el mayor AUC (0,741) entre los parámetros IVIM, con un aumento superior a 0,075 entre los valores previos y posteriores a la TACE, con una sensibilidad y especificidad del 81,8 y el 60%, respectivamente, para la respuesta completa. Conclusión: La IVIM es factible para evaluar la respuesta en el CHC después de la TACE. La difusión verdadera es más sensible y específica que la difusión aparente para...(AU)

Introduction: Response evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) currently is based on arterial phase enhancement which doesn’t take into microstructural changes in the tumor after trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Aim: This prospective study was conducted to assess the feasibility and efficacy of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging (IVIM) in response evaluation of HCC after TACE. 39 cirrhotic patients with 48 HCC underwent MR imaging 1 week within and 6weeks after TACE. IVIM parameters like Dslow (true diffusion), Dfast (pseudodiffusion), perfusion fraction and ADC were measured prior to and postTACE. The pre and postTACE values in LR-TR (LIRADS-treatment response) nonviable and viable lesions were compared using paired t-tests. ROC curve analysis was done to calculate sensitivity and specificity and propose cut-off values. Result: Non-viable lesions showed a significant increase in Dslow (1.208±0.581 vs. 1.560±0.494, p-value –0.0207) and ADC (1.37±0.53 vs. 1.65±0.4287, p-value 0.016) after TACE. There was also significant decrease in Dfast (33.7±10.4 vs. 23.75±12.13, p-value 0.0005) and f (19.92±10.54 vs. 12.9±10.41, p-value 0.012) values after TACE in non-viable lesions compared to viable lesions. The change in true diffusion had the highest AUC (0.741) among IVIM parameters with greater than 0.075 increase between preTACE and postTACE values having a sensitivity and specificity of 81.8% and 60% respectively for complete response. Conclusion: IVIM imaging is feasible to assess the response in HCC after TACE. True diffusion is more sensitive and specific than apparent diffusion in evaluating the response.(AU)

Role of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging in response assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) - A prospective study.

INTRODUCTION: Response evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) currently is based on arterial phase enhancement which doesn't take into microstructural changes in the tumor after trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE). AIM: This prospective study was conducted to assess the feasibility and efficacy of intravascular incoherent motion imaging (IVIM) in response evaluation of HCC after TACE. 39 cirrhotic patients with 48 HCC underwent MR imaging 1 week within and 6weeks after TACE. IVIM parameters like Dslow (true diffusion), Dfast (pseudodiffusion), perfusion fraction and ADC were measured prior to and postTACE. The pre and post TACE values in LR-TR (LIRADS - treatment response) nonviable and viable lesions were compared using paired t-tests. ROC curve analysis was done to calculate sensitivity and specificity and propose cut-off values. RESULT: Non-viable lesions showed a significant increase in Dslow (1.208 ± 0.581 vs 1.560 ± 0.494, P-value -.0207) and ADC (1.37 ± 0.53 vs 1.65 ± 0.4287, P value .016) after TACE. There was also significant decrease in Dfast (33.7 ± 10.4 vs 23.75 ± 12.13, P value .0005) and f (19.92 ± 10.54 vs 12.9 ± 10.41, P value .012) values after TACE in non-viable lesions compared to viable lesions. The change in true diffusion had the highest AUC (0.741) among IVIM parameters with greater than 0.075 increase between preTACE and postTACE values having a sensitivity and specificity of 81.8% and 60% respectively for complete response. CONCLUSION: IVIM imaging is feasible to assess the response in HCC after TACE. True diffusion is more sensitive and specific than apparent diffusion in evaluating the response.

Association between nutritional status and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization / Asociación entre el estado nutricional y el índice plaquetas-linfocitos en pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular sometidos a quimioembolización transarterial

Introduction: nutritional status and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been found to be associated with prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE).Objectives: to evaluate the association between nutritional status and PLR in patients with HCC undergoing TACE. Methods: a total of 152 HCC patients received TACE were enrolled. The nutritional status was evaluated by Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Patients with PG-SGA A and PG-SGA (B or C) were classified as the well-nourished and malnourished groups. Results: according to the PG-SGA, 130 (85.5 %) patients were malnourished. The median PLR was significantly different between well-nourishedand malnourished groups (p = 0.008). A positive correlation was found between PLR and PG-SGA score (r = -0.265, p = 0.001). The optimalPLR cutoff value was 102.165 to predict malnutrition, with a sensitivity of 65.4 %, specificity of 72.7 %, and an area under the curve (AUC) of0.677 (95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.550-0.804; p = 0.008). A logistic stepwise regression model showed that the PLR was associated withnutritional status in Model 1 without adjustment, as well as if adjusted by age, sex, type of TACE (c-TACE/DEB-TACE) and Child–Pugh stage (oddsratio, 0.190; 95 % CI: 0.062-0.582; p=0.004). Conclusions: nutritional status measured by PG-SGA was significantly associated with PLR in patients with HCC undergoing TACE. (AU)

Introducción: se ha encontrado que el estado nutricional y el índice plaquetas-linfocitos (PLR) se asocian con el pronóstico en pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) sometidos a quimioembolización transarterial (TACE).Objetivos: evaluar la asociación entre el estado nutricional y la PLR en pacientes con CHC sometidos a TACE. Métodos: se evaluaron 152 pacientes con CHC que recibieron TACE. El estado nutricional fue evaluado por Evaluación Global Subjetiva Generada por el Paciente (PG-SGA). Los pacientes con PG-SGA A y PG-SGA (B o C) se clasificaron como los grupos bien nutridos y desnutridos. Resultados: según la PG-SGA, 130 (85,5 %) pacientes estaban desnutridos. La mediana de PLR fue significativamente diferente entre los grupos bien nutridos y desnutridos (p = 0,008). Se encontró una correlación positiva entre PLR y la puntuación PG-SGA (r = -0,265, p = 0,001). El valor de corte óptimo de PLR fue de 102,165 para predecir la malnutrición, con una sensibilidad del 65,4 %, una especificidad del 72,7 % y un área bajo la curva (AUC) de 0,677 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95 %: 0,550-0,804; p = 0,008). Un modelo de regresión logística escalonada mostró que el PLR se asoció con el estado nutricional en el Modelo 1 sin ajuste, así como cuando se ajustó por edad, sexo, tipo de TACE (c-TACE/DEB-TACE) y etapa Child-Pugh (odds ratio, 0,190; IC 95 %: 0,062-0,582; p = 0,004).Conclusiones: el estado nutricional medido por PG-SGA se asoció significativamente con PLR en pacientes con CHC sometidos a TACE. (AU)

Association between nutritional status and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

Introduction: Introduction: nutritional status and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been found to be associated with prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Objectives: to evaluate the association between nutritional status and PLR in patients with HCC undergoing TACE. Methods: a total of 152 HCC patients received TACE were enrolled. The nutritional status was evaluated by Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Patients with PG-SGA A and PG-SGA (B or C) were classified as the well-nourished and malnourished groups. Results: according to the PG-SGA, 130 (85.5 %) patients were malnourished. The median PLR was significantly different between well-nourished and malnourished groups (p = 0.008). A positive correlation was found between PLR and PG-SGA score (r = -0.265, p = 0.001). The optimal PLR cutoff value was 102.165 to predict malnutrition, with a sensitivity of 65.4 %, specificity of 72.7 %, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.677 (95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.550-0.804; p = 0.008). A logistic stepwise regression model showed that the PLR was associated with nutritional status in Model 1 without adjustment, as well as if adjusted by age, sex, type of TACE (c-TACE/DEB-TACE) and Child-Pugh stage (odds ratio, 0.190; 95 % CI: 0.062-0.582; p = 0.004). Conclusions: nutritional status measured by PG-SGA was significantly associated with PLR in patients with HCC undergoing TACE.

Introducción: Introducción: se ha encontrado que el estado nutricional y el índice plaquetas-linfocitos (PLR) se asocian con el pronóstico en pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) sometidos a quimioembolización transarterial (TACE). Objetivos: evaluar la asociación entre el estado nutricional y la PLR en pacientes con CHC sometidos a TACE. Métodos: se evaluaron 152 pacientes con CHC que recibieron TACE. El estado nutricional fue evaluado por Evaluación Global Subjetiva Generada por el Paciente (PG-SGA). Los pacientes con PG-SGA A y PG-SGA (B o C) se clasificaron como los grupos bien nutridos y desnutridos. Resultados: según la PG-SGA, 130 (85,5 %) pacientes estaban desnutridos. La mediana de PLR fue significativamente diferente entre los grupos bien nutridos y desnutridos (p = 0,008). Se encontró una correlación positiva entre PLR y la puntuación PG-SGA (r = -0,265, p = 0,001). El valor de corte óptimo de PLR fue de 102,165 para predecir la malnutrición, con una sensibilidad del 65,4 %, una especificidad del 72,7 % y un área bajo la curva (AUC) de 0,677 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95 %: 0,550-0,804; p = 0,008). Un modelo de regresión logística escalonada mostró que el PLR se asoció con el estado nutricional en el Modelo 1 sin ajuste, así como cuando se ajustó por edad, sexo, tipo de TACE (c-TACE/DEB-TACE) y etapa Child-Pugh (odds ratio, 0,190; IC 95 %: 0,062-0,582; p = 0,004). Conclusiones: el estado nutricional medido por PG-SGA se asoció significativamente con PLR en pacientes con CHC sometidos a TACE.

Evaluating the response to locoregional and systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. / Evaluación postratamiento locorregional y sistémico del carcinoma hepatocelular.

Evaluating the response to different treatments is a decisive factor in the clinical management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma because it can determine the efficacy of the treatment and because it can detect the recurrence of treated tumors or the appearance of new lesions that can be candidates for new treatments. When locoregional treatments that induce necrosis or molecular therapies are applied, the treated lesions usually change their behavior on imaging studies. It is important to point out that the size of the lesions does not usually decrease, at least initially, and some lesions can even appear to increase in size. For this reason, it is essential to know the mechanisms of action for each treatment applied and the spectrum of findings that these treatments can cause in the different imaging techniques used to assess the response.

Complications of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the treatment of liver tumors. / Complicaciones de la quimioembolización transarterial (QETA) en el tratamiento de los tumores hepáticos.

INTRODUCTION: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is considered a therapeutic option. It is mostly used in hepatocellular carcinoma or liver colorectal, neuroendocrine or melanoma metastases. Although it is considered a safe procedure, TACE presents complications, such as acute cholecystitis, which is the most common. Other procedure-related complications include pulmonary embolism, hepatic abscess, bile duct injury, gastric mucosa injury and, less frequently, acute pancreatitis. The aim of this study is to review the complications following TACE for liver tumors. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study including all the TACE procedures performed in a single center during the period between January 2013 and December 2016. RESULTS: Out of the 196 patients with liver tumors who had undergone 322 TACE, 258 (80%) were male and 64 (20%) were female. Mean patient age was 66.5years. Major complications after chemoembolization included: decompensation with edema/ascites (6patients), acute cholecystitis (4), acute pancreatitis (3), liver rupture (1), liver abscess (1) and renal failure (1). Postembolization syndrome appeared in 71 (20%) patients. On multivariate analysis, it was observed that concomitant cardiovascular disease (OR: 4.5; 95%CI: 1.2-17; P=.025) is a risk factor for the development of complications. CONCLUSIONS: TACE is a safe and effective procedure for liver tumor treatment. The majority of the complications are rare and present a low incidence of mortality.

The ART-SCORE is not an effective tool for optimizing patient selection for DEB-TACE retreatment. A multicentre Spanish study.

INTRODUCTION: The appropriate selection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients who are eligible for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) remains a challenge. The ART score has recently been proposed as a method of identifying patients who are eligible or not for a second TACE procedure. OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of the Assessment for Retreatment with TACE (ART) score in a cohort of patients treated with drug-eluting bead TACE (DEB-TACE). SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: to identify clinical determinants associated with overall survival (OS). METHOD: A retrospective, multicentre study conducted in Spain in patients with HCC having undergone two or more DEB-TACE procedures between January 2009 and December 2014. The clinical characteristics and OS from the day before the second DEB-TACE of patients with a high ART score (ART≥2.5) and a low ART score (ART 0-1) were compared. Risk factors for mortality were identified using Cox's proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Of the 102 patients included, 51 scored 0-1.5 and 51 scored ≥2.5. Hepatitis C was more frequent in patients scoring ≥2.5. Median OS from the day before the second DEB-TACE was 21 months (95% CI, 15-28) in the group scoring 0-1.5, and 17 months (95% CI, 10-25) in the group scoring ≥2.5 (P=0.3562). Platelet count and tumour size, but not the ART score, were independent baseline predictors of OS. CONCLUSIONS: The ART score is not suitable for guiding DEB-TACE retreatment according to Spanish clinical practice standards.

Trans-arterial chemoembolization with doxorubicin-eluting particles versus conventional trans-arterial chemoembolization in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A study of effectiveness, safety and costs.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness, survival and cost in patients with unresectable hepatic cell carcinoma (HCC) treated with trans-arterial chemoembolization using doxorubicin-eluting beads (DEB-TACE) versus conventional TACE (cTACE) in clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This single-centered retrospective observational study compared 60 consecutive HCC unresectable patients: 30 were treated with DEB-TACE and 30 used cTACE. Comparisons were with χ(2) test, Student t-test, and Kaplan Meier method. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients with HCC in non-curative stage, baseline characteristics were similar for both groups of treatment, and of these we observed lower survival in male patients and those who had hepatitis C virus (p=0.014 and p=0.003, respectively). No statistically significant differences were observed as a function of treatment employed with respect to overall survival (OS) at 5 years (29.99 months; 95%CI: 21.38-38.60 versus 30.67 months; 95%CI:22.65-38.70; p=0.626) and progression free survival (PFS) median of 11.57 months (95%CI: 0.97-22.18) versus 12.80 months (95%CI:0.00-32.37; p=0.618). The median length of hospital admission were 2.6 and 5.4 days (p<0.001) for DEB(-)TACE and cTACE, respectively. Toxicities grade 2-4 were higher in cTACE group (54 versus 31; p<0.001). The cost of the treatment was 1581 € for DEB(-)TACE and 514.63 € for cTACE. The overall mean cost of intervention was 3134 € and 3694.35 €, respectively (p=0.173). CONCLUSIONS: Chemoembolization in patients with unresectable HCC achieved OS close to 30 months at 5 years, independent of the technique employed. Similar overall costs but better tolerance of the DEB-TACE justified the higher costs of the procedure.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento del hepatocarcinoma: puesta a punto del tema y rol del internista / Diagnosis and therapy of hepatocarcinoma: update of the topic and the internist’s role

El carcinoma hepatocelular es el tumor hepático maligno más frecuente, el 5o más prevalente en el mundo y la tercera causa de mortalidad por cáncer. En más de un 90% de los casos está asociado a cirrosis, su incidencia en dicha población es del 3 al 5%, siendo la primera causa de muerte en este grupo de pacientes. Se espera un incremento de esta incidencia en las próximas 2 décadas. En los últimos años se han desarrollado nuevas estrategias diagnósticas y terapéuticas que han modificado radicalmente el pronóstico de esta enfermedad. Al asentar sobre una patología donde el manejo médico es primordial el internista cumple un rol fundamental en el adecuado abordaje de esta neoplasia. Tareas como la prevención, la vigilancia, el diagnostico precoz y el enfoque multi e interdisciplinario, en los distintos estadios evolutivos de la enfermedad, son algunos de los aspectos más relevantes. El accionar con el médico hepatólogo es fundamental, definiendo en conjunto las distintas conductas a seguir en las instancias pre y postratamiento...