Toward a Psychology of Ideas Rather Than Demographics: Commentary on Hommel (2024).

The public will rightly not value a science that is more concerned with demographic population matching than with ideas. Taking further steps in the direction of identity politics will reduce public confidence in psychology's conclusions and reduce trust and respect. If psychology embraces demographic quotas, there will be self-selection out of the discipline, and that self-selection will harm our science.

[On the issue of parallel import of medical articles and component units to them in the Russian Federation in conditions of sanctions policy].

Against the background of sanction policy and escalation of political conflict of Russia with unfriendly countries, trade relations with many foreign suppliers degraded. The current situation affected supply of medical goods, most of which were imported from countries of the European Union. At the state level, it was decided to legalize parallel import. As regards medical articles practical implementation of this mechanism met large number of exceptions that resulted in delays and disruptions of supplies. Indisputably, main problem remains inability to provide necessary amount of medical goods by national industry. The national market of medical articles and its components always significantly depended on import and found oneself completely unprepared for rupture of trade relations with unfriendly countries. It resulted in legalization of parallel import for particular categories of medical goods that seems to be possible solution of current problem. The article examines in detail basic principles of exhaustion of exclusive right to intellectual property objects. The analysis is presented concerning classification groupings of medical articles for customs purposes under the Customs Code of the EAEU. Also is analyzed structure of lists of products that are subject to legalization of parallel import in retrospective view. The main problematic aspects in analyzed issue were identified and recommendations for their elimination were formulated.

Incentive contract design considering quotas production: A principal-agent perspective.

The quality of primary products in a supply chain is determined by the agent and the principal. Simultaneously, there are quota production constraints on the principals. Our discourse centers on the design of incentive contracts for agents within these supply chains. We derived the parameters describing the contract, level of effort, profits for both sides, and the minimum requirements of the principal for the proportion of high-quality primary products. This study compares the decision-making paradigms of agents and principals in various contexts. The results show that decision-making mechanisms are strongly influenced by individual effort costs, various internal and external organizational variables, and the interplay of efforts on both sides. Using numerical experiments, we investigate the effects of different situations between clients and contractors on contracting and effort strategies. The results show that when the agent exerts unilateral effort, reasonable incentive contracts can spur the agent to increase effort and thus increase the proportion of high-quality primary products. In the case of bilateral efforts, a well-calibrated contract design benefits the agent (bearing less risk). For the principal, the expected profit increases in most cases. When considering the quota production, it is necessary to set an appropriate limit on the proportion of high-quality primary products.

Does gender affect environmentally virtuous behaviour? Evidence from selective waste collection.

This research analyses the issue, unexplored to date, of the causal relationship between women politicians and selective waste collection. Differing attitudes towards environmental issues between men and women may affect waste management at the municipal level, so an increase in women's political representation can be expected to enhance the effectiveness of selective waste collection. The analysis tests for this in Italy, exploiting a gender quota measure (Law 215/2012) as an exogenous shock to the percentage of female municipal councilors. Difference-in-differences instrumental variable analysis finds that an increase of one standard deviation in the percentage of female councilors increases the percentage of selective waste collection by 2.18 percentage points and the total tonnage of selective waste by 447.86. At the same time it reduces the amount of non-selective waste collection by 491.22 tonnes. The study comprises a number of sensitivity analyses for different model specifications, different definitions of dependent variables, different size of municipalities and different geographical areas.

A study on the two-level allocation of carbon emission quotas in China at the provincial level.

Carbon emission reduction is an essential means to achieve the "double carbon goal," and the scientific and reasonable allocation of carbon emission quotas (CEQ) is the basis for promoting carbon emission reduction. In this study, the first level was based on the entropy TOPSIS scores of provinces under the principles of fairness, efficiency, sustainability, and feasibility and used the K-mean clustering method to cluster the 30 provinces and allocate the CEQ to each zone group; the second level consolidated the impacts of the four principles and the marginal abatement costs of CO2 to allocate CEQ to the provinces within the zone group. Finally, each province's initial spatial balance of CEQ (ISBQ) is classified and evaluated. The study shows that the most quotas are for Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Inner Mongolia, and the least for Ningxia, Shanxi, and Guizhou. This study compares the results of CEQ allocation with the current carbon emission scale and finds that 11 provinces, such as Shandong and Hebei, show a deficit in future carbon emission space, and 19 provinces, such as Hainan and Beijing, show a surplus in carbon emission space. Given each province's different emission reduction tasks and pressures, differentiated emission control policies are the key to achieving China's "2030 target".

Desempenho acadêmico de alunos de Medicina beneficiados pelas ações afirmativas / Academic performance of Medical students benefited by affirmative action

RESUMO Introdução: A Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) implantou o sistema de cotas (ações afirmativas) para ingressantes em 2014, por meio do sistema de reserva de vagas destinada a alunos oriundos de escolas públicas. As principais ressalvas quanto ao sistema de cotas dizem respeito às dificuldades de adaptação desses alunos ao meio acadêmico universitário, que poderiam interferir em seu desempenho durante a graduação. Por isso, é necessário conhecer o desempenho desses alunos para poder propor alternativas viáveis para suas necessidades. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho acadêmico pelo coeficiente de rendimento (CR) escolar dos egressos do curso de Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (FMB) da Unesp segundo forma de ingresso no vestibular. Método: Foram avaliados os CR finais dos alunos que finalizaram o curso de Medicina nos anos de 2019, 2020 e 2021. Os dados foram obtidos na Seção de Graduação da FMB. Realizaram-se comparações das médias do CR entre os grupos (ingresso universal - IU e ação afirmativa - AA). Resultado: No período de 2019 a 2021, graduaram-se 252 alunos: 184 do IU (73%) e 68 (27%) de AA. A média geral do CR foi de 8,41 + 0,61. As médias do CR dos alunos do IU foram de 8,45 + 0,61 e de AA de 8,31 + 0,60 (p = 0,414). Conclusão: A análise do CR dos formados em três anos do curso de Medicina da FMB revela que o desempenho dos ingressantes por AA e IU é semelhante.

ABSTRACT Introduction: São Paulo State University (Unesp) implemented the quota system (affirmative action) for first-year students in 2014, through the vacancy reservation system for students from public schools. The main caveats regarding the quota system concern the difficulties these students have in adapting to the university academic environment, which could interfere with their performance during undergraduate school. Therefore, it is necessary to know about the performance of these students to propose viable alternatives for their needs. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the academic performance through the academic performance coefficient (APC) of undergraduate students of the medical course at the Botucatu School of Medicine - Unesp (BSM) according to the type of university admission process. Methods: the final APC of students who completed the medical course in the years 2019, 2020, and 2021 were evaluated. The data were obtained from the Undergraduate Section of BSM. Comparisons were made of APC means between groups (universal admission - UA and affirmative action - AA). Results: In the period from 2019 to 2021, 252 students graduated, 184 from UA (73%) and 68 (27%) from AA. The general average of the APC was 8.41 + 0.61. The APC averages of the UA students were 8.45 + 0.61 and the AA averages were 8.31 + 0.60 (p = 0.414). Conclusion: The APC analysis of graduates over three years of the BSM medical course shows that the performance of those admitted through AA and by UA is similar

Sesgos de género en la reumatología española: Percepciones y realidad / Gender biases in Spanish rheumatology: Perception and facts

Objetivo: Identificar percepciones en cuanto a sesgos de género en la reumatología española y cuantificar la implicación de ambos sexos en todos los ámbitos de la especialidad. Métodos: Se envió una encuesta a todos los miembros de la SER, sobre participación y percepción de sesgos y de la propia capacitación y se revisaron los datos reales de participación en órganos directivos, congresos, comités y de los servicios de reumatología españoles en los últimos cinco años. Resultados: La encuesta fue respondida por 95 personas, 4,8% de los miembros de la SER (14 hombres y 81 mujeres). No se detectaron diferencias por sexo en edad, nivel académico, puesto, centro de trabajo, reparto de tareas laborales y del ámbito familiar; tampoco en las invitaciones a puestos de poder en los cinco últimos años, ni en la percepción de capacidad para ocupar los distintos puestos de poder. Los hombres encuestados consideran con mayor frecuencia que actividades como la participación en un comité científico o dar una ponencia no dan poder. Un tercio de los participantes de ambos sexos considera que la SER debería revisar sus procesos con perspectiva de género y menos de un tercio cree que debe hacerse por cuotas. Tras revisar los datos de 2015 a 2020, los ratios hombre a mujer en las principales actividades de liderazgo en reumatología en España son: 1) juntas directivas de la SER 3:2 sin presidenta ni tesorera; 2) comités científicos de los congresos 2:1; 3) ponentes y moderadores: simposios satélites, 4:1; 4) editores jefes de revistas científicas 9:1; 5) puestos académicos global 1,7:1, catedráticos 9:1, profesores titulares 100% hombres y 6) jefes de servicio: 75% son hombres a pesar de representar 40% de reumatólogos en España. Conclusión: A pesar de un creciente número de mujeres en la reumatología española, estas no están suficientemente representadas en puestos de liderazgo, existiendo un sesgo de género no percibido.(AU)

Objective: To identify perceptions of gender bias in Spanish rheumatology and to quantify the involvement of both sexes in all areas of the specialty. Methods: A survey was sent to all members of the SER on participation and perception of biases and of their own competencies, and actual data on participation in governing bodies, congresses, committees, and Spanish rheumatology departments in the last 5 years were reviewed. Results: The survey was answered by 95 rheumatologist, 4.8% of SER members (14 men and 81 women), both groups being similar in terms of age, academic level, and position and work centre. No differences were detected in the distribution of work and non-work tasks between sexes, nor in invitations to positions of power in the last five years, nor in the perception of capacity to occupy the different positions of power, which was high for both sexes. Male respondents more frequently consider that activities such as participating in a scientific committee or giving a conference are not empowering. A third of both sexes consider that the SER should review its processes with a gender perspective but less than a third believe that this should be done by quotas. The reality of the last 5 years is that 1) there is a male to female ratio of 3:2 on SER boards of directors and in this period there has been no female president or treasurer; 2) in the scientific committees of the congresses men predominate (2:1) although slightly less in the local organizing committee; 3) there are more male speakers and moderators than women (very striking in satellite symposia, 4: 1); 4) 9 out of 10 editors-in-chief are men; 5) in academic positions there are 3 men for every 2 women, 9 to 1 in professorships or emeritus positions; although more women supervise residents; and 6) there are more women (60%) than men (40%) in Spanish rheumatology departments, although 75% of department chiefs are men. Conclusion: Although not perceived by either the men or the women...(AU)

"Watering-Down" Strict HIV Testing Quotas on Chinese Men Who Have Sex with Men Community-Based Organizations.

The Chinese Center for Disease Control employs Community-Based Organizations (CBO) to conduct mass testing on "hidden" Men who have Sex with Men (MSM). Testing MSMs is intended to make risky bodies legible to the state and discipline the CBOs around narrow health goals. However, detailed ethnographic fieldwork with MSM CBOs in southwest China demonstrates that pressures to achieve HIV testing quotas produce the need to "water-down" or manipulate data. This distorts the identities and practices of MSMs from state surveillance and builds collusive partnerships between CBOs and low-level government officials to mitigate the disciplinary impacts of strict audits.

Association between regional quota program in medical schools and practical clinical competency based on General Medicine In-Training Examination score: a nationwide cross-sectional study of resident physicians in Japan.

PURPOSE: A regional quota program (RQP) was introduced in Japan to ameliorate the urban-rural imbalance of physicians. Despite concerns about the low learning abilities of RQP graduates, the relationship between the RQP and practical clinical competency after initiating clinical residency has not been evaluated. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study to assess the association between the RQP and practical clinical competency based on General Medicine In-Training Examination (GM-ITE) scores. We compared the overall and category GM-ITE results between RQP graduates and other resident physicians. The relationship between the RQP and scores was examined using multilevel linear regression analysis. RESULTS: There were 4978 other resident physicians and 1119 RQP graduates out of 6097 participants from 593 training hospitals. Being younger; preferring internal, general, or emergency medicine; managing fewer inpatients; and having fewer ER shifts were all characteristics of RQP graduates. In multilevel multivariable linear regression analysis, there was no significant association between RQP graduates and total GM-ITE scores (coefficient: 0.26; 95% confidence interval: -0.09, 0.61; P = .15). The associations of RQP graduates with GM-ITE scores in each category and specialty were not clinically relevant. However, in the same multivariable model, the analysis did reveal that total GM-ITE scores demonstrated strong positive associations with younger age and GM preference, both of which were significantly common in RQP graduates. CONCLUSION: Practical clinical competency evaluated based on the GM-ITE score showed no clinically relevant differences between RQP graduates and other resident physicians. Key messages What is already known on this topic Many countries offer unique admission processes to medical schools and special undergraduate programs to increase the supply of physicians in rural areas. Concerns have been raised about the motivation, learning capabilities, and academic performance of the program graduates. What this study adds This nationwide cross-sectional study in Japan revealed clinical competency based on the scores from the General Medicine In-Training Examination showed no clinically relevant differences between graduates of regional quota programs and other resident physicians. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy The study provides evidence to support the Japanese regional quota program from the perspective of clinical competency after initiating clinical practice.

Gender biases in Spanish rheumatology: Perception and facts.

OBJECTIVE: To identify perceptions of gender bias in Spanish rheumatology and to quantify the involvement of both sexes in all areas of the specialty. METHODS: A survey was sent to all members of the SER on participation and perception of biases and of their own competencies, and actual data on participation in governing bodies, congresses, committees, and Spanish rheumatology departments in the last 5 years were reviewed. RESULTS: The survey was answered by 95 rheumatologists, 4.8% of SER members (14 men and 81 women), both groups being similar in terms of age, academic level, and position and work centre. No differences were detected in the distribution of work and non-work tasks between sexes, nor in invitations to positions of power in the last five years, nor in the perception of capacity to occupy the different positions of power, which was high for both sexes. Male respondents more frequently consider that activities such as participating in a scientific committee or giving a conference are not empowering. A third of both sexes consider that the SER should review its processes with a gender perspective but less than a third believe that this should be done by quotas. The reality of the last 5 years is that 1) there is a male to female ratio of 3:2 on SER boards of directors and in this period there has been no female president or treasurer; 2) in the scientific committees of the congresses men predominate (2:1) although slightly less in the local organizing committee; 3) there are more male speakers and moderators than women (very striking in satellite symposia, 4: 1); 4) 9 out of 10 editors-in-chief are men; 5) in academic positions there are 3 men for every 2 women, 9 to 1 in professorships or emeritus positions; although more women supervise residents; and 6) there are more women (60%) than men (40%) in Spanish rheumatology departments, although 75% of department chiefs are men. CONCLUSION: Although not perceived by either the men or the women, there are biases in the involvement of women in important and leadership positions in the specialty.

Asymmetrical resource competition in aquatic producers: Constant cell quota versus variable cell quota.

In a shallow aquatic environment, a mathematical model with variable cell quota is proposed to characterize asymmetric resource competition for light and nutrients among aquatic producers. We investigate the dynamics of asymmetric competition models with constant and variable cell quotas and obtain the basic ecological reproductive indexes for aquatic producer invasions. The similarities and differences between the two types of cell quotas for dynamical properties and influences on asymmetric resource competition are explored through theoretical and numerical analysis. These results contribute to further revealing the role of constant and variable cell quotas in aquatic ecosystems.

As marcas do racismo institucional na trajetória de trabalhadoras negras em uma universidade federal / Institutional racism marks in black female workers at a federal university trajectory

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva analisar as manifestações do racismo institucional no cotidiano de trabalho de servidoras públicas negras da carreira técnica em uma universidade federal brasileira. O pano de fundo da pesquisa foi a implementação da Lei n. 12.990/2014, que determinou as cotas para negros/as nos concursos públicos. Percebemos que as trabalhadoras negras são atravessadas de diversas formas pelo racismo institucional, sobretudo porque as suas presenças são invisibilizadas na universidade.

Abstract: This article aims to analyze the manifestations of institutional racism in the daily work of black women civil servants in the technical career at a Brazilian federal university. The background of the research was the implementation of Law n. 12,990/2014, which determined racial quotas for black people in public tenders. We realize that black working women are crossed in different ways by institutional racism, especially because their presences are made invisible in the university.

Admisión a carreras universitarias con cursos de ingreso y cupos protegidos: reflexión desde una carrera de medicina (Río Negro, Argentina) / Ingresso em carreiras universitárias com cursos de ingresso e cotas protegidas: uma reflexão de uma carreira médica (Río Negro, Argentina) / Admission to university courses with admissions courses and protected quotas: a reflection on a course in medicine (Río Negro, Argentina)

El artículo aborda la experiencia de implementación de un sistema de admisión a la nueva carrera de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Argentina, analizada desde los debates en torno a las formas de admisión e ingreso en los sistemas de educación superior. A partir de los relatos de quienes formaron parte del proceso, se describen las características del ingreso y los balances realizados. Se concluye sobre la importancia del acompañamiento docente en la implementación de cursos de ingresos con cupos.(AU)

This article describes the experience of implementing the admissions system for the new course in medicine offered by the Universidad Nacional de Río Negro , Argentina. The experience is analyzed drawing on the debate surrounding types of admissions processes and entrance into higher education systems. Based on the stories of people who have taken part in this process, we describe income characteristics of the admission and the balances made. It is concluded that it is important to provide pedagogical support for the implementation of admissions courses with quotas.(AU)

O artigo trata da experiência de implantação de um sistema de ingresso à nova carreira de Medicina na Universidad Nacional de Río Negro , Argentina, analisada a partir dos debates em torno das formas de admissão e ingresso nos sistemas de ensino superior. A partir das histórias de quem fez parte do processo, são descritas as características da renda e os saldos realizados. Conclui-se sobre a importância do apoio pedagógico na implantação de cursos vestibulares com cotas.(AU)

Descortinando e ampliando horizontes: ações afirmativas e antirracismo como estratégias de inclusão educacional / Descubriendo y ampliando horizontes: acciones afirmativas y antirracismo como estrategias para la inclusión educativa / Uncovering and expanding horizons: affirmative actions and anti-racism as strategies for educational inclusion

Resumo Neste artigo, busca-se descortinar o processo de implementação das Ações Afirmativas e de Antirracismo como estratégias de inclusão educacional. A tratativa da intersecção raça-gênero-classe social é propícia para os descortinamentos do racismo, do machismo, da LGBTfobia e das desigualdades, e também para indicar formas de superá-los. Nesse exercício, ao observar as pessoas, os coletivos, as instituições e a sociedade em movimento, é importante reconhecer os diálogos e as negociações entre o ativismo negro e as instituições estatais. Porém, a vivência não ocorre apenas a partir de entendimentos, pois é também um campo de conflito e tensionamento. O artigo divide-se em cinco tópicos: Desigualdade, racismo e o grito por justiça; Lutas cotidianas, um caminho para as conquistas históricas; Ações afirmativas e Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial; Com oportunidades, mesmo frente a dificuldades, as mudanças acontecem; Descortinar o vivido, como um exercício para modificar a vida.

Resumen Dar a conocer el proceso de implementación de Acciones Afirmativas, Antirracismo, e estrategias de inclusión en la educacion es el propósito de este artículo. Abordar la intersección raza-género-clase social conduce a descubrir el racismo, el machismo, la LGBTfobia y las desigualdades, así como formas de superarlas. En este ejercicio es importante observar en movimiento: las personas, los colectivos, las instituciones y la sociedad en su conjunto. Por tanto, es de relieve reconocer los diálogos y negociaciones entre el activismo negro y las instituciones estatales. Sin embargo, la experiencia no se produce sólo a partir de entendimientos, también es un campo de conflicto y tensión. El artículo contiene cinco partes: desigualdad, racismo y el grito de justicia; luchas cotidianas, caminos hacia las conquistas históricas; acciones y políticas afirmativas para promover la igualdad racial; dificultades, logros y desafíos para acceder a cuotas raciales y; develar lo vivido como un ejercicio para cambiar de vida.

Abstract This article aims to uncover the process of implementation of Affirmative Actions and Anti-racism as educational inclusion strategies. The race-gender-social class intersection leads to uncovering racism, sexism, LGBTphobia and inequalities, as well as ways to overcome them. In this exercise it is important to recognize the dialogues and negotiations between Black activism and State institutions when observing people, groups, institutions and society as a whole in movement. However, the experience is not produced only from understandings, it is also a field of conflict and tension. The article contains five parts: Inequality, racism and the cry for justice; Daily struggles, a path towards historical conquests; Affirmative actions and Racial Equality Promotion Policies; Even with difficulties, with opportunities, changes happen; Uncovering the lived experience, as an exercise to change life.

Saúde mental e cotas: um estudo comparativo entre estudantes universitários no Brasil / Mental health and quotas: a comparative study among university students in Brazil / Salud mental y cuotas: un estudio comparativo entre estudiantes universitarios en Brasil

Com a instauração da política de cotas, ocorreram profundas transformações no perfil dos estudantes das universidades públicas brasileiras. Essa nova composição do corpo discente, com maior representatividade de minorias e/ou estudantes de baixa renda, traz consigo novas demandas relacionadas à saúde mental do estudante. Apesar disso, ainda são escassas as pesquisas que investiguem esse contexto específico. Este estudo visa comparar a saúde mental de estudantes cotistas e não cotistas, avaliando diferenças nas prevalências de sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse entre os dois grupos. Participaram da pesquisa 6.103 estudantes de graduação de uma universidade pública federal, dos quais 2.983 (48,88%) cotistas e 3.120 (51,12%) não cotistas. O levantamento de dados foi feito por meio de questionário on-line contendo questionário sociodemográfico e de hábitos de vida, e pelo Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, na sua versão reduzida de 21 itens (DASS-21), utilizada para avaliar sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse. Os resultados indicaram que os estudantes cotistas apresentaram maiores prevalências de sintomas de depressão e ansiedade quando comparados aos não cotistas. As áreas de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, e os Bacharelados Interdisciplinares apresentaram maiores diferenças entre os dois grupos em relação a esses problemas em saúde mental. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de que as universidades estejam atentas às novas demandas em saúde mental dos estudantes e que estas sejam contempladas nas políticas de atenção à saúde estudantil.(AU)

With the introduction of the quota policy, profound changes took place in the profile of students in Brazilian public universities. This new composition of the student body, with greater representation of minorities and/or low-income students, brings new demands related to student mental health. Despite this, there are still few studies investigating this specific context. This study aims to compare the mental health of quota and non-quota students, evaluating differences in the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress between the two groups. A total of 6,103 undergraduate students from a federal public university participated in the research, of which 2,983 (48.88%) were quota students and 3,120 (51.12%) were nonquota students. Data collection was carried out via an online questionnaire containing a sociodemographic and lifestyle questionnaire, and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, in its reduced version of 21 items (DASS-21) was used to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. The results indicated that quota students had higher prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety when compared to non-quota students. The areas of Exact and Earth Sciences and Interdisciplinary Bachelors were the ones that showed the greatest differences between the two groups in relation to these mental health problems. The results point to the need for universities to be attentive to the new demands in mental health of students and for these to be included in student health care policies.(AU)

Con la introducción de la política de cuotas, se produjeron cambios profundos en el perfil de los estudiantes de las universidades públicas brasileñas. Esta nueva composición del alumnado, con mayor representación de minorías y/o estudiantes de escasos recursos, trae consigo nuevas demandas relacionadas con la salud mental del alumno. Pero todavía existen pocas investigaciones sobre el contexto específico. Este estudio tiene como objetivo comparar la salud mental de los estudiantes beneficiarios de las políticas de cuotas y los no beneficiarios, y evaluar las diferencias en la prevalencia de síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés entre los dos grupos. En la investigación participaron un total de 6.103 estudiantes de grado de una universidad pública federal, de los cuales 2.983 (48,88%) son estudiantes beneficiarios y 3.120 (51,12%) son estudiantes no beneficiarios. Los datos se recolectaron de un formulario en línea, que estaba compuesto por un cuestionario sociodemográfico y de hábitos de vida, y por la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés, en su versión reducida de 21 ítems (DASS-21), utilizada para evaluar síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés. Los resultados destacaron que los estudiantes beneficiarios de las políticas de cuotas tenían una mayor prevalencia de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad en comparación con los estudiantes no beneficiarios. Las áreas de Ciencias Exactas y de la Tierra y Licenciaturas Interdisciplinarias presentaron las mayores diferencias entre los dos grupos con relación a estos problemas en salud mental. Los resultados apuntan a la necesidad de que las universidades sean conscientes de las nuevas demandas sobre la salud mental de los estudiantes y de que estas se incluyan en las políticas de atención de la salud estudiantil.(AU)

A política de cotas raciais em concursos públicos: desafios em face da luta antirracista / The racial quota policy in public tenders: challenges in the face of the anti-racist struggle

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva caracterizar a implementação da política de cotas raciais em concursos públicos, instituída no Brasil por meio da Lei Federal n. 12.990/2014, que reservou 20% das vagas em certames públicos para pessoas negras. Depois de detalhar as lacunas no processo de implementação da referida política pública, o artigo sugere um conjunto de medidas para que mais pessoas negras acessem os cargos públicos e, portanto, contribuam com a necessária e urgente luta antirracista no Brasil.

Abstract: This article aims to characterize the implementation of the racial quotas policy in public tenders, instituted in Brazil through federal law n. 12,990/2014, which reserved 20% of vacancies in public tenders for black people. After detailing the gaps in the process of implementing the racial quotas policy in public tenders, the article suggests a set of measures for more black people to access public office and, therefore, contribute to the necessary and urgent anti-racist struggle in Brazil.

The current dental school admissions: An overview of the admission process and the geographical distribution of dental school enrollees in Taiwan.

Background/purpose: There is no specific admission system for dentistry in Taiwan. The aims of this study were to describe and analyze the current admission processes for entry into dental schools through the university admission system and to compare the geographical distribution of dental school enrollees. Materials and methods: All seven dental schools of general universities in Taiwan were included to analyze the admission protocols in 2019 and 2020. All data of dental enrollment quotas and dental school enrollees presented in this study were collected from information available to the public on the related websites. Results: The total dental enrollment quotas via the university admission system were 381 in 2019 and 397 in 2020. Those admitted via the special program for indigenous peoples and offshore island peoples were both 27 in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The main dental school admission way was individual application, and the main providers of dental enrollment quotas were northern dental schools and private dental schools. In addition, dental school enrollees were concentrated in the northern region, municipalities, and cities in Taiwan. Conclusion: Further advancement is needed to expand participation and broaden the sociodemographic profile of dental school applicants. The dental schools would benefit from a long-term prospective study about the correlation of admission methods with students' performance in dental schools. The special program is impacting the equality of admission opportunities. It is necessary to track the practice dynamics of these dental school graduates who were enrolled via the special program as a basis for policy adjustment.

Market incentives, carbon quota allocation and carbon emission reduction: Evidence from China's carbon trading pilot policy.

As a major carbon dioxide-emitting country, China set carbon trading market to reduce enterprise carbon emissions through the rational allocation of carbon quotas among different enterprises and regions. The market has also conducted a preliminary exploration for the country to achieve carbon dioxide emissions peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060 while actively addressing the challenges of global climate change. This study analysed the emission reduction effect of China's carbon trading pilot policy, especially the role of carbon quota and carbon trading price. The analysis used county-level panel data from 1997 to 2017, regarded the implementation of the carbon trading pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment, and used the difference-in-differences method. The results showed that, first, the policy implementation not only reduced regional carbon emissions but also inhibited carbon dioxide emissions per capita, with long-term effects. Second, the carbon emission reduction effect brought by the carbon pilot policy showed significant heterogeneous results with the different degrees of regional carbon emissions and environmental supervision. The effect was greater in areas with higher carbon emission density and stronger legal supervision. Third, the difference in carbon quota allocations resulted in different emission reduction effects, among which the historical method had the strongest effect. The carbon quota price and number of enterprises participating carbon trading market were the key factors affecting carbon emission reduction.

Dilemas e desafios em torno da inclusão de pessoas negras a partir das cotas raciais em concursos públicos / Dilemmas and challenges around the inclusion of black people from racial quotas in public contests / Dilemas y desafíos en torno a la inclusión de negros a partir de cuotas raciales en competiciones públicas

O presente artigo tem como objetivo compreender os dilemas e desafios em torno da inclusão (ou não) de pessoas negras na esfera do serviço público, tendo como pano de fundo as implicações da lei nº 12.990/2014, uma política de ação afirmativa que determinou a reserva de vagas a negros/as nos concursos para a admissão de trabalhadores/as na administração pública. Em suma, considera-se que a inclusão representa o conjunto de estratégias que resultam no respeito e na valorização das diferenças, nos mais diversos prismas da vida laboral e social. Como caminho para a obtenção dos dados para a pesquisa, partiu-se do envolvimento e das próprias experiências de vida dos/as autores/as do artigo em relação à temática de pesquisa, a partir da perspectiva epistemológica da Teoria Racial Crítica, de Gloria Ladson-Billings (2006). Assim sendo, as reflexões deste artigo apontam que, apesar de as cotas raciais terem feito com que mais negros/as acessem o espaço do serviço público, ainda assim não se verifica, na prática, a plena inclusão dos/as trabalhadores/as negros/as cotistas, principalmente porque tais sujeitos: (a) normalmente são vistos nos cargos menos prestigiados e mais extenuantes; (b) sofrem com o excesso de cobrança no desempenho de suas funções; (c) não são reconhecidos como servidores/as dignos de mérito e respeito por ocuparem uma função pública e; (d) são impelidos a negarem elementos de sua negritude como "tática" para que sejam mais aceitos e respeitados no ambiente laboral ­ aspecto este que é especialmente sensível para as servidoras públicas negras.(AU)

This article aims to understand the dilemmas and challenges surrounding the inclusion (or not) of black people in the public service sphere, having as a background the implications of law 12,990/2014, an affirmative action policy that determined the reserve of vacancies for black people in contests for the admission of workers to public service in Brazil. In summary, we consider that inclusion represents the set of strategies that result in respect and appreciation of differences, in the most diverse prisms of work and social life. As a way to obtain the data for the research, we started from the involvement and from the own life experiences of the authors of the article in relation to the research theme, from the epistemological perspective of the Critical Racial Theory, proposed by Gloria Ladson-Billings (2006). Therefore, the reflections in this article point out that, although racial quotas have made more black people access the public service space, in practice, there is still no full inclusion of black workers, mainly because such subjects: (a) are normally seen in less prestigious and more strenuous positions; (b) suffer from overcharging for the performance of their duties; (c) they are not recognized as civil servants worthy of merit and respect for occupying a public function and; (d) they are impelled to deny elements of their blackness as a "tactic" to be more accepted and respected in the work environment ­ an aspect that is especially sensitive for women working in the public service.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo comprender los dilemas y desafíos en torno a la inclusión (o no) de las personas negras en el ámbito del servicio público, teniendo como antecedente las implicaciones de la ley 12.990/2014, una política de acción afirmativa que determinó la reserva de vacantes para personas negras en concursos de admisión de trabajadores a la administración pública en Brasil. En resumen, se considera que la inclusión representa el conjunto de estrategias que resultan en el respeto y valoración de las diferencias, en los más diversos prismas de la vida laboral y social. Como forma de obtener los datos para la investigación, partimos de la implicación y las propias vivencias de los autores del artículo con relación al tema de investigación, desde la perspectiva epistemológica de la Teoría Crítica Racial, de Gloria Ladson -Billings (2006). Por lo tanto, las reflexiones de este artículo señalan que, si bien las cuotas raciales han hecho que más personas negras accedan al espacio de lo servicio público, aún no existe una inclusión total de los trabajadores negros, principalmente porque tales individuos: (a) generalmente son vistos en las posiciones menos prestigiosas y más extenuantes; (b) sufren un recargo por el desempeño de sus funciones; (c) no son reconocidos como servidores públicos dignos de mérito y respeto por ocupar una función pública y; (d) se ven impulsados a negar elementos de su negritud como "táctica" para que sean más aceptados y respetados en el ámbito laboral ­ aspecto especialmente sensible para las mujeres que son funcionarias públicas.(AU)

Carbon mitigation by quota allocation.

To avoid the calamitous consequences of an even warmer world, the efforts are focused on overarching and immediate solutions to reduce the greenhouse gases. The emissions trading scheme is deemed worldwide as an ecological and robust management mechanism to curb carbon emissions. The challenge is how to design such a scheme to attain the basic purpose of installing a uniform system and equilibrium efficiency achievement. For the first time, existing idea of group method of data handling (GMDH) type neural network (NN) is developed to predict capital stock, labor force, CO2 emission, energy consumption, and gross domestic product (GDP) based on past information for the top-26 emitting countries. Then, this study deals with the allocation of emission quotas by proposing a two-step optimization mechanism that takes full advantages of the context-dependent data envelopment analysis (DEA) and equilibrium efficient frontier DEA (EEFDEA) models. In the first step, under the premise of constant total carbon emissions, a pragmatic efficiency-oriented carbon quota trading system is established to attain equilibrium state. In the second step, under the measured total emission mitigation target, the carbon quotas allocation mechanism is formulated to translate the top emitters' mitigation target into national purposes from two features of efficiency and fairness as well as to specify the comprehensive targets for the top emitters to maintain their equilibrium state. Two of the main findings are: 1) The top emitters should decrease the total CO2 emission by at least 37% by 2023. 2) In light of the CO2 emission mitigation allocation, the countries with larger potentials are China, Japan, and the US yet to receive the larger portions of 20%, 9% and 22%, respectively. Finally, the allocation method that takes regional heterogeneity into account is more logical since it alleviates pressure on the emitters to decrease carbon emissions and establishes a baseline for distributing CO2 emission quotas across the emitters to enhance adaptation to nations' present circumstances.