Cactus Cladodes Opuntia or Nopalea and By-Product of Low Nutritional Value as Solutions to Forage Shortages in Semiarid Areas.

We aimed to evaluate the effect of the cactus cladodes Nopalea cochenillifera (L). Salm-Dyck. (NUB) and cactus cladodes Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. (OUB), both combined with sugarcane bagasse (SB) plus urea, Tifton hay (TH), corn silage (CS), and sorghum silage (SS) plus urea on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal dynamics, and parameters. Five male sheep, fistulated in the rumen, were assigned in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The NUB provided a higher intake of dry matter (DM) and any nutrients than SS. TH provided larger pools of DM and iNDF. The OUB and CS provided a higher DM degradation. CS provided a higher NDF degradation rate. OUB provided a lower ruminal pH. Depending on the collection time, the lowest pH value was estimated at 3.79 h after the morning feeding. There was an interaction between treatments and collection time on VFA concentrations. Due to the high degradation rate, greater energy intake, less change in rumen pH, greater volatile fatty acid production, and feasibility, we recommend using cactus associated with sugarcane bagasse plus urea in sheep diets.

Digestion, ruminal metabolism, and feeding behavior of buffaloes fed diets supplemented with soybean oil, whole and raw soybean, and calcium salts of fatty acids.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) sources on the nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and feeding behavior in diets for buffaloes. Four castrated Murrah buffaloes with approximately 24 months of age and an initial average body weight of 351 ± 15 kg were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment, containing the following diets: (1) control (CON): control diet based on soybean meal and ground corn, (2) soybean oil (SO): dietary inclusion of 2.20% (DM basis), (3) whole raw soybean (WRS): dietary inclusion of 16.0%, and (4) calcium salts of FA (CSFA): dietary inclusion of 2.60%. There was an effect of diets in ether extract intake among buffaloes fed UFA and CON diets, and among buffaloes fed CSFA and WRS diets (P < 0.05). Diets containing UFA sources provided higher EE digestibility (P < 0.05). Buffaloes fed WRS had higher rumen pH values than animals fed the CSFA diet (P < 0.05). Supplementation of UFA sources decreased the molar concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (P < 0.05). Diets influenced the times spent in chewing, idling, and the rumination efficiencies of DM and NDF (P < 0.05). The supplementation with WRS, SO, and CSFA does not negatively affect intake, digestion, ruminal metabolism, and feeding behavior. The WRS as a fat supplement source decreases dietary costs by replacing ground corn and soybean meal simultaneously compared to other fat sources used. Nevertheless, whole and raw soybean in buffaloes' diet can reduce chewing and rumination activity.

Extruded urea could reduce true protein source in beef cattle diets.

Rumen micro-organisms are capable of producing microbial protein from ammonia and carbon skeleton, and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) may be one of the sources of ammonia. Alternative source of NPN is the slow release of ammonia sources in which the product is the extrusion of starch with urea. This work aimed to determine the effects on nutrient intake, ingestive behaviour, digestibility, nitrogen balance, ruminal pH, rumen ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and blood parameters with increased levels of extruded urea (50, 60, 70 and 80 g/100 kg of body weight [BW]) in beef cattle diet. Four rumen cannulated crossbred steers with initial mean weight of 336 ± 47 kg in a 4 × 4 Latin square design were distributed. Diets were formulated with 400:600 g/kg roughage:concentrate ratio on dry matter based and provided once per day, being used whole corn silage as roughage. There were no effects on nutrient intake (kg/day), ingestive behaviour, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and blood parameters in extruded urea treatment groups. Similar results were observed on time spent on feeding, rumination and idleness. There were positive linear effects (p = 0.022) on rumen pH in the time of 8 hr after feeding and also on plasma concentration of the extruded urea levels (p = 0.039); whereas a linear negative effect (p = 0.030) was observed on ammonia nitrogen for the collection time of 2 hr after feeding. Increased levels of extruded urea could maintain nutrient intake, digestibility, ingestive behaviour, rumen pH and blood parameters in normal conditions. In conclusion, we recommend the extruded urea use with values up to 80 g/100 kg BW in confined beef cattle that receive balanced diets with 140 g/kg of crude protein.

Effect of different sources of non-fiber carbohydrate on ruminal pH and in vitro digestibility of tropical forage / Efeito de diferentes fontes de carboidratos não-fibrosos sobre o pH ruminal e digestibilidade in vitro de forragens tropicais

The present study aimed to evaluate non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) in sugarcane-based diets on rumen pH, and forage digestibility, and to describe NFC degradation curves. The study consisted of two trials. For the first trial, three rumen cannulated steers, BW of 350 ± 15 kg (mean ± SE), were assigned in a 3×3 Latin Square (LS) design. They were fed diets containing finely-ground (0.9 mm average particle size) corn (GC), steam-rolled corn (SRC), or pelleted citrus pulp (PCP). Each period had 14 d, with the first 12 for adaptation. The 13th d was for serial measurement of rumen pH, and the14th for rumen fluid collection and in vitro incubation for DM and NDF digestibility (IVDMD and IVNDFD) of bermudagrass hay (Hay), corn (CS), and sugarcane (SS) silages. In the second trial, rumen fluid of a cannulated bull, fed corn silage and a regular concentrate, was collected for in vitro digestion of NFC for multiple time points. The incubation results were used to adjust the NFC degradation curves, and calculate lag-time, feed fractions, and degradation rate. Data from first trial was analyzed in a 3×3 LS. The model for the digestibility parameters included fixed effects of forage (Feed), diets with NFC (Diet), and their interaction (Feed × Diet), and random effect of animal and period. The model for rumen pH included fixed effect of diet, time as repeated measures, animal and period as random effects. The significance was considered at probability ≤ 5% (α = 0.05). The NFC degradation curves were adjusted using the PROC NLIN procedure from SAS, and equation parameters compared using confidence intervals. There was a Diet × Time interaction on rumen pH (P = 0.04), where SRC decreased pH compared to PCP and GC diets at the time 6 h, only. There was no Feed × Diet interaction effect (P > 0.05) for any digestibility parameter. There was a Feed effect on both IVDMD and IVNDFD, either after 30 or 48 h incubation (P < 0.01). The CS had the greatest IVDMD, followed by SS and Hay, after 30 and 48 h of incubation. The CS had the greatest IVNDFD after 30 h, compared to SS and Hay. However, for IVNDFD after 48 h, CS presented the greatest mean, followed by SS and Hay. The rumen fluid from animals fed SRC decreased both IVDMD and IVNDFD (P < 0.05) of all roughages after 48 h. Results from the second trial showed that the PCP had lower Lag Time, B fraction and greater kd compared to both corn sources, and SRC had greater kd than GC. In conclusion, the SRC diet decreased rumen pH 6 h after feeding and, consequently, decreased fiber digestibility of the tropical forage sources evaluated. Although the PCP had lower lag time, and faster rate of degradation of B fraction, it did not negatively affect rumen pH or fiber digestibility of forage.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar sobre o pH ruminal e digestibilidade da forragem, e descrever as curvas de degradação dos CNF. O estudo foi composto de dois ensaios. No primeiro, três novilhos canulados no rúmen, com peso vivo de 350 ± 15 kg (Média ± DP), foram alocados em um quadrado latino (QL) 3×3, e alimentados com dietas contendo: milho moído (MM, tamanho de partículas 0,9 mm), laminado a vapor (MLV) ou polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP). Cada período tinha 14 d, sendo os primeiros 12 para adaptação e o 13º para a medição seriada do pH e o 14º para a coleta de líquido ruminal e incubação in vitro para digestibilidade da MS e FDN (DIVMS e DIVFDN) de feno de bermudagrass (Feno) e silagens de milho (SM) e cana (SC). No segundo ensaio, coletou-se fluido ruminal de um touro canulado, alimentado com silagem de milho e concentrado padrão, para digestão in vitro dos CNF em vários tempos. Esses resultados foram utilizados para ajustar as curvas de degradação dos CNF e calcular o tempo de colonização, frações alimentares e taxa de degradação. Os resultados do primeiro ensaio foram analisados em um QL 3×3. O modelo dos parâmetros de digestibilidade incluiu efeito fixo de forragem (Alimento), dieta com CNF (Dieta) e interação (Alimento × Dieta), e efeito aleatório de animal e período. O modelo para pH incluiu efeito fixo de Dieta, Tempo como medida repetida, animal e período como aleatórios. Foi considerada a probabilidade significativa de ≤ 5% (α = 0,05). As curvas de degradação dos CNF foram ajustadas pelo PROC NLIN do SAS, e parâmetros de equação comparados por intervalo de confiança. Houve interação Dieta × Tempo no pH ruminal (P = 0,04), onde o MLV diminuiu o pH comparado com PCP e MM apenas no tempo 6 h. Não houve interação Alimento × Dieta (P > 0,05) para nenhum parâmetro de digestibilidade. Houve efeito de Alimento sobre a DIVMS e DIVFDN, após 30 e 48 h de incubação (P < 0,01). A SM teve a maior DIVMS, seguido por SC e Feno, após 30 e 48 h de incubação. A SM teve a maior DIVFDN após 30 h, comparado com SC e Feno. No entanto, para DIVFDN após 48 h, a SM teve maior média, seguida da SC e Feno. O fluido ruminal de animais alimentados com MLV diminuiu a DIVMS e DIVFDN (P < 0.05) de todas as forragens, após 48 h. Resultados do segundo ensaio mostram que PCP diminuiu o tempo de colonização, fração B e aumentou a kd comparado com os dois milhos, e MLV apresentou maior kd que o MM. Em conclusão, a dieta com MLV diminuiu o pH ruminal no tempo 6 h e, consequentemente, diminuiu a DIVFDN das forragens avaliadas. Embora PCP tenha apresentado menor tempo de colonização e maior taxa de degradação da fração B, não afetou negativamente o pH do rúmen nem a digestibilidade da fibra das forragens. (au)

Effect of different sources of non-fiber carbohydrate on ruminal pH and in vitro digestibility of tropical forage / Efeito de diferentes fontes de carboidratos não-fibrosos sobre o pH ruminal e digestibilidade in vitro de forragens tropicais

The present study aimed to evaluate non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) in sugarcane-based diets on rumen pH, and forage digestibility, and to describe NFC degradation curves. The study consisted of two trials. For the first trial, three rumen cannulated steers, BW of 350 ± 15 kg (mean ± SE), were assigned in a 3×3 Latin Square (LS) design. They were fed diets containing finely-ground (0.9 mm average particle size) corn (GC), steam-rolled corn (SRC), or pelleted citrus pulp (PCP). Each period had 14 d, with the first 12 for adaptation. The 13th d was for serial measurement of rumen pH, and the14th for rumen fluid collection and in vitro incubation for DM and NDF digestibility (IVDMD and IVNDFD) of bermudagrass hay (Hay), corn (CS), and sugarcane (SS) silages. In the second trial, rumen fluid of a cannulated bull, fed corn silage and a regular concentrate, was collected for in vitro digestion of NFC for multiple time points. The incubation results were used to adjust the NFC degradation curves, and calculate lag-time, feed fractions, and degradation rate. Data from first trial was analyzed in a 3×3 LS. The model for the digestibility parameters included fixed effects of forage (Feed), diets with NFC (Diet), and their interaction (Feed × Diet), and random effect of animal and period. The model for rumen pH included fixed effect of diet, time as repeated measures, animal and period as random effects. The significance was considered at probability ≤ 5% (α = 0.05). The NFC degradation curves were adjusted using the PROC NLIN procedure from SAS, and equation parameters compared using confidence intervals. There was a Diet × Time interaction on rumen pH (P = 0.04), where SRC decreased pH compared to PCP and GC diets at the time 6 h, only. There was no Feed × Diet interaction effect (P > 0.05) for any digestibility parameter. There was a Feed effect on both IVDMD and IVNDFD, either after 30 or 48 h incubation (P < 0.01). The CS had the greatest IVDMD, followed by SS and Hay, after 30 and 48 h of incubation. The CS had the greatest IVNDFD after 30 h, compared to SS and Hay. However, for IVNDFD after 48 h, CS presented the greatest mean, followed by SS and Hay. The rumen fluid from animals fed SRC decreased both IVDMD and IVNDFD (P < 0.05) of all roughages after 48 h. Results from the second trial showed that the PCP had lower Lag Time, B fraction and greater kd compared to both corn sources, and SRC had greater kd than GC. In conclusion, the SRC diet decreased rumen pH 6 h after feeding and, consequently, decreased fiber digestibility of the tropical forage sources evaluated. Although the PCP had lower lag time, and faster rate of degradation of B fraction, it did not negatively affect rumen pH or fiber digestibility of forage.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar sobre o pH ruminal e digestibilidade da forragem, e descrever as curvas de degradação dos CNF. O estudo foi composto de dois ensaios. No primeiro, três novilhos canulados no rúmen, com peso vivo de 350 ± 15 kg (Média ± DP), foram alocados em um quadrado latino (QL) 3×3, e alimentados com dietas contendo: milho moído (MM, tamanho de partículas 0,9 mm), laminado a vapor (MLV) ou polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP). Cada período tinha 14 d, sendo os primeiros 12 para adaptação e o 13º para a medição seriada do pH e o 14º para a coleta de líquido ruminal e incubação in vitro para digestibilidade da MS e FDN (DIVMS e DIVFDN) de feno de bermudagrass (Feno) e silagens de milho (SM) e cana (SC). No segundo ensaio, coletou-se fluido ruminal de um touro canulado, alimentado com silagem de milho e concentrado padrão, para digestão in vitro dos CNF em vários tempos. Esses resultados foram utilizados para ajustar as curvas de degradação dos CNF e calcular o tempo de colonização, frações alimentares e taxa de degradação. Os resultados do primeiro ensaio foram analisados em um QL 3×3. O modelo dos parâmetros de digestibilidade incluiu efeito fixo de forragem (Alimento), dieta com CNF (Dieta) e interação (Alimento × Dieta), e efeito aleatório de animal e período. O modelo para pH incluiu efeito fixo de Dieta, Tempo como medida repetida, animal e período como aleatórios. Foi considerada a probabilidade significativa de ≤ 5% (α = 0,05). As curvas de degradação dos CNF foram ajustadas pelo PROC NLIN do SAS, e parâmetros de equação comparados por intervalo de confiança. Houve interação Dieta × Tempo no pH ruminal (P = 0,04), onde o MLV diminuiu o pH comparado com PCP e MM apenas no tempo 6 h. Não houve interação Alimento × Dieta (P > 0,05) para nenhum parâmetro de digestibilidade. Houve efeito de Alimento sobre a DIVMS e DIVFDN, após 30 e 48 h de incubação (P < 0,01). A SM teve a maior DIVMS, seguido por SC e Feno, após 30 e 48 h de incubação. A SM teve a maior DIVFDN após 30 h, comparado com SC e Feno. No entanto, para DIVFDN após 48 h, a SM teve maior média, seguida da SC e Feno. O fluido ruminal de animais alimentados com MLV diminuiu a DIVMS e DIVFDN (P < 0.05) de todas as forragens, após 48 h. Resultados do segundo ensaio mostram que PCP diminuiu o tempo de colonização, fração B e aumentou a kd comparado com os dois milhos, e MLV apresentou maior kd que o MM. Em conclusão, a dieta com MLV diminuiu o pH ruminal no tempo 6 h e, consequentemente, diminuiu a DIVFDN das forragens avaliadas. Embora PCP tenha apresentado menor tempo de colonização e maior taxa de degradação da fração B, não afetou negativamente o pH do rúmen nem a digestibilidade da fibra das forragens. (au)

Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with urea forcattle / Suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com ureia para bovinos

This study was realized to evaluate the effect of the multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with urea (0, 1, 2 and 3% on dry matter basis - DM) as a replacement to a traditional supplement (control) on ruminal parameters and microbial protein synthesis in crossbred steers. Five steers(½ Holstein x Zebu) can nulated in the rumen, with an average initial body weight of 240 ± 22.1 kg were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square. A quadratic effect was observed for DM intake and N retention, with maximum values of 6.97 kg d-1 and 50.9 gd-1 with the inclusion of 1.8 and 2.1% urea, respectively. Maximum concentrations of 16.2, 23.2 and 24.3 mg dL-1of N-NH3were recorded in animals fed spineless cactus enriched with 1, 2, and 3% of urea. There was a quadratic effect on ruminal pH, with a value of 6.45 at 4.08 hours after feeding. Microbial synthesis efficiency of 103 g CPkg-1 TDN was obtained with the inclusion of 1.6% urea. Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with 1.6 up to 1.8% urea in replacement of a traditional supplement is recommended for cattle.(AU)

Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com ureia (0, 1, 2 e 3% na matéria seca - MS) em substituição a um suplemento tradicional (controle) sobre os parâmetros ruminais e síntese de proteína microbiana em novilhos mestiços. Cinco novilhos canulados no rúmen (½ Holandês x Zebu), com peso corporal inicial de 240 ± 22,1 kg foram utilizados em um Quadrado Latino 5 × 5. Efeito quadrático foi observado para o consumo de MS e retenção de N, com valores máximos de 6,97 kg d-1e 50,9 g d-1com a inclusão de 1,8 e 2,1% de ureia, respectivamente. Concentrações máximas de 16,2; 23,2 e 24,3 mg dL-1 de N-NH3 foram registradas nos animais alimentados com palma forrageira enriquecida com 1, 2 de 3% de ureia. Houve efeito quadrático sobre o pH ruminal, com valor de 6,45 às 4,08 horas após alimentação. Síntese de proteína microbiana de 103 g de proteína bruta kg-1de nutrientes digestíveis totais foi obtida com a inclusão de 1,6% de ureia. Recomenda-se a utilização de suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com 1,6 a 1,8% de ureia em substituição ao suplemento tradicional para bovinos.(AU)

Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with urea forcattle / Suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com ureia para bovinos

This study was realized to evaluate the effect of the multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with urea (0, 1, 2 and 3% on dry matter basis - DM) as a replacement to a traditional supplement (control) on ruminal parameters and microbial protein synthesis in crossbred steers. Five steers(½ Holstein x Zebu) can nulated in the rumen, with an average initial body weight of 240 ± 22.1 kg were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square. A quadratic effect was observed for DM intake and N retention, with maximum values of 6.97 kg d-1 and 50.9 gd-1 with the inclusion of 1.8 and 2.1% urea, respectively. Maximum concentrations of 16.2, 23.2 and 24.3 mg dL-1of N-NH3were recorded in animals fed spineless cactus enriched with 1, 2, and 3% of urea. There was a quadratic effect on ruminal pH, with a value of 6.45 at 4.08 hours after feeding. Microbial synthesis efficiency of 103 g CPkg-1 TDN was obtained with the inclusion of 1.6% urea. Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with 1.6 up to 1.8% urea in replacement of a traditional supplement is recommended for cattle.

Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com ureia (0, 1, 2 e 3% na matéria seca - MS) em substituição a um suplemento tradicional (controle) sobre os parâmetros ruminais e síntese de proteína microbiana em novilhos mestiços. Cinco novilhos canulados no rúmen (½ Holandês x Zebu), com peso corporal inicial de 240 ± 22,1 kg foram utilizados em um Quadrado Latino 5 × 5. Efeito quadrático foi observado para o consumo de MS e retenção de N, com valores máximos de 6,97 kg d-1e 50,9 g d-1com a inclusão de 1,8 e 2,1% de ureia, respectivamente. Concentrações máximas de 16,2; 23,2 e 24,3 mg dL-1 de N-NH3 foram registradas nos animais alimentados com palma forrageira enriquecida com 1, 2 de 3% de ureia. Houve efeito quadrático sobre o pH ruminal, com valor de 6,45 às 4,08 horas após alimentação. Síntese de proteína microbiana de 103 g de proteína bruta kg-1de nutrientes digestíveis totais foi obtida com a inclusão de 1,6% de ureia. Recomenda-se a utilização de suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com 1,6 a 1,8% de ureia em substituição ao suplemento tradicional para bovinos.

Protein-energy supplementation for lambs: feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility / Suplementação proteico-energética para cordeiros: consumo, comportamento ingestivo, parâmetros ruminais e digestibilidade de nutrientes

The study evaluated the effects of dietary protein-energy supplementation on feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility in lambs. Four castrated lambs with 31.9 kg mean body weight and fistulated rumen were tested. distributed into latin square design (4x4), four treatments were tested over four periods of time: no supplementation (control) or with supplementation at 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 body weight. The supplement (soybean meal, soybean hulls, ground corn and minerals) was provided with roughage (Tifton Bermudagrass, Cynodon spp., hay), which was offered ad libitum once a day, at 8h00. In treatments receiving 0 (control), 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 supplementation, dry matter intake was 685.26, 742.86, 842.51 and 1013.33 g day-1, crude protein intake was 80.18, 95.98, 118.64, 150.14 g day-1 and metabolizable energy intake 1.55, 1.91, 2.31 and 2.98 g day-1, respectively. Treatments receiving the highest supplementation levels spent less time with rumination and feeding and rested for longer (P 0.05). Protein-energy supplementation level did not affect rumen parameters. Average rumen pH was 6.3 and rumen ammonia nitrogen 165 mg dL-1; both were affected by sampling time. Supplementation levels until 24 g kg-1 BW improves feed intake and nutrient digestibility linearly and changes ingestive behavior, lowering rumination time without affecting rumen parameters.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação proteico-energética sobre o consumo, comportamento ingestivo, parâmetros ruminais e digestibilidade de nutrientes em ovinos. Foram utilizados quatro cordeiros castrados, com peso médio de 31,9 kg, fistulados no rúmen. O delineamento foi quadrado latino (4x4), sendo 4 tratamentos e 4 períodos: controle (sem suplementação) e suplementados com 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 do peso corporal (PC). O volumoso, feno de capim-tifton (Cynodon spp.), foi fornecido à vontade e o suplemento era constituído por farelo de soja, casca de soja, milho moído e minerais. Os alimentos foram fornecidos uma vez ao dia, às 8 horas. Nos tratamentos que receberam 0 (controle), 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 de suplementação, o consumo de matéria seca foi igual a 685,26; 742,86; 842,51 e 1013,33 g dia-1, o consumo de proteína bruta igual 80,18; 95,98; 118,64; 150,14 g dia-1, o consumo de energia metabolizável igual a 1,55; 1,91; 2,31 e 2,98 para os tratamentos controle, 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 PC, respectivamente. Maiores níveis de suplementação proporcionaram menor tempo gasto com ruminação e alimentação e maior período em ócio (P 0.05). Não houve efeito do nível de suplementação proteico-energética sobre os parâmetros ruminais. O pH ruminal e o nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal apresentaram médias de 6,3 e 16,5 mg dL-1, respectivamente, e foram influenciados pelo tempo de coleta. A suplementação até 24 g kg-1 PC favorece linearmente a melhora do consumo e digestibilidade dosnutrientes e altera o comportamento ingestivo com menor tempo gasto com ruminação sem alteraçãodos parâmetros ruminais.(AU)

Protein-energy supplementation for lambs: feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility / Suplementação proteico-energética para cordeiros: consumo, comportamento ingestivo, parâmetros ruminais e digestibilidade de nutrientes

The study evaluated the effects of dietary protein-energy supplementation on feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility in lambs. Four castrated lambs with 31.9 kg mean body weight and fistulated rumen were tested. distributed into latin square design (4x4), four treatments were tested over four periods of time: no supplementation (control) or with supplementation at 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 body weight. The supplement (soybean meal, soybean hulls, ground corn and minerals) was provided with roughage (Tifton Bermudagrass, Cynodon spp., hay), which was offered ad libitum once a day, at 8h00. In treatments receiving 0 (control), 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 supplementation, dry matter intake was 685.26, 742.86, 842.51 and 1013.33 g day-1, crude protein intake was 80.18, 95.98, 118.64, 150.14 g day-1 and metabolizable energy intake 1.55, 1.91, 2.31 and 2.98 g day-1, respectively. Treatments receiving the highest supplementation levels spent less time with rumination and feeding and rested for longer (P 0.05). Protein-energy supplementation level did not affect rumen parameters. Average rumen pH was 6.3 and rumen ammonia nitrogen 165 mg dL-1; both were affected by sampling time. Supplementation levels until 24 g kg-1 BW improves feed intake and nutrient digestibility linearly and changes ingestive behavior, lowering rumination time without affecting rumen parameters.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação proteico-energética sobre o consumo, comportamento ingestivo, parâmetros ruminais e digestibilidade de nutrientes em ovinos. Foram utilizados quatro cordeiros castrados, com peso médio de 31,9 kg, fistulados no rúmen. O delineamento foi quadrado latino (4x4), sendo 4 tratamentos e 4 períodos: controle (sem suplementação) e suplementados com 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 do peso corporal (PC). O volumoso, feno de capim-tifton (Cynodon spp.), foi fornecido à vontade e o suplemento era constituído por farelo de soja, casca de soja, milho moído e minerais. Os alimentos foram fornecidos uma vez ao dia, às 8 horas. Nos tratamentos que receberam 0 (controle), 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 de suplementação, o consumo de matéria seca foi igual a 685,26; 742,86; 842,51 e 1013,33 g dia-1, o consumo de proteína bruta igual 80,18; 95,98; 118,64; 150,14 g dia-1, o consumo de energia metabolizável igual a 1,55; 1,91; 2,31 e 2,98 para os tratamentos controle, 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 PC, respectivamente. Maiores níveis de suplementação proporcionaram menor tempo gasto com ruminação e alimentação e maior período em ócio (P 0.05). Não houve efeito do nível de suplementação proteico-energética sobre os parâmetros ruminais. O pH ruminal e o nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal apresentaram médias de 6,3 e 16,5 mg dL-1, respectivamente, e foram influenciados pelo tempo de coleta. A suplementação até 24 g kg-1 PC favorece linearmente a melhora do consumo e digestibilidade dosnutrientes e altera o comportamento ingestivo com menor tempo gasto com ruminação sem alteraçãodos parâmetros ruminais.

Protein-energy supplementation for lambs: feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility / Suplementação proteico-energética para cordeiros: consumo, comportamento ingestivo, parâmetros ruminais e digestibilidade de nutrientes

The study evaluated the effects of dietary protein-energy supplementation on feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility in lambs. Four castrated lambs with 31.9 kg mean body weight and fistulated rumen were tested. distributed into latin square design (4x4), four treatments were tested over four periods of time: no supplementation (control) or with supplementation at 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 body weight. The supplement (soybean meal, soybean hulls, ground corn and minerals) was provided with roughage (Tifton Bermudagrass, Cynodon spp., hay), which was offered ad libitum once a day, at 8h00. In treatments receiving 0 (control), 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 supplementation, dry matter intake was 685.26, 742.86, 842.51 and 1013.33 g day-1, crude protein intake was 80.18, 95.98, 118.64, 150.14 g day-1 and metabolizable energy intake 1.55, 1.91, 2.31 and 2.98 g day-1, respectively. Treatments receiving the highest supplementation levels spent less time with rumination and feeding and rested for longer (P 0.05). Protein-energy supplementation level did not affect rumen parameters. Average rumen pH was 6.3 and rumen ammonia nitrogen 165 mg dL-1; both were affected by sampling time. Supplementation levels until 24 g kg-1 BW improves feed intake and nutrient digestibility linearly and changes ingestive behavior, lowering rumination time without affecting rumen p

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação proteico-energética sobre o consumo, comportamento ingestivo, parâmetros ruminais e digestibilidade de nutrientes em ovinos. Foram utilizados quatro cordeiros castrados, com peso médio de 31,9 kg, fistulados no rúmen. O delineamento foi quadrado latino (4x4), sendo 4 tratamentos e 4 períodos: controle (sem suplementação) e suplementados com 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 do peso corporal (PC). O volumoso, feno de capim-tifton (Cynodon spp.), foi fornecido à vontade e o suplemento era constituído por farelo de soja, casca de soja, milho moído e minerais. Os alimentos foram fornecidos uma vez ao dia, às 8 horas. Nos tratamentos que receberam 0 (controle), 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 de suplementação, o consumo de matéria seca foi igual a 685,26; 742,86; 842,51 e 1013,33 g dia-1, o consumo de proteína bruta igual 80,18; 95,98; 118,64; 150,14 g dia-1, o consumo de energia metabolizável igual a 1,55; 1,91; 2,31 e 2,98 para os tratamentos controle, 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 PC, respectivamente. Maiores níveis de suplementação proporcionaram menor tempo gasto com ruminação e alimentação e maior período em ócio (P 0.05). Não houve efeito do nível de suplementação proteico-energética sobre os parâmetros ruminais. O pH ruminal e o nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal apresentaram médias de 6,3 e 16,5 mg dL-1, respectivamente, e foram influenciados pelo tempo de coleta. A sup

Protein-energy supplementation for lambs: feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility / Suplementação proteico-energética para cordeiros: consumo, comportamento ingestivo, parâmetros ruminais e digestibilidade de nutrientes

The study evaluated the effects of dietary protein-energy supplementation on feed intake, ingestive behavior, rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility in lambs. Four castrated lambs with 31.9 kg mean body weight and fistulated rumen were tested. distributed into latin square design (4x4), four treatments were tested over four periods of time: no supplementation (control) or with supplementation at 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 body weight. The supplement (soybean meal, soybean hulls, ground corn and minerals) was provided with roughage (Tifton Bermudagrass, Cynodon spp., hay), which was offered ad libitum once a day, at 8h00. In treatments receiving 0 (control), 8, 16 and 24 g kg-1 supplementation, dry matter intake was 685.26, 742.86, 842.51 and 1013.33 g day-1, crude protein intake was 80.18, 95.98, 118.64, 150.14 g day-1 and metabolizable energy intake 1.55, 1.91, 2.31 and 2.98 g day-1, respectively. Treatments receiving the highest supplementation levels spent less time with rumination and feeding and rested for longer (P 0.05). Protein-energy supplementation level did not affect rumen parameters. Average rumen pH was 6.3 and rumen ammonia nitrogen 165 mg dL-1; both were affected by sampling time. Supplementation levels until 24 g kg-1 BW improves feed intake and nutrient digestibility linearly and changes ingestive behavior, lowering rumination time without affecting rumen p

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação proteico-energética sobre o consumo, comportamento ingestivo, parâmetros ruminais e digestibilidade de nutrientes em ovinos. Foram utilizados quatro cordeiros castrados, com peso médio de 31,9 kg, fistulados no rúmen. O delineamento foi quadrado latino (4x4), sendo 4 tratamentos e 4 períodos: controle (sem suplementação) e suplementados com 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 do peso corporal (PC). O volumoso, feno de capim-tifton (Cynodon spp.), foi fornecido à vontade e o suplemento era constituído por farelo de soja, casca de soja, milho moído e minerais. Os alimentos foram fornecidos uma vez ao dia, às 8 horas. Nos tratamentos que receberam 0 (controle), 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 de suplementação, o consumo de matéria seca foi igual a 685,26; 742,86; 842,51 e 1013,33 g dia-1, o consumo de proteína bruta igual 80,18; 95,98; 118,64; 150,14 g dia-1, o consumo de energia metabolizável igual a 1,55; 1,91; 2,31 e 2,98 para os tratamentos controle, 8, 16 e 24 g kg-1 PC, respectivamente. Maiores níveis de suplementação proporcionaram menor tempo gasto com ruminação e alimentação e maior período em ócio (P 0.05). Não houve efeito do nível de suplementação proteico-energética sobre os parâmetros ruminais. O pH ruminal e o nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal apresentaram médias de 6,3 e 16,5 mg dL-1, respectivamente, e foram influenciados pelo tempo de coleta. A sup

Effect of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) hay inclusion in the diets of sheep.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing Tifton-85 hay (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 % on a dry matter basis) with water hyacinth hay (Eichhornia crassipes) on intake and digestibility of nutrients, feeding behaviour, rumen and blood parameters of sheep. Five uncastrated male sheep, cannulated in the rumen, with an average body weight of 40 kg were assigned in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The water hyacinth hay contained 870 g/kg dry matter (DM), 159 g/kg crude protein (CP), 547 g/kg neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 461 g/kg total digestible nutrients (TDN). The DM intake and digestibility of NDF and non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC) were linearly reduced by replacing the Tifton-85 hay with water hyacinth hay. Similarly, there was a linear reduction of rumination time and efficiencies of feeding and rumination of DM and NDF. The concentrations of urea, glucose, AST and GGT in blood plasma were not changed by replacing the Tifton-85 hay with water hyacinth hay. Although water hyacinth hay reduced the intake and digestibility of some nutrients, the Tifton-85 hay replacement could be economically advantageous for sheep feeding.

Concentrate levels on sheep diets: intake, digestibility and ruminal parameters / Níveis de concentrado na dieta de ovinos: consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros ruminais

This study aimed to evaluate the intake, digestibility of nutrients, pH, ruminal ammonia concentration in sheep fed diets with increasing levels of concentrate: 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75% in the diet. Five sheep distributed in 5x5 Latin square design were used. The animals were kept in individual pens. Each experimental period lasted 17 days. Fecal excretion was estimated by use of indigestible neutral detergent fiber. On the 17th day, the pH of the rumen fluid and the concentrations of ruminal ammonia nitrogen were measured. Increased levels of concentrate did not affect dry matter intake, while the NDF intake was reduced by 0.0074 kg / animal / day for each 1% of concentrate added. The digestibility of DM was increased by 0.51% for each 1% concentrate. The pH of the rumen fluid was reduced by 0.006 units for each 1% concentrate. NAR for the estimated maximum value of 19.13 mg / dL of rumen fluid to the level of 38.67% concentrate.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, pH, concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal em ovinos submetidos a dietas com níveis crescentes de concentrado: 15, 30, 45, 60 e 75% na dieta. Foram utilizados cinco ovinos distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5x5. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais. Cada período experimental teve duração de 17 dias. A excreção fecal foi estimada pelo uso da fibra em detergente neutro indigestível. No 17º dia, o pH do fluido ruminal e as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal foram mensuradas. O aumento dos níveis de concentrado não afetaram o consumo de matéria seca, enquanto o consumo de FDN foi reduzido em 0,0074 kg/animal/dia para cada 1% de concentrado adicionado. O coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS foi aumentado em 0,51% para cada 1% de concentrado. O pH do fluido ruminal foi reduzido em 0,006 unidades para cada 1% de concentrado. Para o NAR estimou-se valor máximo de 19,13 mg/dL de líquido ruminal para o nível de concentrado de 38,67%.(AU)

Concentrate levels on sheep diets: intake, digestibility and ruminal parameters / Níveis de concentrado na dieta de ovinos: consumo, digestibilidade e parâmetros ruminais

This study aimed to evaluate the intake, digestibility of nutrients, pH, ruminal ammonia concentration in sheep fed diets with increasing levels of concentrate: 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75% in the diet. Five sheep distributed in 5x5 Latin square design were used. The animals were kept in individual pens. Each experimental period lasted 17 days. Fecal excretion was estimated by use of indigestible neutral detergent fiber. On the 17th day, the pH of the rumen fluid and the concentrations of ruminal ammonia nitrogen were measured. Increased levels of concentrate did not affect dry matter intake, while the NDF intake was reduced by 0.0074 kg / animal / day for each 1% of concentrate added. The digestibility of DM was increased by 0.51% for each 1% concentrate. The pH of the rumen fluid was reduced by 0.006 units for each 1% concentrate. NAR for the estimated maximum value of 19.13 mg / dL of rumen fluid to the level of 38.67% concentrate.

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, pH, concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal em ovinos submetidos a dietas com níveis crescentes de concentrado: 15, 30, 45, 60 e 75% na dieta. Foram utilizados cinco ovinos distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5x5. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais. Cada período experimental teve duração de 17 dias. A excreção fecal foi estimada pelo uso da fibra em detergente neutro indigestível. No 17º dia, o pH do fluido ruminal e as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal foram mensuradas. O aumento dos níveis de concentrado não afetaram o consumo de matéria seca, enquanto o consumo de FDN foi reduzido em 0,0074 kg/animal/dia para cada 1% de concentrado adicionado. O coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS foi aumentado em 0,51% para cada 1% de concentrado. O pH do fluido ruminal foi reduzido em 0,006 unidades para cada 1% de concentrado. Para o NAR estimou-se valor máximo de 19,13 mg/dL de líquido ruminal para o nível de concentrado de 38,67%.

Milk composition, ruminal pH and metabolic parameters of dairy cows supplemented with slow-release urea / Composição do leite, pH do fluído ruminal e perfil metabólico de vacas leiteiras suplementadas com uréia de liberação lenta

Background: The protein supplements can represent up to 50% of the costs in the concentrated fraction of the diet in dairy cows. A possible alternative that meets the requirements regarding protein levels and can reduce the costs are the nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) supplementst. For these reasons, this strategy it is widely used in low milk production systems, where cost of production has a higher impact. In this scenario the use of NPN aims to increase production without altering the economic balance of the system. Recently, a supplement consisting of urea coated with a biodegradable polymer was developed. This system promotes the controlled release of urea that can reach up 36 h after ingestion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding slow release urea formula on the composition and milk production, metabolic parameters and pH of the ruminal fluid of dairy cows. Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted over a period of 60 days, using 20 multiparous cows with 90 ± 18 days in milk. The animals were divided into two groups according to the type of NPN: 1) conventional urea (CG) and 2) slow release urea (SRG). Each group was composed of six Holstein cows (average body weight 528.7 ± 51.9 kg) and four Jersey cows (average body weight 389.3 ± 33.3 kg). Cows in the CG received a diet containing 80g of conventional urea/cow/day, and SRG cows were

Na pecuária leiteira a relação custo-benefício na alimentação animal é decisiva para o êxito econômico da atividade, o que leva o produtor a utilizar alternativas que diminuam os custos em relação à suplementação protéica, através do uso de fontes de nitrogênio não protéico (NNP), como a uréia. Em sistemas de baixa produção leiteira, a utilização de NNP visa aumentar a produção sem alterar o equilíbrio econômico do sistema. [...]

Composição do leite, pH do fluído ruminal e perfil metabólico de vacas leiteiras suplementadas com uréia de liberação lenta / Milk Composition, Ruminal pH and Metabolic Parameters of Dairy Cows Supplemented with Slow-Release Urea

Background: The protein supplements can represent up to 50% of the costs in the concentrated fraction of the diet in dairy cows. A possible alternative that meets the requirements regarding protein levels and can reduce the costs are the nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) supplementst. For these reasons, this strategy it is widely used in low milk production systems, where cost of production has a higher impact. In this scenario the use of NPN aims to increase production without altering the economic balance of the system. Recently, a supplement consisting of urea coated with a biodegradable polymer was developed. This system promotes the controlled release of urea that can reach up 36 h after ingestion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding slow release urea formula on the composition and milk production, metabolic parameters and pH of the ruminal fluid of dairy cows. Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted over a period of 60 days, using 20 multiparous cows with 90 ± 18 days in milk. The animals were divided into two groups according to the type of NPN: 1) conventional urea (CG) and 2) slow release urea (SRG). Each group was composed of six Holstein cows (average body weight 528.7 ± 51.9 kg) and four Jersey cows (average body weight 389.3 ± 33.3 kg). Cows in the CG received a diet containing 80g of conventional urea/cow/day, and SRG cows were fed a diet containing 88g of slow release urea/cow/day, both diets were kept isocaloric and isonitrogenous between groups. Weekly weighing and sampling was performed for evaluation of milk production, composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and urea levels in milk. Blood samples were taken weekly to measure the levels of γ-glutaryl transferase, urea, and albumin. Biweekly ruminocentese was performed for collection of ruminal fl uid and pH measurement. Among the metabolites examined the only difference between groups was for milk urea, with SRG having higher milk urea than CG cows (P < 0.04). No differences were observed for milk yield corrected to 3.5% fat, milk composition and ruminal pH (P > 0.05). However, a breed effect was observed, with the Jersey cows having the highest milk fat content (P < 0.04; 4.4 ± 0.27% vs 3.6 ± 0.22%), total solids (P < 0.01; 13.22 ± 0.43% vs 11.74 ± 0.35%) and urea (P < 0.002; 52.31 ± 1.43 mg/dL vs. 46.12 ± 1.17 mg/dL) compared to Holstein cows, respectively. Discussion: Milk production was not different between groups supplemented with different sources of NPN, similar to the described by other studies. Previous studies that found differences in milk production were probably due to the with drawal of the true protein fraction of the diet, which allowed the synchronization of the degradation of carbohydrates and nitrogen release by the slow release formula. Serum urea concentration remained within the physiological levels for both groups, demonstrating that the diet was maintained in equilibrium. The enzyme γ-glutaryl transferase did not show any difference between groups, indicating that no systemic damage occurred. The results of this experiment indicate that supplementation with slow release urea at 1.8% of the dry matter intake did not influence the parameters studied, behaving like conventional urea. Thus the slow release urea can be used as an alternative protein source without damage to the metabolism, however for low producing dairy systems, characterized as semi-skilled, no benefits are observed since it has a higher cost.

Milk composition, ruminal pH and metabolic parameters of dairy cows supplemented with slow-release urea / Composição do leite, pH do fluído ruminal e perfil metabólico de vacas leiteiras suplementadas com uréia de liberação lenta

Background: The protein supplements can represent up to 50% of the costs in the concentrated fraction of the diet in dairy cows. A possible alternative that meets the requirements regarding protein levels and can reduce the costs are the nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) supplementst. For these reasons, this strategy it is widely used in low milk production systems, where cost of production has a higher impact. In this scenario the use of NPN aims to increase production without altering the economic balance of the system. Recently, a supplement consisting of urea coated with a biodegradable polymer was developed. This system promotes the controlled release of urea that can reach up 36 h after ingestion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding slow release urea formula on the composition and milk production, metabolic parameters and pH of the ruminal fluid of dairy cows. Materials, Methods & Results: This study was conducted over a period of 60 days, using 20 multiparous cows with 90 ± 18 days in milk. The animals were divided into two groups according to the type of NPN: 1) conventional urea (CG) and 2) slow release urea (SRG). Each group was composed of six Holstein cows (average body weight 528.7 ± 51.9 kg) and four Jersey cows (average body weight 389.3 ± 33.3 kg). Cows in the CG received a diet containing 80g of conventional urea/cow/day, and SRG cows were

Na pecuária leiteira a relação custo-benefício na alimentação animal é decisiva para o êxito econômico da atividade, o que leva o produtor a utilizar alternativas que diminuam os custos em relação à suplementação protéica, através do uso de fontes de nitrogênio não protéico (NNP), como a uréia. Em sistemas de baixa produção leiteira, a utilização de NNP visa aumentar a produção sem alterar o equilíbrio econômico do sistema. [...]

Avaliação do potencial da polpa cítrica em provocar acidose láctica ruminal aguda em bovinos / Comparative study of the citrus pulp to cause acute rumen lactic acidosis in cattle

Com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial da polpa cítrica (PC) em provocar acidose láctica ruminal aguda (ALRA), 15 bovinos com peso médio de 160 kg providos de cânula ruminal não-adaptados à dieta contendo concentrado foram alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos: CONTROLE - animais receberam apenas a dieta basal; SACAROSE - animais receberam sacarose diretamente no rumem a fim de provocar ALRA; POLPA - grupo que recebeu subitamente alta quantidade de PC no rúmen (equivalente a 1,65 % do peso corporal). Em vários tempos no decorrer de 24 horas, após administração dos substratos, foram determinados o volume globular, pH, excesso de bases (BE) e lactato total no sangue e pH e concentração de ácido láctico total no conteúdo ruminal. Exame clínico foi realizado no decorrer do 1º dia e o consumo de alimento acompanhado nos próximos sete dias. A administração de sacarose provocou um característico quadro de ALRA com o desenvolvimento de acidose ruminal e sistêmica, apatia, desidratação, diarréia e taquicardia. Por outro lado, a polpa cítrica produziu discreta e temporária acidose ruminal, atingindo na 6ª hora o pH ruminal mais baixo (5,35), sem provocar acidose sistêmica e quadro clínico mais evidente de ALRA, com exceção de uma diminuição temporária na ruminação e eliminação de fezes semilíquidas. A regularização do apetite ocorreu após dois dias no grupo com PC e sete dias no grupo com sacarose. Tais resultados indicam que a polpa cítrica pode ser utilizada na alimentação de bovinos com baixo risco de provocar ALRA.(AU)

With the aim to evaluate the risk of citrus pulp to induce acute rumen lactic acidosis (ARLA), 15 rumen cannulated cattle didnt adapted to concentrates were randomly allocated in 3 groups: G1- CONTROL - group fed only the basal diet; G2 - SUCROSE animals with ARLA induced by rumen administration of sucrose; G3 CITRUS PULP animals received citrus pulp into rumen (1.65 % of BW). Blood and rumen samples were drawn throughout the next 24 h to determine pH, lactic acid concentration and the packet cell volume, blood base excess. Clinical signs were also recorded and food intake followed by the next 7 days. Sucrose caused a systemic and ruminal acidosis and characteristic ARLA signs such as, apathy, dehydration, diarrhea and tachycardia, while citrus pulp gave rise to mild and brief rumen acidosis, reaching the lowest pH (5.35) at the 6th h, without any changing in the blood pH and any typical clinical sign, but temporary reduction in the rumination and excretion of semi liquid feces. Appetite was fully recovered after two and seven days in the pulp and sucrose group, respectively. These results showed that citrus pulp may be used as a feedstuff for cattle with low risk to cause ARLA.(AU)

Avaliação do potencial da polpa cítrica em provocar acidose láctica ruminal aguda em bovinos / Comparative study of the citrus pulp to cause acute rumen lactic acidosis in cattle

Com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial da polpa cítrica (PC) em provocar acidose láctica ruminal aguda (ALRA), 15 bovinos com peso médio de 160 kg providos de cânula ruminal não-adaptados à dieta contendo concentrado foram alocados aleatoriamente em três grupos: CONTROLE - animais receberam apenas a dieta basal; SACAROSE - animais receberam sacarose diretamente no rumem a fim de provocar ALRA; POLPA - grupo que recebeu subitamente alta quantidade de PC no rúmen (equivalente a 1,65 % do peso corporal). Em vários tempos no decorrer de 24 horas, após administração dos substratos, foram determinados o volume globular, pH, excesso de bases (BE) e lactato total no sangue e pH e concentração de ácido láctico total no conteúdo ruminal. Exame clínico foi realizado no decorrer do 1º dia e o consumo de alimento acompanhado nos próximos sete dias. A administração de sacarose provocou um característico quadro de ALRA com o desenvolvimento de acidose ruminal e sistêmica, apatia, desidratação, diarréia e taquicardia. Por outro lado, a polpa cítrica produziu discreta e temporária acidose ruminal, atingindo na 6ª hora o pH ruminal mais baixo (5,35), sem provocar acidose sistêmica e quadro clínico mais evidente de ALRA, com exceção de uma diminuição temporária na ruminação e eliminação de fezes semilíquidas. A regularização do apetite ocorreu após dois dias no grupo com PC e sete dias no grupo com sacarose. Tais resultados indicam que a polpa cítrica pode ser utilizada na alimentação de bovinos com baixo risco de provocar ALRA.

With the aim to evaluate the risk of citrus pulp to induce acute rumen lactic acidosis (ARLA), 15 rumen cannulated cattle didn’t adapted to concentrates were randomly allocated in 3 groups: G1- CONTROL - group fed only the basal diet; G2 - SUCROSE – animals with ARLA induced by rumen administration of sucrose; G3 – CITRUS PULP – animals received citrus pulp into rumen (1.65 % of BW). Blood and rumen samples were drawn throughout the next 24 h to determine pH, lactic acid concentration and the packet cell volume, blood base excess. Clinical signs were also recorded and food intake followed by the next 7 days. Sucrose caused a systemic and ruminal acidosis and characteristic ARLA signs such as, apathy, dehydration, diarrhea and tachycardia, while citrus pulp gave rise to mild and brief rumen acidosis, reaching the lowest pH (5.35) at the 6th h, without any changing in the blood pH and any typical clinical sign, but temporary reduction in the rumination and excretion of semi liquid feces. Appetite was fully recovered after two and seven days in the pulp and sucrose group, respectively. These results showed that citrus pulp may be used as a feedstuff for cattle with low risk to cause ARLA.

Efeito da substituição do feno de Tifton 85 pelo caroço de algodão como fonte de fibra na dieta de bezerros / Effect of substitution of Tifton 85 hay by whole cotton seed as fiber source in the diets of calves

Para avaliar a substituição do feno Tifton 85 pelo caroço de algodão como fonte de fibra na dieta foram utilizados 24 bezerros da raça Holandesa, distribuídos em dois grupos. O grupo-feno recebeu feno e concentrado separados, fornecidos à vontade, e o grupo- algodão recebeu caroço de algodão incorporado ao concentrado (13,5 por cento), à vontade. O consumo de alimentos, o peso, as alturas da cernelha e do íleo, as circunferências torácica e abdominal, a concentração de glicose sangüínea, as concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato, o pH do fluido ruminal e os pesos dos compartimentos do estômago foram mensurados. O consumo de alimentos, o desenvolvimento ponderal dos animais, as concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato, o pH do fluido ruminal, as concentrações de glicose sangüíneas e o peso dos compartimentos do estômago foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). A necropsia, não foram observadas alterações sugestivas de intoxicação por gossipol. Concluiu-se que o caroço de algodão substituiu, sem prejuízos, o feno como fonte de fibra na dieta de bezerros(AU)

Twenty-four Holstein calves divided into two groups were used to evaluate Tifton 85 hay or whole cotton seed as fiber source in their diets. One group received Tifton 85 hay and concentrate ad libitum (hay group) and the other received ad libitum (cotton group) only concentrate with whole cotton seed incorporated (13,5 percent). Feed intake; weight; whither and ileum heights; thoracic and abdominal circumferences; acetate, propionate and butyric concentrations; pH of ruminal content; blood glucose; and rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum weights were measured. Feed intake; animal performance; acetate, propionate and butyric concentrations; pH of ruminal content; blood glucose and weight of stomach compartments did not differ between the groups (P>0.05). No clinical evidence of gossypol intoxication was observed. It was concluded that whole cotton seed replaced hay as fiber source in the diets of calves(AU)