Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed in Colombia / Prevalencia y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. en los alimentos para animales en Colombia / Prevalência e resistência a antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. em ração animal na Colômbia

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples collected between 2018 and 2021 in Colombia. Methods. This was a laboratory-based cross-sectional study using routine data from the program for inspection, surveillance, and control of animal feed at the Colombian Agriculture Institute. Samples of animal feed for swine, poultry, canine, feline, leporine, piscine, and equine species were processed for detection of E. coli and Salmonella spp. using enrichment and selective culture methods. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using an automated microdilution method. Results. Of 1 748 animal feed samples analyzed, 83 (4.7%) were positive for E. coli and 66 (3.8%) for Salmonella spp. The presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. was highest in feed for poultry (6.4% and 5.5%) and swine (6.1% and 4.3%). Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed in 27 (33%) E. coli isolates and 26 (39%) Salmonella isolates. Among E. coli, resistance was most frequently observed to ampicillin (44.5%) followed by cefazolin (33.3%), ciprofloxacin (29.6%), ampicillin/sulbactam (26%), and ceftriaxone (11.1%). The highest resistance levels in Salmonella spp. isolates were against cefazolin (7.7%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (7.7%). Conclusions. This is the first study from Colombia reporting on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples. Its results establish a baseline over a wide geographical distribution in Colombia. It highlights the need to integrate antimicrobial resistance surveillance in animal feed due to the emergence of resistant bacteria in this important stage of the supply chain.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. en muestras de piensos para animales tomadas entre el 2018 y el 2021 en Colombia. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en el laboratorio a partir de los datos regulares del programa de inspección, vigilancia y control de alimentos para animales del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. Se procesaron muestras de alimentos utilizados en la cría de cerdos, aves de corral, cánidos, félidos, lepóridos, peces y equinos con el fin de detectar E. coli y Salmonella spp. por medio de métodos de enriquecimiento y cultivo selectivo. Se analizó la sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de las cepas aisladas mediante microdilución automatizada. Resultados. De 1748 muestras de alimentos analizadas, 83 (4,7%) resultaron positivas para E. coli y 66 (3,8%) para Salmonella spp. La presencia de E. coli y Salmonella spp. fue mayor en los alimentos para aves de corral (6,4% y 5,5%) y cerdos (6,1% y 4,3%). Se realizaron pruebas de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en 27 (33%) cepas de E. coli y 26 (39%) de Salmonella. En las cepas de E. coli, se observó una mayor resistencia a la ampicilina (44,5%), seguida de la resistencia a la cefazolina (33,3%), la ciprofloxacina (29,6%), la ampicilina/sulbactam (26%) y la ceftriaxona (11,1%). En el caso de las cepas de Salmonella spp., los niveles de resistencia más elevados fueron para la cefazolina (7,7%) y piperacilina/tazobactam (7,7%). Conclusiones. Este es el primer estudio realizado en Colombia en el que se informa sobre la prevalencia y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos de E. coli y Salmonella spp. en muestras de alimentos para animales. Sus resultados establecen una línea de base para una zona geográfica mucho mayor dentro de Colombia. Se subraya la necesidad de integrar la vigilancia de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en los alimentos para animales debido a la aparición de bacterias resistentes en esta importante etapa de la cadena de suministro.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar a prevalência e a resistência a antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli e Salmonela spp. em amostras de ração animal coletadas entre 2018 e 2021 na Colômbia. Métodos. Estudo transversal de base laboratorial, usando dados de rotina do programa de inspeção, vigilância e controle de ração animal do Instituto Colombiano de Agricultura. Amostras de ração animal para as espécies suína, avícola, canina, felina, leporina, piscina e equina foram processadas para detecção de E. coli e Salmonella spp., usando métodos de enriquecimento e cultura seletiva. Os isolados foram testados quanto à suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos usando um método automatizado de microdiluição. Resultados. Das 1.748 amostras de ração animal analisadas, 83 (4,7%) foram positivas para E. coli e 66 (3,8%) para Salmonella spp. A presença de E. coli e Salmonella spp. foi maior em rações para aves (6,4% e 5,5%) e suínos (6,1% e 4,3%). O teste de resistência a antimicrobianos foi realizado em 27 (33%) isolados de E. coli e 26 (39%) isolados de Salmonella. Em E. coli, a resistência observada com maior frequência foi à ampicilina (44,5%), seguida da cefazolina (33,3%), ciprofloxacino (29,6%), ampicilina/sulbactam (26%) e ceftriaxona (11,1%). Os maiores níveis de resistência em isolados de Salmonella spp. foram contra cefazolina (7,7%) e piperacilina/tazobactam (7,7%). Conclusões. Este é o primeiro estudo da Colômbia a notificar a prevalência e resistência a antimicrobianos de E. coli e Salmonella spp. em amostras de ração animal. Os resultados estabelecem uma linha de base com ampla distribuição geográfica na Colômbia. Destaca-se a necessidade de integrar a vigilância da resistência a antimicrobianos na ração animal, devido ao surgimento de bactérias resistentes nesta importante etapa da cadeia de abastecimento.

Micotoxinas e micotoxicoses em cães / Mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in dogs

As micotoxinas, metabólitos secundários tóxicos produzidos por espécies de fungos filamentosos, podem contaminar uma ampla gama de alimentos, dentre eles, a ração canina. A ingestão de alimentos contaminados por micotoxinas, causa as micotoxicoses, doenças que possuem uma variedade de sinais clínicos dependentes da quantidade de toxina ingerida, tempo de exposição, bem como das características ligadas a cada tipo de micotoxina. O presente trabalho revisa os aspectos relevantes relacionados às micotoxinas quanto a sua origem e conceito, fatores que favorecem a sua produção, alimentos mais acometidos, além dos principais sinais clínicos observados, tratamento, controle e prevenção na espécie canina.(AU)

Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungus species, can contaminate a wide range of nourishments, as dog food. The ingestion of a diet contaminated with micotoxins causes mycotoxicosis, diseases which present a variety of clinical signs dependent on the amount of toxin ingested, time of exposure, as well as characteristics related to each type of mycotoxin. The present paper performs a review of major aspects related to mycotoxins about their origin and concept, factors that favor their production, most affected foods, main clinical signs observed in dogs, treatment, control, and prevention.(AU)

Micotoxinas e micotoxicoses em cães / Mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis in dogs

As micotoxinas, metabólitos secundários tóxicos produzidos por espécies de fungos filamentosos, podem contaminar uma ampla gama de alimentos, dentre eles, a ração canina. A ingestão de alimentos contaminados por micotoxinas, causa as micotoxicoses, doenças que possuem uma variedade de sinais clínicos dependentes da quantidade de toxina ingerida, tempo de exposição, bem como das características ligadas a cada tipo de micotoxina. O presente trabalho revisa os aspectos relevantes relacionados às micotoxinas quanto a sua origem e conceito, fatores que favorecem a sua produção, alimentos mais acometidos, além dos principais sinais clínicos observados, tratamento, controle e prevenção na espécie canina.

Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungus species, can contaminate a wide range of nourishments, as dog food. The ingestion of a diet contaminated with micotoxins causes mycotoxicosis, diseases which present a variety of clinical signs dependent on the amount of toxin ingested, time of exposure, as well as characteristics related to each type of mycotoxin. The present paper performs a review of major aspects related to mycotoxins about their origin and concept, factors that favor their production, most affected foods, main clinical signs observed in dogs, treatment, control, and prevention.

Nutrição de roedores de laboratório: paradigmas e desafios / Nutrition laboratory rodents: paradigms and challenges

Roedores de laboratório, como camundongos, ratos e hamster são os principais animais utilizados como biomodelos experimentais. Entretanto informações no âmbito da sua nutrição e manejo alimentar encontram-se desatualizadas. Atualmente é utilizada uma única formulação para atendimento das diferentes espécies, linhagens e categorias. Isso limita a resposta biológica e reduz a acurácia dos resultados experimentais com esses animais. Esta revisão aborda os pontos conceituais, os paradigmas e desafios da nutrição de roedores de laboratório, e busca incentivar o debate em torno do tema. (AU)

Laboratory rodents, such as mice, rats and hamsters are the main animals used as experimental biomodels. However information in its nutrition and feeding management are outdated. Is the same formulation currently used to meet the different species, strains and categories. This limits the biological response and reduces the accuracy of the experimental results with these animals. This review focuses on conceptual aspects, paradigms and challenges of nutrition laboratory rodents, and seeks to encourage discussion around the topic. (AU)

Nutrição de roedores de laboratório: paradigmas e desafios / Nutrition laboratory rodents: paradigms and challenges

Roedores de laboratório, como camundongos, ratos e hamster são os principais animais utilizados como biomodelos experimentais. Entretanto informações no âmbito da sua nutrição e manejo alimentar encontram-se desatualizadas. Atualmente é utilizada uma única formulação para atendimento das diferentes espécies, linhagens e categorias. Isso limita a resposta biológica e reduz a acurácia dos resultados experimentais com esses animais. Esta revisão aborda os pontos conceituais, os paradigmas e desafios da nutrição de roedores de laboratório, e busca incentivar o debate em torno do tema.

Laboratory rodents, such as mice, rats and hamsters are the main animals used as experimental biomodels. However information in its nutrition and feeding management are outdated. Is the same formulation currently used to meet the different species, strains and categories. This limits the biological response and reduces the accuracy of the experimental results with these animals. This review focuses on conceptual aspects, paradigms and challenges of nutrition laboratory rodents, and seeks to encourage discussion around the topic.

Application of a good manufacturing practices checklist and enumeration of total coliform in swine feed mills / Inspeção de boas práticas de fabricação e enumeração de coliformes totais em fábricas de ração para suínos

A cross-sectional study in four swine feed mills aimed to evaluate the correlation between the score of the inspection checklist defined in the Normative Instruction 4 (IN 4/ Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply), and the enumeration of total coliforms throughout the manufacturing process. The most of non-conformities was found in the physical structure of the feed mills. Feed mill B showed the lowest number of unconformities while units A and D had the largest number of nonconformities. In 38.53% (489/1269) of the samples the presence of total coliform was detected, however no significant difference in the bacterial counts was observed between sampling sites and feed mills. The logistic regression pointed higher odds ratio (OR) for total coliforms isolation at dosing (OR = 9.51, 95% CI: 4.43 to 20.41), grinding (OR = 7.10, 95% CI = 3.27 to 15.40) and residues (OR = 6.21, 95% CI: 3.88 to 9.95) In spite of having the second score in the checklist inspection, feed mill C presented the highest odds for total coliforms isolation (OR= 2,43, IC 95%: 1,68-3,53). The data indicate no association between the score of checklist and the presence of hygienic indicators in feed mills.

Um estudo transversal realizado em quatro fábricas de ração para suínos foi realizado para avaliar o escore obtido no roteiro de inspeção de boas práticas de fabricação da Instrução Normativa 4 (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento) e os níveis de coliformes totais presentes ao longo do processo de produção. A maioria das não conformidades foi encontrada na estrutura física das fábricas. A fábrica B apresentou o menor número de inconformidades, enquanto as fábricas A e D apresentaram o maior número de itens não conformes. Em 38,53% (489/1269) das amostras havia presença de coliformes totais, porém não houve diferença no número encontrado entre as amostras e fábricas. A regressão logística apontou maior razão de chance (OR) de isolamento de coliformes totais nas áreas de dosagem (OR=9,51, IC 95%: 4,43-20,41), moagem (OR=7,10; IC 95%: 3,27-15,40) e em resíduos (OR=6,21; IC 95%: 3,88-9,95). A fábrica C, apesar de ter obtido o segundo melhor escore no roteiro de inspeção, apresentou a maior chance de presença de coliformes totais (OR= 2,43, IC 95%: 1,68-3,53). Não houve associação entre o escore do roteiro de inspeção e a presença de indicadores de higiene em fábricas de ração.

Application of a good manufacturing practices checklist and enumeration of total coliform in swine feed mills / Inspeção de boas práticas de fabricação e enumeração de coliformes totais em fábricas de ração para suínos

A cross-sectional study in four swine feed mills aimed to evaluate the correlation between the score of the inspection checklist defined in the Normative Instruction 4 (IN 4/ Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply), and the enumeration of total coliforms throughout the manufacturing process. The most of non-conformities was found in the physical structure of the feed mills. Feed mill B showed the lowest number of unconformities while units A and D had the largest number of nonconformities. In 38.53% (489/1269) of the samples the presence of total coliform was detected, however no significant difference in the bacterial counts was observed between sampling sites and feed mills. The logistic regression pointed higher odds ratio (OR) for total coliforms isolation at dosing (OR = 9.51, 95% CI: 4.43 to 20.41), grinding (OR = 7.10, 95% CI = 3.27 to 15.40) and residues (OR = 6.21, 95% CI: 3.88 to 9.95) In spite of having the second score in the checklist inspection, feed mill C presented the highest odds for total coliforms isolation (OR= 2,43, IC 95%: 1,68-3,53). The data indicate no association between the score of checklist and the presence of hygienic indicators in feed mills.

Um estudo transversal realizado em quatro fábricas de ração para suínos foi realizado para avaliar o escore obtido no roteiro de inspeção de boas práticas de fabricação da Instrução Normativa 4 (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento) e os níveis de coliformes totais presentes ao longo do processo de produção. A maioria das não conformidades foi encontrada na estrutura física das fábricas. A fábrica B apresentou o menor número de inconformidades, enquanto as fábricas A e D apresentaram o maior número de itens não conformes. Em 38,53% (489/1269) das amostras havia presença de coliformes totais, porém não houve diferença no número encontrado entre as amostras e fábricas. A regressão logística apontou maior razão de chance (OR) de isolamento de coliformes totais nas áreas de dosagem (OR=9,51, IC 95%: 4,43-20,41), moagem (OR=7,10; IC 95%: 3,27-15,40) e em resíduos (OR=6,21; IC 95%: 3,88-9,95). A fábrica C, apesar de ter obtido o segundo melhor escore no roteiro de inspeção, apresentou a maior chance de presença de coliformes totais (OR= 2,43, IC 95%: 1,68-3,53). Não houve associação entre o escore do roteiro de inspeção e a presença de indicadores de higiene em fábricas de ração.

Comparison of different culture media for mycological evaluation of commercial pet food

The choice of a culture media to proceed a mycological analysis of food is extremely important to guarantee the reliability of the analysis. The medium should allow an excellent recovery of fungal species present in the food at the same time that it is necessary to avoid bacterial development. Thus the real microbial ecology will be reflected in the results. The efficacy of three media for fungal isolation and quantification (potato dextrose agar, dichloran rose of bengal and chloramphenicol agar and dichloran glycerol 18% agar) was compared for analysis of 54 samples of dry commercial pet food (34 for dogs and 20 for cats). Fungi were present in 74% of samples and 23 genera were isolated and identified. Aspergillus sp. and Aspergillus niger were respectively the most frequent genera and species isolated, whatever the culture medium selected to proceed the analysis. Dichloran glycerol 18% agar was the medium that presented the best results considering both the quantity and variety of isolated fungi. Comparing the results obtained in different media, it was observed that the fungi  recovered can vary according to the selected culture medium. Eurotium was the genus that presented the biggest difference in occurrence among the media where samples were cultivated to enumeration in this study. Therefore, the utilization of specific media, selected according to the characteristics of

Comparison of different culture media for mycological evaluation of commercial pet food

The choice of a culture media to proceed a mycological analysis of food is extremely important to guarantee the reliability of the analysis. The medium should allow an excellent recovery of fungal species present in the food at the same time that it is necessary to avoid bacterial development. Thus the real microbial ecology will be reflected in the results. The efficacy of three media for fungal isolation and quantification (potato dextrose agar, dichloran rose of bengal and chloramphenicol agar and dichloran glycerol 18% agar) was compared for analysis of 54 samples of dry commercial pet food (34 for dogs and 20 for cats). Fungi were present in 74% of samples and 23 genera were isolated and identified. Aspergillus sp. and Aspergillus niger were respectively the most frequent genera and species isolated, whatever the culture medium selected to proceed the analysis. Dichloran glycerol 18% agar was the medium that presented the best results considering both the quantity and variety of isolated fungi. Comparing the results obtained in different media, it was observed that the fungi  recovered can vary according to the selected culture medium. Eurotium was the genus that presented the biggest difference in occurrence among the media where samples were cultivated to enumeration in this study. Therefore, the utilization of specific media, selected according to the characteristics of

Comparison of different culture media for mycological evaluation of commercial pet food

The choice of a culture media to proceed a mycological analysis of food is extremely important to guarantee the reliability of the analysis. The medium should allow an excellent recovery of fungal species present in the food at the same time that it is necessary to avoid bacterial development. Thus the real microbial ecology will be reflected in the results. The efficacy of three media for fungal isolation and quantification (potato dextrose agar, dichloran rose of bengal and chloramphenicol agar and dichloran glycerol 18% agar) was compared for analysis of 54 samples of dry commercial pet food (34 for dogs and 20 for cats). Fungi were present in 74% of samples and 23 genera were isolated and identified. Aspergillus sp. and Aspergillus niger were respectively the most frequent genera and species isolated, whatever the culture medium selected to proceed the analysis. Dichloran glycerol 18% agar was the medium that presented the best results considering both the quantity and variety of isolated fungi. Comparing the results obtained in different media, it was observed that the fungi  recovered can vary according to the selected culture medium. Eurotium was the genus that presented the biggest difference in occurrence among the media where samples were cultivated to enumeration in this study. Therefore, the utilization of specific media, selected according to the characteristics of

Comparison of different culture media for mycological evaluation of commercial pet food

The choice of a culture media to proceed a mycological analysis of food is extremely important to guarantee the reliability of the analysis. The medium should allow an excellent recovery of fungal species present in the food at the same time that it is necessary to avoid bacterial development. Thus the real microbial ecology will be reflected in the results. The efficacy of three media for fungal isolation and quantification (potato dextrose agar, dichloran rose of bengal and chloramphenicol agar and dichloran glycerol 18% agar) was compared for analysis of 54 samples of dry commercial pet food (34 for dogs and 20 for cats). Fungi were present in 74% of samples and 23 genera were isolated and identified. Aspergillus sp. and Aspergillus niger were respectively the most frequent genera and species isolated, whatever the culture medium selected to proceed the analysis. Dichloran glycerol 18% agar was the medium that presented the best results considering both the quantity and variety of isolated fungi. Comparing the results obtained in different media, it was observed that the fungi  recovered can vary according to the selected culture medium. Eurotium was the genus that presented the biggest difference in occurrence among the media where samples were cultivated to enumeration in this study. Therefore, the utilization of specific media, selected according to the characteristics of

Comparison of different culture media for mycological evaluation of commercial pet food

The choice of a culture media to proceed a mycological analysis of food is extremely important to guarantee the reliability of the analysis. The medium should allow an excellent recovery of fungal species present in the food at the same time that it is necessary to avoid bacterial development. Thus the real microbial ecology will be reflected in the results. The efficacy of three media for fungal isolation and quantification (potato dextrose agar, dichloran rose of bengal and chloramphenicol agar and dichloran glycerol 18% agar) was compared for analysis of 54 samples of dry commercial pet food (34 for dogs and 20 for cats). Fungi were present in 74% of samples and 23 genera were isolated and identified. Aspergillus sp. and Aspergillus niger were respectively the most frequent genera and species isolated, whatever the culture medium selected to proceed the analysis. Dichloran glycerol 18% agar was the medium that presented the best results considering both the quantity and variety of isolated fungi. Comparing the results obtained in different media, it was observed that the fungi  recovered can vary according to the selected culture medium. Eurotium was the genus that presented the biggest difference in occurrence among the media where samples were cultivated to enumeration in this study. Therefore, the utilization of specific media, selected according to the characteristics of

Comparison of different culture media for mycological evaluation of commercial pet food

The choice of a culture media to proceed a mycological analysis of food is extremely important to guarantee the reliability of the analysis. The medium should allow an excellent recovery of fungal species present in the food at the same time that it is necessary to avoid bacterial development. Thus the real microbial ecology will be reflected in the results. The efficacy of three media for fungal isolation and quantification (potato dextrose agar, dichloran rose of bengal and chloramphenicol agar and dichloran glycerol 18% agar) was compared for analysis of 54 samples of dry commercial pet food (34 for dogs and 20 for cats). Fungi were present in 74% of samples and 23 genera were isolated and identified. Aspergillus sp. and Aspergillus niger were respectively the most frequent genera and species isolated, whatever the culture medium selected to proceed the analysis. Dichloran glycerol 18% agar was the medium that presented the best results considering both the quantity and variety of isolated fungi. Comparing the results obtained in different media, it was observed that the fungi  recovered can vary according to the selected culture medium. Eurotium was the genus that presented the biggest difference in occurrence among the media where samples were cultivated to enumeration in this study. Therefore, the utilization of specific media, selected according to the characteristics of

Poultry feather hydrolysate as a protein source for growing rats / Hidrolisado de penas como fonte de proteína para ratos

Feather protein has been considered as a protein complement for animal diets, since it is largely available as a by-product of poultry processing. In this work, a feather protein hydrolysate produced by the keratinolytic microorganism Vibrio sp. kr2 was evaluated as a feed additive. Wistar rats were fed seven experimental diets (n = 6 rats perdiet) containing different protein sources: casein (CAS), soybean protein, feather hydrolysate, feather meal, and soybean protein supplemented with 10 or 20% (w/w) feather hydrolysate, and 20% feather hydrolysate supplemented methionine. Values for weight gain, feed ingest, true digestibility, feed: gain ratio, Protein Efficiency Ratioand Net Protein Ratio were similar for diets containing soybean proteinand 20% feather hydrolysate supplemented methionine. Lowest values for all nutritional parameters were observed for diets containing soybean protein supplemented with 10 or 20% (w/w) feather hydrolysate, feather hydrolysate and feather meal. Protein source had a considerable influence in the final weight of liver, kidney and hearth, although no significant differences were observed for brains. These results indicate that feather hydrolysate may be useful as supplementary protein in feed formulations.

A proteína da pena é uma boa fonte proteica para dietas de animais, sendo um material de grande disponibilidade como subproduto da produção avícola. Neste trabalho, um hidrolisado protéico de penas produzido pelo microrganismo queratinolítico Vibrio sp. kr2 foi avaliado como suplemento em rações. Ratos da linhagem Wistar foram alimentados com sete dietas experimentais (n = 6 ratos pordieta) contendo diferentes fontes de proteína: caseina (CAS), proteína de soja, hidrolisado de pena, farinha de pena, e proteína de soja suplementada com 10 ou 20% (w/w) hidrolisado de pena, ou 20% hidrolisado de pena suplementado com metionina. Os valores de ganho de peso, consumo, digestibilidade verdadeira, coeficiente deeficiência alimentar, coeficiente de eficiência proteica (PER) e eficiência líquida proteica (NPR) foram similares para as dietas contendo proteína de soja e proteína de soja suplementada com 20% hidrolisado de pena e metionina. Valores inferiores para todos parâmetros nutricionais foram observados para as dietas contendo 10 ou 20% hidrolisado de pena, hidrolisado de pena e fariha de pena. A fonte protéica influenciou no peso final do fígado, rins e coração, porém as diferenças não foram significativas para cérebros. Estes resultados indicam que o hidrolisado de penas pode ser usado como fonte de proteína suplementar na formulação de rações desde que suplementados com metionina.

Evaluation of the influence of dry industrialized ration on the seric electrolythic profile and urinalysis in domestics cats (Felis domesticus, Linnaeus, 1758) / Avaliação da influência da ração seca industrializada sobre o perfil eletrolítico sérico e urinálise em gatos domésticos (Felis domesticus, Linnaeus, 1758)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the ration type, time of consumption and sex over the seric electrolythic profile and urinalysis in cats, with a total of 24 animals being used, of both sexes, without defined breed, with ages from 2 to 4 years, submitted to three dry industrialized ration types (R1, R2, R3). The animals were evaluated monthly, during 6 months and the dosages of magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, sodium and potassium made through Ion Charin Selector. In the results obtained for the seric electrolythic profile, according to the ration type, the males presented differences statistically significant for magnesium, calcium and sodium, and the females for chloride. According to the days after the consumption, in the males the differences were statistically significant to magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and in the females for magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, sodium and potassium. The results for the urinary pH of the males and of the females, as to the ration type, presented difference statistically significant. It may be concluded that some variables of the serum electrolyte profile and urinalysis (pH, crystalluria, cylindruria), of males and females, were influenced by the type and by the time of ration consumption, showing difference among the sexes.

Objetivando avaliar a influência do tipo de ração, tempo de consumo e sexo sobre o perfil eletrolítico sérico e urinálise em gatos, foram utilizados 24 animais, de ambos os sexos, sem raça definida, com idade de 2 a 4 anos, submetidos a três tipos de ração seca industrializada (R1, R2, R3). Os animais foram avaliados mensalmente, durante 6 meses e efetuadas as dosagens de magnésio, fósforo, cálcio, cloreto, sódio e potássio através do Seletor de Íons Charin. Nos resultados obtidos para o perfil eletrolítico sérico, de acordo com o tipo de ração, os machos apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas para magnésio, cálcio e sódio, e as fêmeas para cloreto. De acordo com os dias após o consumo, nos machos as diferenças foram estatisticamente significativas para magnésio, fósforo, sódio, e nas fêmeas para magnésio, fósforo, cálcio, cloreto, sódio e potássio. Os resultados para o pH urinário dos machos e das fêmeas, de acordo com o tipo de ração, apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa. Conclui-se que algumas variáveis relacionadas com o perfil eletrolítico sérico e com a urinálise (pH, cristalúria, cilindrúria), de machos e de fêmeas, podem ser afetados pelo tipo de ração e pelo tempo de consumo, havendo diferença entre os sexos.

Evaluation of the influence of dry industrialized ration on the seric electrolythic profile and urinalysis in domestics cats (Felis domesticus, Linnaeus, 1758) / Avaliação da influência da ração seca industrializada sobre o perfil eletrolítico sérico e urinálise em gatos domésticos (Felis domesticus, Linnaeus, 1758)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the ration type, time of consumption and sex over the seric electrolythic profile and urinalysis in cats, with a total of 24 animals being used, of both sexes, without defined breed, with ages from 2 to 4 years, submitted to three dry industrialized ration types (R1, R2, R3). The animals were evaluated monthly, during 6 months and the dosages of magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, sodium and potassium made through Ion Charin Selector. In the results obtained for the seric electrolythic profile, according to the ration type, the males presented differences statistically significant for magnesium, calcium and sodium, and the females for chloride. According to the days after the consumption, in the males the differences were statistically significant to magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and in the females for magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, chloride, sodium and potassium. The results for the urinary pH of the males and of the females, as to the ration type, presented difference statistically significant. It may be concluded that some variables of the serum electrolyte profile and urinalysis (pH, crystalluria, cylindruria), of males and females, were influenced by the type and by the time of ration consumption, showing difference among the sexes.

Objetivando avaliar a influência do tipo de ração, tempo de consumo e sexo sobre o perfil eletrolítico sérico e urinálise em gatos, foram utilizados 24 animais, de ambos os sexos, sem raça definida, com idade de 2 a 4 anos, submetidos a três tipos de ração seca industrializada (R1, R2, R3). Os animais foram avaliados mensalmente, durante 6 meses e efetuadas as dosagens de magnésio, fósforo, cálcio, cloreto, sódio e potássio através do Seletor de Íons Charin. Nos resultados obtidos para o perfil eletrolítico sérico, de acordo com o tipo de ração, os machos apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas para magnésio, cálcio e sódio, e as fêmeas para cloreto. De acordo com os dias após o consumo, nos machos as diferenças foram estatisticamente significativas para magnésio, fósforo, sódio, e nas fêmeas para magnésio, fósforo, cálcio, cloreto, sódio e potássio. Os resultados para o pH urinário dos machos e das fêmeas, de acordo com o tipo de ração, apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa. Conclui-se que algumas variáveis relacionadas com o perfil eletrolítico sérico e com a urinálise (pH, cristalúria, cilindrúria), de machos e de fêmeas, podem ser afetados pelo tipo de ração e pelo tempo de consumo, havendo diferença entre os sexos.

A influência da inclusão do aminoácido sintético taurina na ração pré-abate sobre a qualidade da carcaça e carne de suínos híbridos cruzados do genótipo HAL NN* / The influence of the synthetic amino acid taurine in preslaughter feed on the quality of meat and carcass from HAL NN hibrid pigs

A idéia de utilizar rações pré-abate para a melhoria da qualidade da carne já é antiga. Mas nenhum trabalho testando a adição de taurina na dieta pré-abate de suínos foi encontrado na literatura até o momento. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos da inclusão do aminoácido taurina na ração pré-abate sobre a qualidade da carne de suínos híbridos terminados. Pôde-se concluir que a adição de 1,5kg de taurina por tonelada de ração na dieta pré-abate aumenta o rendimento de carcaça, ao mesmo tempo em que aumenta a perda por gotejamento e piora a qualidade da carne de suínos(AU)

The Idea of using preslaughter feed to improve meat quality is old. The present work had as its objectives to measure the inclusion of the amino acid taurine at the preslaughter feed over the meat quality of hybrid swine finishers. About the taurine addition, it is possible to conclude that the addition of 1,5 kg of taurine per of preslaughter feed increases the carcass yield, at the same time that increases the drip loss and also decreases the swine meat quality(AU)

A influência da inclusão do aminoácido sintético taurina na ração pré-abate sobre a qualidade da carcaça e carne de suínos híbridos cruzados do genótipo HAL NN* / The influence of the synthetic amino acid taurine in preslaughter feed on the quality of meat and carcass from HAL NN hibrid pigs

A idéia de utilizar rações pré-abate para a melhoria da qualidade da carne já é antiga. Mas nenhum trabalho testando a adição de taurina na dieta pré-abate de suínos foi encontrado na literatura até o momento. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos da inclusão do aminoácido taurina na ração pré-abate sobre a qualidade da carne de suínos híbridos terminados. Pôde-se concluir que a adição de 1,5kg de taurina por tonelada de ração na dieta pré-abate aumenta o rendimento de carcaça, ao mesmo tempo em que aumenta a perda por gotejamento e piora a qualidade da carne de suínos

The Idea of using preslaughter feed to improve meat quality is old. The present work had as its objectives to measure the inclusion of the amino acid taurine at the preslaughter feed over the meat quality of hybrid swine finishers. About the taurine addition, it is possible to conclude that the addition of 1,5 kg of taurine per of preslaughter feed increases the carcass yield, at the same time that increases the drip loss and also decreases the swine meat quality

Enriquecimento protéico de farelo de arroz dengordurado, com sangue bovino, utilizando a técnica de leito de jorro / Proteinic improvement of deffated rice bran, with bovine blood, using the spurted bed technique

O referido trabalho teve como objetivo promover o enriquecimento protéico do Farelo de Arroz Desengordurado (FAD), na forma de Pellets, pelo recobrimento e absorçäo de sangue bovino, em leito de jorro, obtendo um produto final com teor protéico de 25 por cento, destinado à raçäo animal. Foram utilizados como matéria-prima o FAD, e o sangue bovino. O processo de enriquecimento protéico foi desenvolvido em um leito de jorro cônico, com célula de vidro temperado, com 22 cm de diâmetro e capacidade para 860 g de farelo. Os experimentos foram realizados segundo uma matriz de planejamento experimental fatorial completo (2 elevado a 3), sendo três fatores em dois níveis de variaçäo, com ponto central: diluiçäo - sangue/água (1/1, 5/1, 2/1), Vazäo de alimentaçäo de sangue (600, 700 e 800mL/h) e temperatura (70,80 e 90 graus C), tendo como resposta a proteína bruta e o rendimento em massa. Os melhores resultados para o produto foram: rendimento de 82,31 por cento e 23,81 por cento de proteína, obtidos com diluiçäo de 1/1, vazäo de alimentaçäo de 800 mL/h e temperatura de 70 graus C

The objective of this work was to obtain the proteinic improvement of defatted rice bran bythe coating and adsorption of bovine blood, in spouted bed, obtaining a final product with proteiniccontent of 25%, destined to animal food. The raw material was defatted rice bran and bovine blood. Theproteinic improvement process was devolved in a conic spouted bed, with temperated glass cell, and 22 cm of diameter and capacity to 860 g of bran. The experiments were organized in a matrix using the methodologyof the complete factorial experimental design (23) with three factors in two variation levels and a centralpoint: diluition ­ blood/water (1/1, 1,5/1, 2/1), ), feeding flow of the solution (600, 700 e 800mL/h) e temperature(70, 80 e 90ºC), having like answers the protein and the efficiency . The best answers obtained in the enriched final product with diluition ­ blood/water (1/1), feeding flow of the solution (800mL/h) e temperature(70ºC) were: protein (23,81%), efficiency (82,31%

Palatability and digestibility of horse commercial diets stabung in condition / Ensaio de palatabilidade e digestibilidade com rações comerciais para eqüinos em regime de estabulação forçada. (nota prévia)

The applicability of the index substance - chromic oxide - to measure the palatability and digestibility, was studied with horses commercial diets in stabling condition. The animals were maintained in individual boxes and received ration containing 4g of chromic oxide. The faeces were quantitatively collected in 24 hours periods to obtain representative sample for 24 hours and 5 days total periods. The average digestibility coefficients (88.35% and 89.59%) showed a high level of ration utilization.

Estudou-se, em eqüinos a palatabilidade e digestibilidade da ração comercial em regime de estabulação forçada. Os animais estabulados receberam ração contendo 4g de óxido crômico por dia de experimento. As excreções colhidas quantitativamente em períodos de 24 horas compuseram as amostras representativas e do total de 5 dias. A ração foi bem aceita pelos animais que consumiram 6 kilos/dia durante 18 dias experimentais. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade médios (88,35 e 89,59) revelaram um alto índice de aproveitamento da ração.