ABSTRACT
High-volume spay/neuter events may facilitate access to free-roaming dogs to administer rabies vaccination, but important questions remain regarding the effect of surgery and anesthesia on the immune response to a vaccine administered in the perioperative period. This study evaluated the immunogenicity of primary rabies vaccination in dogs when administered during the immediate perioperative period at the time of surgical sterilization (ovariohysterectomy/orchidectomy). Healthy dogs of both sexes presenting for surgical sterilization who had never been vaccinated against rabies virus were eligible for enrollment in the study. Fifty dogs ranging in age from 5 to 96 months were enrolled and were vaccinated against rabies virus during the recovery period following anesthesia and surgery. Rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers were measured preoperatively and 28 days postoperatively. This cohort was compared to a historical control cohort of 57 dogs who received primary rabies vaccination for travel purposes and had RVNA titers measured at the same laboratory as the study group 28-35 days post-vaccination. After controlling for age and sex, there was no statistically significant difference in immunogenicity of a rabies vaccine administered to dogs during the perioperative period in comparison to dogs that received the rabies vaccine for travel alone in the absence of surgery. Perioperative administration of a rabies vaccine in dogs undergoing surgical sterilization induces an adequate antibody response. We recommend that rabies vaccine be administered perioperatively during spay/neuter campaigns in canine rabies endemic areas if other opportunities to access veterinary care and rabies vaccination are limited.
ABSTRACT
The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is a rabies reservoir in areas of the Caribbean including Puerto Rico, but no rabies vaccination program targeting this host exists. We used two derivatives of iophenoxic acid (IPA) to evaluate placebo oral rabies vaccine bait uptake by mongooses in southwestern Puerto Rico. We hand-distributed baits at an application rate of 200 baits/km2 at three, 400 ha, sites during autumn 2016 and spring 2017. Each site contained 90-100 cage traps in a 100 ha central trapping area. We used ethyl-IPA as a biological marker during the autumn and methyl-IPA during the spring. We live captured mongooses for 10 consecutive days, beginning 1 wk following bait application. We obtained a serum sample from captured mongooses and analyzed the sera for ethyl- and methyl-IPA by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. During autumn 2016, 63% (55/87) mongooses sampled were positive for ethyl-IPA. In spring 2017, 69% (85/123) of mongooses were positive for methyl-IPA. Pooling seasons, accounting for recaptures between years, and disregarding marker type, 74% (133/179) unique mongooses were positive for IPA biomarker, indicating bait consumption during either the autumn, spring, or both trials. We conclude that distributing baits at an application rate of 200 baits/km2 is sufficient to reach over 60% of the target mongoose population in dry forest habitats of Puerto Rico.
Subject(s)
Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Rabies Vaccines/immunology , Rabies/veterinary , Administration, Oral , Animals , Biomarkers/blood , Disease Reservoirs/virology , Herpestidae , Hispanic or Latino , Iopanoic Acid/administration & dosage , Iopanoic Acid/metabolism , Puerto Rico , Rabies/prevention & control , Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosage , VaccinationABSTRACT
The precise estimation of the domestic animal population is important for effective health planning. The objective was to verify the applicability in Brazil of the method proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), to estimate the animal population of developing countries, comparing it with data published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). From the questionnaire prepared by IBGE, specific questions were selected to be submitted for statistical evaluation. The results indicate a population larger than that estimated by the WHO, there is still a low vaccination coverage, and campaigns should be intensified in cats and in rural areas. Rural areas have larger numbers of cats and dogs per household, and the concentration of animals in the cities is higher in neighborhoods consisting of houses than apartments. The dog is the companion animal of choice of Brazilians.(AU)
A estimativa precisa da população animal é de significativa importância para o efetivo planejamento em saúde. Objetivou-se verificar a aplicabilidade no Brasil do método proposto pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para estimar a população animal dos países em desenvolvimento, comparando-a aos dados publicados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A partir do questionário realizado por este órgão foram selecionadas perguntas específicas para serem submetidas à avaliação estatística. Os resultados indicam uma população maior que o estimado pela OMS e que ainda existe baixa cobertura vacinal, e as campanhas devem ser intensificadas em gatos e nas áreas rurais. As áreas rurais apresentam maiores quantidades de gatos e cães por domicílio, assim como a concentração de animais nas cidades é maior em bairros de casas do que de apartamentos. O cão é o animal de companhia de eleição do brasileiro.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Pets , Censuses , BrazilABSTRACT
The precise estimation of the domestic animal population is important for effective health planning. The objective was to verify the applicability in Brazil of the method proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), to estimate the animal population of developing countries, comparing it with data published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). From the questionnaire prepared by IBGE, specific questions were selected to be submitted for statistical evaluation. The results indicate a population larger than that estimated by the WHO, there is still a low vaccination coverage, and campaigns should be intensified in cats and in rural areas. Rural areas have larger numbers of cats and dogs per household, and the concentration of animals in the cities is higher in neighborhoods consisting of houses than apartments. The dog is the companion animal of choice of Brazilians.
A estimativa precisa da população animal é de significativa importância para o efetivo planejamento em saúde. Objetivou-se verificar a aplicabilidade no Brasil do método proposto pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para estimar a população animal dos países em desenvolvimento, comparando-a aos dados publicados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A partir do questionário realizado por este órgão foram selecionadas perguntas específicas para serem submetidas à avaliação estatística. Os resultados indicam uma população maior que o estimado pela OMS e que ainda existe baixa cobertura vacinal, e as campanhas devem ser intensificadas em gatos e nas áreas rurais. As áreas rurais apresentam maiores quantidades de gatos e cães por domicílio, assim como a concentração de animais nas cidades é maior em bairros de casas do que de apartamentos. O cão é o animal de companhia de eleição do brasileiro.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Pets , Censuses , BrazilABSTRACT
A raiva é uma zoonose transmitida por contato direto com animais infectados pelo vírus rábico do gênero Lyssavirus. A raiva ocorre em mais de 150 países, em 84% dos casos na área rural, e atinge principalmente crianças. É uma enfermidade negligenciada e prevenível, e a vacinação em massa de cães e gatos é um fator primordial para controlar e eliminar a raiva em áreas urbanas. Considerando a importância da campanha antirrábica canina e felina e a dificuldade que os municípios encontram na obtenção de cobertura vacinal igual ou maior que 80% para cães e 70% para gatos, busca-se, com este estudo, conhecer as pessoas, estruturas e recursos envolvidos nessa campanha na região de São José do Rio Preto. Foi elaborado um questionário e enviado a todos os municípios. Verificou-se que é necessário formar equipes específicas para trabalhar com zoonoses, com infraestrutura e remuneração adequadas, e que toda campanha deve contar com a participação do médico-veterinário.(AU)
Rabies is a zoonosis transmitted by direct contact with animals infected with rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus. It occurs in more than 150 countries, 84% of the cases are in rural zone. It's an underestimated preventable disease and the mass vaccination of dogs is a key point to the success of programs for control and elimination of rabies. Considering the importance of holding canine and rabies vaccination campaign and the obstacle that the municipalities face to obtain of vaccination coverage equal or greater than 80% for dogs and 70% for cats, the present study was developed to investigate, who are the people, structures and resources involved in the achievement of this coverage, in the region of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil (Epidemiological surveillance group - GVE 29 SJRP). Questionnaire was elaborated and sent to the municipalities. It has been found that it necessary to create specific staffs to work with zoonosis and remuneration. It is also necessary the participation of a veterinarian throughout the campaign.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Immunization Programs/history , Immunization Programs/trends , Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosageABSTRACT
A raiva é uma zoonose transmitida por contato direto com animais infectados pelo vírus rábico do gênero Lyssavirus. A raiva ocorre em mais de 150 países, em 84% dos casos na área rural, e atinge principalmente crianças. É uma enfermidade negligenciada e prevenível, e a vacinação em massa de cães e gatos é um fator primordial para controlar e eliminar a raiva em áreas urbanas. Considerando a importância da campanha antirrábica canina e felina e a dificuldade que os municípios encontram na obtenção de cobertura vacinal igual ou maior que 80% para cães e 70% para gatos, busca-se, com este estudo, conhecer as pessoas, estruturas e recursos envolvidos nessa campanha na região de São José do Rio Preto. Foi elaborado um questionário e enviado a todos os municípios. Verificou-se que é necessário formar equipes específicas para trabalhar com zoonoses, com infraestrutura e remuneração adequadas, e que toda campanha deve contar com a participação do médico-veterinário.
Rabies is a zoonosis transmitted by direct contact with animals infected with rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus. It occurs in more than 150 countries, 84% of the cases are in rural zone. It's an underestimated preventable disease and the mass vaccination of dogs is a key point to the success of programs for control and elimination of rabies. Considering the importance of holding canine and rabies vaccination campaign and the obstacle that the municipalities face to obtain of vaccination coverage equal or greater than 80% for dogs and 70% for cats, the present study was developed to investigate, who are the people, structures and resources involved in the achievement of this coverage, in the region of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil (Epidemiological surveillance group - GVE 29 SJRP). Questionnaire was elaborated and sent to the municipalities. It has been found that it necessary to create specific staffs to work with zoonosis and remuneration. It is also necessary the participation of a veterinarian throughout the campaign.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Immunization Programs/history , Immunization Programs/trends , Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosageABSTRACT
A raiva é uma doença endêmica no Brasil, com letalidade de 100 por cento. O número de casos tem diminuído, porém o de tratamento pós-exposição continua elevado, assim como o de abandono. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as causas do abandono do tratamento antirrábico humano pós-exposição em Porto Alegre (RS), no segundo semestre de 2006. Foi utilizado o delineamento de série de casos, sendo selecionados 280 casos por amostragem aleatória sistemática entre os 962 registrados no Sinan como abandono de tratamento. Os dados foram coletados em entrevistas domiciliares, utilizando-se questionário específico. Segundo os entrevistados, 66,4 por cento concluíram o número de vacinas prescritas, não estando esses dados registrados no Sinan. Entre aqueles que foram confirmados como abandono (94/280), 24,5 por cento referiram não ter considerado necessário completá-lo, e 13,8 por cento não se sentiram orientados sobre como proceder. Somente em 19,1 por cento dos casos houve a busca ativa dos faltosos pelos serviços de saúde. O registro no Sinan apresenta falhas. Estas ocorrem devido ao fato de o paciente iniciar o tratamento em um serviço de saúde e dar continuidade em outro, não havendo retroalimentação do sistema com dados sobre a sua conclusão.
In Brazil, rabies is an endemic disease with a fatality rate of 100 percent. The number of cases has decreased, but the number of cases for treatment after exposure and treatment dropout is still high. This study investigated the causes of anti-rabies treatment abandon, after exposure, in Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil), from July to December 2006. A case series was designed. Two hundred and eighty abandon cases were selected through randomized systematic sampling, out of 962 registered in Sinan. Data was collected in people's homes through interviews, by means of a questionnaire. According to the interviewees, 66.4 percent concluded the prescribed number of vaccines. This information was not registered in Sinan. Among the subjects confirmed of abandoning the treatment (94/280), 24.5 percent reported that they thought it was not necessary to complete the treatment, while 13.8 percent felt that they did not receive clear guidelines about what to do. Health services attempted to contact absents in only 19.2 percent of the cases. Data entered in Sinan present failures. These occurred because patients started treatment at one health service and continued in a different one. As a consequence, information about the conclusion of the treatment was not entered into the system.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Medication Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Rabies/drug therapy , BrazilABSTRACT
This study evaluated the humoral immune response of a new rabies vaccine developed by the Instituto Butantan (potency of 3.27 UI/ml) in primovaccinated cattle and the effect of probiotic on this response. Thirty-four 15-month old Nelore cattle were randomly divided into 2 groups (17 animals/group). All the animals were vaccinated on day 0 (zero) and then animals in one group received probiotic added to a mineral mixture (GP) while the others were given only the mineral mixture (GC). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 75 and 150 for rabies neutralizing antibodies titers by seroneutralization assay on BHK21 cells (RFFIT). Protective antibody titers (?0.5 UI/mL) were found in 82.4% of the animals from GP and in 76.5% of the animals from GC and no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between antibody titers in GP and GC was detected on days 75 and 150. It was also observed that in both groups antibody titers was decreased on day 150 (p 0.01). In conclusion, the tested rabies vaccine promotes efficient soroconversion and keeps antibody levels in primovaccinated cattle, but probiotic does not affect the humoral anti-rabies immune response.
Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta imune humoral a uma nova vacina anti-rábica, desenvolvida no Instituto Butantan em bovinos primovacinados e o efeito do probiótico nesta resposta. Trinta e quatro bovinos da raça Nelore com idade de 15 meses foram divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos (17 bovinos/grupo): os animais foram vacinados no dia zero e um dos grupos recebeu uma mistura mineral com probiótico (GP), enquanto o outro apenas a mistura (GC). Colheu-se sangue dos animais nos dias 0, 75 e 150 após a vacinação para determinação dos títulos de anticorpos anti-rábicos neutralizantes pela técnica de soroneutralização em células BHK21 (RFFIT). Foram encontrados títulos de anticorpos protetores ( ? 0,5 UI/mL) em 82,4% dos animais do grupo GP e 76,5% do grupo GC. Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) nos títulos de anticorpos entre os soros coletados dos dois grupos de animais nos dias 75 e 150. Verificou-se também que para ambos os grupos no dia 150 houve uma redução significativa (p 0,01) nos títulos de anticorpos. Conclui-se que a vacina anti-rábica é eficiente em produzir soroconversão e em manter os títulos de anticorpos em bovinos primovacinados. A ingestão do probiótico não interferiu na resposta imune humoral anti-rábica.
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the humoral immune response of a new rabies vaccine developed by the Instituto Butantan (potency of 3.27 UI/ml) in primovaccinated cattle and the effect of probiotic on this response. Thirty-four 15-month old Nelore cattle were randomly divided into 2 groups (17 animals/group). All the animals were vaccinated on day 0 (zero) and then animals in one group received probiotic added to a mineral mixture (GP) while the others were given only the mineral mixture (GC). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 75 and 150 for rabies neutralizing antibodies titers by seroneutralization assay on BHK21 cells (RFFIT). Protective antibody titers (?0.5 UI/mL) were found in 82.4% of the animals from GP and in 76.5% of the animals from GC and no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between antibody titers in GP and GC was detected on days 75 and 150. It was also observed that in both groups antibody titers was decreased on day 150 (p 0.01). In conclusion, the tested rabies vaccine promotes efficient soroconversion and keeps antibody levels in primovaccinated cattle, but probiotic does not affect the humoral anti-rabies immune response.
Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta imune humoral a uma nova vacina anti-rábica, desenvolvida no Instituto Butantan em bovinos primovacinados e o efeito do probiótico nesta resposta. Trinta e quatro bovinos da raça Nelore com idade de 15 meses foram divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos (17 bovinos/grupo): os animais foram vacinados no dia zero e um dos grupos recebeu uma mistura mineral com probiótico (GP), enquanto o outro apenas a mistura (GC). Colheu-se sangue dos animais nos dias 0, 75 e 150 após a vacinação para determinação dos títulos de anticorpos anti-rábicos neutralizantes pela técnica de soroneutralização em células BHK21 (RFFIT). Foram encontrados títulos de anticorpos protetores ( ? 0,5 UI/mL) em 82,4% dos animais do grupo GP e 76,5% do grupo GC. Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) nos títulos de anticorpos entre os soros coletados dos dois grupos de animais nos dias 75 e 150. Verificou-se também que para ambos os grupos no dia 150 houve uma redução significativa (p 0,01) nos títulos de anticorpos. Conclui-se que a vacina anti-rábica é eficiente em produzir soroconversão e em manter os títulos de anticorpos em bovinos primovacinados. A ingestão do probiótico não interferiu na resposta imune humoral anti-rábica.
ABSTRACT
En este artículo se destacan cualidades de Louis Pasteur como la precocidad de su aptitud artística, la capacidad de concentración y reflexión y la perseverancia en sus empeños para lograr lo deseado; luego se hace una síntesis de su vida a través de sus logros científicos: sentar las bases de la estereoquímica, demostrar que las fermentaciones se deben a la acción de organismos vivos, probar que no existe la generación espontánea, aclarar la etiología de varias enfermedades humanas y animales y proponer soluciones para ellas, incluyendo la producción de vacunas, que culminó con el éxito de la vacunación antirrábica. Pasteur había nacido en una época en que predominaba la insalubridad y se corría grave riesgo de fallecer de enfermedades infectocontagiosas; a su muerte había contribuido inmensamente a mejorar esa situación
Several qualities of Louis Pasteur are emphasized in this paper, namely: his artistic gift, his capacity for concentration and reflection and his perseverance in working to achieve his goals; a sinthesis of his life is presented through his scientific achievements: to establish the bases of stereochemistry, to prove that fermentations are due to the action of living organisms and that no spontaneous generation exists, to elucidate the etiology of several human and animal diseases and to propose solutions for them including the production of vaccines that culminated with the success of rabies vaccination. Pasteur had been born at a time of great unhealthiness and high risk of death due to infectious diseases; through his life-Iong research he considerably improved such situation.