Estereótipos raciais e atratividade física facial: explorando suas implicações nas avaliações morais em saúde / Racial stereotypes and facial physical attractiveness: exploring their implications in moral assessments in healthcare

Resumo Neste estudo com 333 participantes, investigamos como estereótipos raciais e atratividade facial impactam as avaliações morais na área de saúde. Utilizamos imagens de rostos com diferentes níveis de atratividade em cenários de dilemas morais, realizando análises estatísticas, como ANOVA e ANCOVA, para examinar essas interações complexas. Descobrimos que a atratividade física influencia positivamente as avaliações morais apenas em cenários de baixo conflito moral, não se aplicando a situações de alto conflito ou impessoais. A relação entre a cor da pele autodeclarada e o sexo dos participantes só se confirmou em um cenário específico, destacando a complexidade dessas influências. As hipóteses três e quatro, que sugeriam que as identidades racial e moral dos participantes suprimiriam os efeitos dos estereótipos raciais e da atratividade facial, não foram confirmadas. Entretanto, observou-se que o perfil étnico dos rostos, junto com a motivação dos participantes para controlar preconceitos, influenciou positivamente as avaliações morais. Esses resultados são interpretados à luz de teorias sobre atração interpessoal, julgamento moral e relações intergrupais, fornecendo insights importantes para as complexas dinâmicas que moldam as avaliações morais na área da saúde.

Abstract In this study of 333 participants, we investigated how racial stereotypes and facial attractiveness impact moral evaluations in healthcare. We used pictures of faces with different levels of attractiveness in moral dilemma scenarios, performing statistical analyses such as ANOVA and ANCOVA to examine these complex interactions. We found that physical attractiveness positively influences moral evaluations only in low moral conflict scenarios and does not apply to high conflict or impersonal situations. The relationship between self-declared skin color and participants' gender was only confirmed in a specific scenario, highlighting the complexity of these influences. Hypotheses three and four, which suggested that participants' ethnic and moral identity would suppress the effects of racial stereotypes and facial attractiveness, were not confirmed. However, we observed that the ethnic profile of the faces and the participants' motivation to control prejudice positively influenced moral evaluations. These results are interpreted in light of theories on interpersonal attraction, moral judgment, and intergroup relationships, providing essential insights into the complex dynamics that shape moral evaluations in healthcare.

Angry White Faces: A Contradiction of Racial Stereotypes and Emotion-Resembling Appearance.

Machine learning findings suggest Eurocentric (aka White/European) faces structurally resemble anger more than Afrocentric (aka Black/African) faces (e.g., Albohn, 2020; Zebrowitz et al., 2010); however, Afrocentric faces are typically associated with anger more so than Eurocentric faces (e.g., Hugenberg & Bodenhausen, 2003, 2004). Here, we further examine counter-stereotypic associations between Eurocentric faces and anger, and Afrocentric faces and fear. In Study 1, using a computer vision algorithm, we demonstrate that neutral European American faces structurally resemble anger more and fear less than do African American faces. In Study 2, we then found that anger- and fear-resembling facial appearance influences perceived racial prototypicality in this same counter-stereotypic manner. In Study 3, we likewise found that imagined European American versus African American faces were rated counter-stereotypically (i.e., more like anger than fear) on key emotion-related facial characteristics (i.e., size of eyes, size of mouth, overall angularity of features). Finally in Study 4, we again found counter-stereotypic differences, this time in processing fluency, such that angry Eurocentric versus Afrocentric faces and fearful Afrocentric versus Eurocentric faces were categorized more accurately and quickly. Only in Study 5, using race-ambiguous interior facial cues coupled with Afrocentric versus Eurocentric hairstyles and skin tone, did we find the stereotypical effects commonly reported in the literature. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that the "angry Black" association in face perception is socially constructed in that structural cues considered prototypical of African American appearance conflict with common race-emotion stereotypes.

Do they speak like me? Exploring how perceptions of linguistic difference may influence patient perceptions of healthcare providers.

The increased utilization of telehealth has provided patients with the opportunity to interact with racially diverse healthcare providers (HCPs). While evidence of racial stereotypes in healthcare is well documented, less is known about whether linguistic cues increase or decrease racial bias in healthcare interactions. The purpose of this pilot study was to use virtual clinicians (VCs) to examine how varying linguistic features affect patient perceptions of Black-identifying HCPs. Participants (N = 282) were recruited to participate in an online pilot study using a two-arm posttest-only experimental design. Participants were randomly assigned to interact with a Black VC that used vocal cues associated with either Standard American English (SAE) or African American English (AAE) on the topic of colorectal cancer. After the interaction, participants completed a posttest questionnaire. Resulting data were analyzed using mediation.

Ethnicity, nativity, and the effects of stereotypes on cardiovascular health among people of African ancestry in the United States: internal versus external sources of racism.

OBJECTIVE: The present study tests the hypothesis that ethnicity and nativity moderate the association of negative racial stereotypes versus perceived discrimination to cardiovascular health among Black respondents to the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). It is also hypothesized that the relationship is strongest in African Americans and weakest in foreign-born Caribbean Blacks with U.S.-born Caribbean Blacks falling in the middle. The same pattern of results is expected to occur for the correlation between perceived discrimination and cardiovascular health. METHOD: A representative sample of 3570 (100%) African American and 1419 (87.4%) of 1623 Caribbean Black respondents to the NSAL had complete data for use in this study. The Caribbean subsample was divided by nativity into 373 (26.3%) U.S.-born and 1044 (73.7%) foreign-born participants. Structural equation modeling (SEM) tested the measurement model for effects of internalized racism and perceived racism on cardiovascular health mediated by perceived mastery and performance apprehension. RESULTS: SEM analyses revealed that perceived discrimination had a much stronger effect on cardiovascular health than internalized racism for African Americans and foreign-born Caribbean Blacks, but the diametrically opposite pattern was the case for U.S.-born Caribbean Blacks who reported greater effects for internalized racism than perceived discrimination. CONCLUSION: Interventions and policies to eliminate disparities in cardiovascular health for the U.S. Black population must address internal and external sources of racism by ethnicity and nativity.

Attenuation of the Köhler Effect in Racially Dissimilar Partnered Exercise Reversed Using Team Identity Strategy.

The authors describe two research experiments exploring the influence of race on the Köhler motivation gain effect with exercise tasks. Experiment 1 tested whether partner racial dissimilarity affects individual performance. Experiment 2 created a team identity recategorization intervention to potentially counter the influence on performance observed in Experiment 1. White male participants were partnered with either a Black or Asian partner (Experiment 1) or with a Black partner utilizing team names and shirt colors as a team identity recategorization strategy (Experiment 2). Racially dissimilar dyads completed two sets of abdominal plank exercises with a Köhler conjunctive task paradigm (stronger partner; team performance outcome dependent upon the weaker-ability participant's performance). The results of Experiment 1 suggest attenuation of the previously successful group motivation gain effect in the racially dissimilar condition. The simple recategorization strategy utilized in Experiment 2 appeared to reverse motivation losses under conjunctive-task conditions in racially dissimilar exercise dyads.

Gay male pornography and the racialisation of desire.

Very few studies have focused on the role pornography plays in influencing and modelling sexual desire on the basis of race and ethnicity. Using sexual script theory as an analytic tool, the purpose of this empirical study was to explore indicators of the racialisation of desire based on a sample of gay male pornography users in Québec (Canada) (n = 974). Because gay male pornography use is widespread, and because it is not simply used for the purposes of education and validation but also influences sexual norms and cultural scripts in a social context where sexual racism seems prevalent, this study offers a new perspective on a timely phenomenon. Based on our findings, the final nested linear regression model demonstrates that higher levels of racialised desire attributed to gay male pornography use were associated with the following: being at least 55 years old; having a yearly income of less than $45,000 CAD; using interracial gay male pornography; not primarily using gender-diverse gay male pornographic content (heterosexual, bisexual, transsexual); having higher levels of perceived pressure to conform; having a higher preference for bareback pornography; and having higher levels of acquired sexual knowledge.

Testing three explanations for stigmatization of people of Asian descent during COVID-19: maladaptive coping, biased media use, or racial prejudice?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with the stigmatization of people of Asian descent during COVID-19 in the United States and factors that can mitigate or prevent stigmatization. DESIGN: A national sample survey of adults (N = 842) was conducted online between May 11 and May 19, 2020. Outcome variables were two dimensions of stigmatization, responsibility and persons as risk. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Racial prejudice, maladaptive coping, and biased media use each explained stigmatization. Racial prejudice, comprising stereotypical beliefs and emotion toward Asian Americans, was a stronger predictor of stigmatization than maladaptive coping or biased media use. Fear concerning the ongoing COVID-19 situation and the use of social media and partisan cable TV also predicted stigmatization. Low self-efficacy in dealing with COVID-19, when associated with high estimated harm of COVID-19, increased stigmatization. High perceived institutional efficacy in the handling of COVID-19 increased stigmatization when linked to high estimated harm of COVID-19. On the other hand, high perceived collective efficacy in coping with COVID-19 was associated with low stigmatization. More indirect contacts with Asians via the media predicted less stigmatization. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to reduce stigmatization should address racial stereotypes and emotions, maladaptive coping, and biased media use by providing education and resources to the public. Fostering collective efficacy and media-based contacts with Asian Americans can facilitate these efforts.

Cultural conceptions of Women's labor pain and labor pain management: A mixed-method analysis.

AIM: We assess American cultural beliefs about labor pain and labor pain management, including stereotypical and disparate beliefs about labor pain of women from different racial groups. RATIONALE: Understanding cultural beliefs about labor pain is critical as these beliefs influence experience, interpretation, and treatment of labor pain. METHOD: We used an online survey with quantitative and qualitative questions about American labor pain beliefs. Participants were recruited and compensated using TurkPrime's Panels during the first week in August 2017 and the last week in May 2018. The completion rate was 76.86 percent (n = 214). After screening using quality control items, the final sample included 200 respondents. RESULTS: Qualitative results indicate that 56.5 percent (n = 113) of respondents have an accurate understanding of nociceptive/sensory drivers of labor pain, and 55.8 percent (n = 63) of those respondents focused on the second stage of labor. However, only two respondents (1%) mentioned non-sensory (i.e., psychological) causes of labor pain - reflecting a lack of cultural knowledge of the biopsychosocial nature of pain. Categorical responses indicate almost all respondents (95%; n = 190) believe women have a right to labor pain relief, and the majority believe labor pain has value (68%; n = 136) and should be treated medically (87%; n = 174). Quantitative results document stereotypical beliefs that women of color experience less labor pain than white women. Belief that there is value in experiencing labor pain and that pain should not be treated medically were both associated with greater racial disparities in beliefs about labor pain severity. Beliefs were not related to respondent sociodemographic identity, suggesting they are American cultural constructs. CONCLUSION: Future consideration of the influence of dominant American cultural beliefs about labor pain - including misunderstanding of the nature of labor pain and racial bias in expectations of labor pain - on individuals, norms, and structures is expected to improve quality of patient care.

Addressing Racial Biases in Medicine: A Review of the Literature, Critique, and Recommendations.

This article reviews the literature on racism in medicine in the United States and reflects on the persistent barriers to diminishing racial biases in the U.S. health care system. Espoused strategies for decreasing racial disparities and reducing racial biases among physicians are critiqued, and recommendations are offered. Those recommendations include increasing the number of minority students in medical school, using Xavier University in New Orleans, Louisiana, as the model for medical school preparation; revamping the teaching of cultural competence; ensuring the quality of non-clinical staff; and reducing the risk of burnout among medical providers.

Efficient mechanisms in the production of school failure of young blacks: stereotypes, silencing and invisibilization / Mecanismos eficientes na produção do fracasso escolar de jovens negros: estereótipos, silenciamento e invisibilização

Resumo: O artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre alguns dos eficientes mecanismos de produção do fracasso escolar de jovens negros e negras, a partir dos resultados da pesquisa "A exclusão de jovens adolescentes de 15 a 17 anos cursando ensino médio no Brasil: desafios e perspectivas". A pesquisa foi realizada nos anos de 2012 e 2013 nas cidades de Belo Horizonte, Brasília, São Paulo, Fortaleza e Belém. A partir das experiências narradas pelos jovens adolescentes, ao longo das entrevistas em profundidade realizadas na cidade de São Paulo, foi possível observar como os processos de estereotipização de corpos vistos como anormais, aliados ao silenciamento acerca do racismo, interferem na autoimagem e na autoestima dos jovens, contribuindo, direta e indiretamente, para os elevados índices de reprovação e evasão observados neste grupo étnico-racial.

Abstract: The article aims to reflect on some of the efficient mechanisms in the production of school failure of black youth, from the results of the survey "The exclusion of young teenagers aged 15 to 17 attending high school in Brazil: challenges and prospects ". The survey was carried out in the years 2012 and 2013 in the cities of Belo Horizonte, Brasilia, Sao Paulo, Fortaleza and Belem. From the experiences reported by young teens, over in depth interviews conducted in São Paulo city, we have observed how the stereotyping of bodies seen as abnormal, together with silencing about racism, affect the self-image and self-esteem of young people, contributing directly and indirectly to the high dropout rates observed in this ethnic-racial group.

Perceptions of final-year medical students towards the impact of gender on their training and future practice.

INTRODUCTION: Following policy implementations to redress previous racial and gender discrepancies, this study explored how gender impacted on the clinical experiences of final-year medical students during their undergraduate training. It also gathered their perceptions and expectations for the future. METHODS: This cross-sectional, mixed-method study used a purposive sampling method to collect data from the participants (n=94). Each respondent was interviewed by two members of the research team. The quantitative data were entered into Excel and analyzed descriptively. The qualitative data were transcribed and thematically analyzed. RESULTS: The majority of the respondents still perceived clinical practice as male dominated. All respondents agreed that females faced more obstacles in clinical practice than males. This included resistance from some patients, poor mentoring in some disciplines, and less support from hostile nurses. They feared for their personal safety and experienced gender-based stereotyping regarding their competency. Males thought that feminization of the profession may limit their residency choices, and they reported obstacles when conducting intimate examinations and consultations on female patients. Both males and females expressed desire for more normalized work hours to maintain personal relationships. CONCLUSION: Social redress policies have done much to increase equal access for females to medical schools. Cultural values and attitudes from mentors, peers, and patients still impact on the quality of their clinical experiences and therefore also their decisions regarding future clinical practice. More mentoring and education may help to address some of the perceived obstacles.