Medical students within the Radiology Departments: Drawback or opportunity?

University Radiology training has been carried out for years out of the Radiology Departments, where radiologists play their professional role. However, the educational needs and the leadership of the Scientific Societies make the Radiology Departments to be involved more and more in that training, though it has to be done in overloaded professional environments where medical students can be seen as a drawback. Nevertheless, radiologists must play an important role in the Radiology training of the future doctors for optimising the use of diagnostic imaging techniques and enhance the future of the specialty by bringing to our Departments those medical students who had demonstrated the most adequate personal profiles. The Radiology Department is that place to succeed by increasing the healthcare outcomes, the research results and the visibility of Radiology through a fruitful interaction between radiologists and medical students.

A problem-based learning experience in a radiology rotation for sixth-year medical students.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse a problem-based learning experience (PBL) in the sixth year of medicine, within a course organised in successive rotations of 12 school days for 7 annual groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Each group was divided into subgroups of 6-8 students. Each subgroup was assigned two cases with radiographic images that they had to prepare and present in a joint session in which the students discussed each case and the teacher acted as moderator, without providing solutions. Finally, they had 15 days to complete the debate in an online forum and prepare a written report on each case. RESULTS: During 6 consecutive years, 1001 students participated, whose annual grades ranged between 7.7 ±â€¯1.6 and 9.0 ±â€¯0.7 (mean ±â€¯standard deviation). No correlation was found between the degree of difficulty assigned to the cases and the mean score obtained by each group (R2 = 0.0115). Sixty-six point two percent completed a questionnaire rating various aspects of this experience above 4 out of 5 points and providing overall scores above 8.3 out of 10 points in the different years. The students found this experience appropriate to the objectives of the subject and useful for their educational needs. CONCLUSIONS: PBL allows students to acquire skills of understanding, reasoning and deepening in radiological diagnosis. This study demonstrates that an experience based on PBL can be included in a radiology course organised in a traditional way, allowing students to be graded regardless of the difficulty of the cases.

End-of-degree projects in radiology in Spanish universities.

The End-of-Degree Project (TFG) is a supervised research project that medical students must carry out before graduating. This study aims to make radiology teaching staff aware of the importance of getting involved in tutoring radiology TFGs. We provide recommendations to help encourage students choose our area and carry it out. We describe the TFG regulations for the subject of medicine as well as data on TFGs carried out both in medicine in general, and more specifically in radiology between 2018 and 2022. The total number of radiology TFGs was 181, accounting for 3.3% of the 5349 TFGs carried out in medicine. There was a discrepancy between the results found on the websites, those expected according to the number of graduates and those provided by the teachers contacted. We would consider reasonable a percentage of TFGs in radiology proportional to the number of credits of this subject during the degree course and the number of lecturers in this subject.

Green radiology: How to develop sustainable radiology.

The phenomenon of global warming due to the increased emission of greenhouse gases makes it necessary to raise public awareness about the importance of promoting sustainable practices. The field of radiology is not an exception, as it consumes a large amount of energy and resources to operate equipment and generate images. Green radiology is a sustainable, innovative, and responsible approach in radiology practice that focuses on minimizing the negative environmental effects of the technologies and procedures used in radiology. Its primary goal is to reduce the carbon, water and ecological footprint in our services based on four strategic pillars: decreasing energy, water, and helium usage; properly recycling and/or disposing of waste and residues (including contrast media); minimizing the environmental impact of ionizing radiation; and promoting eco-friendly radiology practices.

La mujer en la radiología española actual: análisis en perspectiva / Women in Radiology: A perspective from Spain

Introducción: Existen desigualdades por razón de género en todos los ámbitos, incluyendo la radiología. Aunque la situación está mejorando, la presencia de radiólogas en puestos de liderazgo continúa siendo minoritaria. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la situación de la mujer en la radiología española, comparándola con Europa y EE. UU. Materiales y métodos: Seleccionamos como franja de referencia los años 2000-2022 para hacer una comparación con datos de feminización a lo largo de la historia. Además también se incluyeron datos puntuales relevantes del recién comenzado 2023. Las variables en las que investigamos la feminización fueron las siguientes: estudiantes de medicina, médicos graduados, residentes y especialistas en radiodiagnóstico, jefes de sección, jefes de servicio, tutores de residentes de radiodiagnóstico, radiólogos profesores universitarios, presidentes de las principales entidades y sociedades radiológicas de España, Europa y EE. UU., receptores de los principales galardones de dichas sociedades radiológicas y editores jefe de sus revistas. Para ello realizamos una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica, contactamos con las sociedades radiológicas de España, Europa y EE. UU. y realizamos una encuesta a los principales servicios de radiodiagnóstico de España. Resultados: La presencia femenina en radiología va disminuyendo a medida que ascendemos a puestos de liderazgo, situación que se constata tanto en España como en Europa y EE. UU., comparativa que analizaremos en profundidad a lo largo del artículo. En los hospitales españoles en el año 2021 había un 58,1% de mujeres residentes de radiodiagnóstico, 55% de radiólogas, 42,9% de jefas de sección y 24,4% de jefas de servicio. En la historia de la SERAM ha habido un 10% de mujeres presidentas, un 22% de mujeres medallas de oro y un 5% de editoras jefe. Analizando los datos del año 2000 al 2023 el porcentaje de presidentas alcanza el 32% y las mujeres medalla de oro el 31%.(AU)

Introduction: There are gender inequalities in all fields, including radiology. Although the situation is improving, the presence of radiologists in leadership positions continues to be a minority. The objective of this article is to analyze the situation of women in the spanish radiology, comparing it with Europe and the United States. Materials and methods: We selected the years 2000-2022 as reference period to make a comparison with feminization data throughout history. In addition, relevant specific data from the just begun 2023 were also included. The variables in which we investigated feminization were the following: medical students, medical graduates, radiology residents and specialists, section chiefs, department chairs, radiology residency programme directors, radiology university professors, presidents of the main radiological entities and societies in Spain, Europe and the United States, recipients of the main awards given by these radiological societies and chief editors of their journals. In order to perform this analysis we conducted an in-depth bibliographic research, we contacted the radiological societies of Spain, Europe and the USA and we carried out a survey in the main spanish radiology departments. Results: The female presence in radiology decreases as we rise to leadership positions, a situation that is patent in Spain, Europe and the US, comparison that will be analyzed in depth throughout the article. In spanish hospitals in 2021 there were 58.1% female radiology residents, 55% female radiologists, 42.9% female section chiefs and 24.4% female department chairs. In SERAM's history there have been 10% female presidents, 22% female gold medallists and 5% female editors-in-chief. If we analyze data from 2000 to 2023, female presidents reach 32% and female gold medallists 31%.(AU)

Radiología intervencionista en pediatría: no es un juego de niños / Pediatric interventional radiology: It's not a child's play

La radiología intervencionista pediátrica es una subespecialidad dinámica y en crecimiento. Las nuevas vías de formación en radiología intervencionista, el mantenimiento de las competencias con un pequeño volumen de casos o procedimientos complejos, la disponibilidad limitada de equipos y material pediátrico específico, los efectos de la sedación o de la anestesia sobre el neurodesarrollo y la protección radiológica suponen importantes retos y oportunidades.(AU)

Pediatric interventional radiology is a dynamic and growing subspecialty. The new training pathways in interventional radiology, the maintenance of skills with a small volume of cases or complex procedures, the limited availability of specific pediatric equipment and materials, the effects of sedation or anesthesia on neurodevelopment or radiological on neurodevelopment or radiation protection pose significant challenges and opportunities.(AU)

La enseñanza de la radiología en los programas docentes integrados / Teaching Radiology in integrated educational programs

La radiología es una disciplina médica, un área de conocimiento transversal integrada en cualquier situación clínica. El aprendizaje óptimo del conocimiento, habilidades y aptitudes en radiología en el Grado en Medicina requiere la integración de cualquier modalidad de imagen en las distintas áreas del conocimiento: desde las asignaturas básicas hasta cualquier asignatura clínica del grado. El presente artículo describe la integración de la docencia en radiología del plan de estudios en todo el grado de medicina de la Universidad de Girona (UdG), describiendo las distintas actividades docentes de radiología que se imparten en las distintas asignaturas; desde primero a sexto curso. Se detallan las actividades específicas de la asignatura de «radiología», incluyendo talleres, seminarios, prácticas, juego de ordenador interactivo, y describiendo las características de la actividad metodológica docente principal de la UdG, el aprendizaje basado en problemas.(AU)

Radiology is a medical discipline, an area of transversal knowledge integrated into any clinical situation. The optimal training of learning knowledge, skills and aptitudes in Radiology in the Degree in Medicine requires the integration of any imaging modality in the different areas of knowledge; from the basic subjects to any clinical subject of the Degree. This article describes the integration of Radiology teaching into the curriculum throughout the Medicine Degree at the University of Girona (UdG), describing the different radiology teaching activities that are taught. The specific activities of the subject «Radiology» are detailed; through workshops, seminars, practices, interactive computer game; and describing the characteristics of the main teaching methodological activity of the UdG, Problem-Based Learning.(AU)

La enseñanza de la Radiología en otros estudios universitarios / The teaching of Radiology in other university studies

Tras la implantación del Espacio Europeo de Formación Superior, los contenidos del Área de Radiología y Medicina Física que se impartían tradicionalmente en la Licenciatura de Medicina se han incorporado también a los nuevos grados de Odontología, Enfermería, Fisioterapia, Podología y, en menor medida, Farmacia, Terapia Ocupacional, Logopedia, e Ingeniería Biomédica. En su conjunto, los conceptos básicos de radiología y protección radiológica se imparten en Murcia en 5 grados diferentes con un total de 52,5 créditos ECTS, participando en la formación de 1219 alumnos cada curso académico. Esta incorporación en los nuevos grados ha triplicado el número de asignaturas en las que se imparte docencia pregrado, y duplicado tanto el número de créditos ECTS como el número de alumnos de pregrado a los que dirige su labor de formación. Así, ante la posible creación de nuevos grados universitarios en un futuro próximo (Imagen para el Diagnóstico y Técnico en Radioterapia) sería necesaria la implicación de un mayor número de profesionales acreditados, de diferentes especialidades, y que optimicen los recursos docentes (bibliografía, material docente, casos clínicos, etc.) para su utilidad en las diferentes asignaturas que comparten contenidos similares.(AU)

After the implementation of the European Space for Higher Education, the contents of the Radiology and Physical Medicine Area that were taught in the Medicine Degree have also been incorporated into the new degrees of Dentistry, Nursing, Physiotherapy, Podiatry, and, to a lesser extent, Pharmacy, Occupational Therapy, Logopedia, and Biomedical Engineering As a whole, the basic concepts of radiology and radiological protection are taught in Murcia in 5 different degrees with a total of 52.5 ECTS credits, participating in the training of 1,219 students each academic year. This incorporation in the new degrees has tripled the number of subjects in which undergraduate teaching is taught, and doubled both the number of ECTS credits and the number of undergraduate students to whom it directs its training work. Thus, given the possible creation of new university degrees in the near future (Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy Technicians), it would be necessary to involve a greater number of accredited professionals, from different specialties, and to optimize teaching resources (bibliography, material teacher, clinical cases, etc.) for its usefulness in the different subjects that share similar contents.(AU)

Women in Radiology: A perspective from Spain.

INTRODUCTION: There are gender inequalities in all fields, including radiology. Although the situation is improving, the presence of radiologists in leadership positions continues to be a minority. The objective of this article is to analyse the situation of women in the spanish radiology, comparing it with Europe and the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected the years 2000-2022 as reference period to make a comparison with feminization data throughout history. In addition, relevant specific data from the just begun 2023 were also included. The variables in which we investigated feminization were the following: medical students, medical graduates, radiology residents and specialists, section chiefs, department chairs, radiology residency programme directors, radiology university professors, presidents of the main radiological entities and societies in Spain, Europe and the United States, recipients of the main awards given by these radiological societies and chief editors of their journals. In order to perform this analysis we conducted an in-depth bibliographic research, we contacted the radiological societies of Spain, Europe and the USA and we carried out a survey in the main Spanish radiology departments. RESULTS: The female presence in radiology decreases as we rise to leadership positions, a situation that is patent in Spain, Europe and the US, comparison that will be analysed in depth throughout the article. In Spanish hospitals in 2021 there were 58.1% female radiology residents, 55% female radiologists, 42.9% female section chiefs and 24.4% female department chairs. In SERAM's history there have been 10% female presidents, 22% female gold medallists and 5% female editors-in-chief. If we analyse data from 2000 to 2023, female presidents reach 32% and female gold medallists 31%. CONCLUSIONS: Although gender inequality is declining, in radiology women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions. Work must be done in order to build a diverse and inclusive profession that reflects demographic reality.

Paediatric interventional radiology: it's not child's play.

Pediatric interventional radiology is a dynamic and growing subspecialty. The new training pathways in interventional radiology, the maintenance of skills with a small volume of cases or complex procedures, the limited availability of specific pediatric equipment and materials pose significant challenges and opportunities.

Teaching radiology in integrated educational programs.

Radiology is a medical discipline, an area of transversal knowledge integrated into any clinical situation. The optimal training of learning knowledge, skills and aptitudes in Radiology in the Degree in Medicine requires the integration of any imaging modality in the different areas of knowledge; from the basic subjects to any clinical subject of the Degree. This article describes the integration of Radiology teaching into the curriculum throughout the Medicine Degree at the University of Girona (UdG), describing the different radiology teaching activities that are taught. The specific activities of the subject "Radiology" are detailed; through workshops, seminars, practices, interactive computer game; and describing the characteristics of the main teaching methodological activity of the UdG, Problem-Based Learning.

The teaching of Radiology in other university studies.

After the implementation of the European Space for Higher Education, the contents of the Radiology and Physical Medicine Area that were taught in the Medicine Degree have also been incorporated into the new degrees of Dentistry, Nursing, Physiotherapy, Podiatry, and, to a lesser extent, Pharmacy, Occupational Therapy, Logopedia, and Biomedical Engineering As a whole, the basic concepts of radiology and radiological protection are taught in Murcia in 5 different degrees with a total of 52.5 ECTS credits, participating in the training of 1219 students each academic year. This incorporation in the new degrees has tripled the number of subjects in which undergraduate teaching is taught, and doubled both the number of ECTS credits and the number of undergraduate students to whom it directs its training work. Thus, given the possible creation of new university degrees in the near future (Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy Technicians), it would be necessary to involve a greater number of accredited professionals, from different specialties, and to optimize teaching resources (bibliography, material teacher, clinical cases, etc.,) for its usefulness in the different subjects that share similar contents.

Estenosis arterial del injerto renal: evaluación de la incidencia mediante ecografía doppler, factores de riesgo y análisis de las complicaciones que pueden afectar a la supervivencia del injerto / Transplant renal artery stenosis: Study of incidence using doppler ultrasound, risk factors and analysis is effect in graft outcomes

Introducción y objetivos La estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal (EAR) es una complicación vascular del trasplante renal cuya incidencia estimada es del 13%, la cual puede causar hipertensión arterial refractaria, disfunción renal y muerte prematura en los receptores. Métodos Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo que incluyó a todos los pacientes sometidos a trasplante renal entre 2014 y 2020. Los pacientes fueron evaluados mediante ecografía doppler renal sistemática tras el trasplante. Para identificar los factores de riesgo independientes de la estenosis de la arteria renal tras el trasplante, realizamos un análisis multivariante. Resultados Se incluyeron 724 trasplantes renales, el 12% eran de donante vivo y el 88% de donante fallecido. La edad media en los receptores era de 54,8 años y en los donantes era de 53. Se diagnosticó estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal en 70 (10%) receptores, la mayoría durante los primeros 6 meses después de la intervención. El 51% de los pacientes con estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal se manejaron de manera conservadora. El análisis multivariante mostró que la diabetes mellitus, el rechazo del injerto, la resutura arterial y el índice de masa corporal del donante eran factores de riesgo independientes de estenosis de la arteria renal después del trasplante. La supervivencia de los injertos con estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal fue del 98% a los 6 meses y del 95% a los 2 años. Conclusiones El uso sistemático de la ecografía doppler en el período inmediatamente posterior al trasplante permitió diagnosticar un 10% de estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal en nuestra cohorte. A pesar de los factores de riesgo mencionados anteriormente, un seguimiento y tratamiento adecuados podrían reducir el riesgo de pérdida del injerto en pacientes con estenosis de la arteria del injerto renal. (AU)

Introduction and objectives Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is a vascular complication after kidney transplantation which estimated incidence is 13%. It could cause refractory arterial hypertension, kidney dysfunction and premature death in transplant recipients. Methods We carried out a retrospective study including every patient who underwent renal transplantation between 2014 and 2020. They were evaluated with a systematic post-transplant renal Doppler ultrasound. To identify independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis we performed a multivariate analysis. Results Seven hundred twenty-four kidney transplants were included, 12% were living donors and 88% were deceased donors. The mean age was 54.8 in recipients and 53 in donors. Transplant renal artery stenosis was diagnosed in 70 (10%) recipients, the majority in the first 6 months after surgery. The 51% of patients with transplant renal artery stenosis were managed conservatively. The multivariate analysis showed diabetes mellitus, graft rejection, arterial resuture and donor body mass index as independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis. Survival of the grafts with transplant renal artery stenosis was 98% at 6 months and 95% at two years. Conclusions The systematic performance of Doppler ultrasound in the immediate post-transplant period diagnosed 10% of transplant renal artery stenosis in our cohort. Despite the above risk factors, an adequate monitoring and treatment could avoid the increased risk of graft loss in patients with transplant renal artery stenosis. (AU)

Sarcoma folicular de células dendríticas mediastinal: primer reporte de caso en Costa Rica / Mediastinal Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma: First Case Report in Costa Rica

El sarcoma folicular de células dendríticas (SFCD) es una neoplasia maligna rara derivada de las células dendríticas foliculares. Ha sido clasificado, dadas sus características inmunohistoquímicas, como parte del grupo de los sarcomas, donde representa un porcentaje menor al 1%. Actualmente, existen menos de 1.000 reportes en la literatura a nivel mundial, lo cual plantea una dificultad no sólo diagnóstica, siendo confundido frecuentemente con neoplasias de tipo linfoide; sino también terapéutica al no existir un claro consenso sobre su manejo definitivo. Esta revisión de caso clínico describe el primer caso reportado de SFCD en Costa Rica.

Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (SFCD) is a rare malignant neoplasm derived from follicular dendritic cells, which has been classified, given its immunohistochemical characteristics, as part of the group of sarcomas, where it represents less than 1%. Currently, there are less than 1000 reports in the literature worldwide, which generates a difficulty not only in diagnosis, being frequently confused with lymphoid type neoplasms; but also, as therapeutic as there is no clear consensus on its definitive management. This clinical case review describes the first reported case of SFCD in Costa Rica.

Asociación entre Calcificaciones del Complejo Estilohioideo y Síntomas Clínicos en Pacientes Atendidos en el Centro de Salud de la Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Santiago, Chile

Hoy en día es común recibir pacientes en la clínica odontológica relatando dolor uni o bilateral en la zona lateral de la cara, más específicamente en la zona de las ramas mandibulares. Este dolor puede ser muchas veces de origen dental, muscular masticatorio, de las articulaciones temporomandibulares, o incluso tonsilar. Debido a que las anteriores son patologías más frecuentes, muchas veces el clínico no considera que la causa de estos dolores podría estar asociada al síndrome de Eagle. Esta investigación se fundamentó en la necesidad de utilizar las radiografías panorámicas como herramienta para asociar dolores que no remiten a tratamientos convencionales a calcificaciones del complejo estilohioideo, muchas veces hallazgos radiográficos que no son comúnmente tomados en consideración por el clínico. El objetivo del estudio fue eterminar la asociación entre calcificaciones del complejo estilohioideo en radiografías panorámicas y sintomatología clínica dolorosa en pacientes del centro de salud de la Universidad San Sebastián, sede Santiago, Chile. Se realizó un estudio correlacional, analítico y retrospectivo en el Centro de Salud de la Universidad San Sebastián. Se tomó una muestra aleatoria de 815 radiografías y fichas clínicas asociadas, en las cuáles se analizó la presencia, tipo y ubicación de calcificaciones del complejo estilohioideo, así como, si los pacientes relataron sintomatología dolorosa asociable al Síndrome de Eagle. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis descriptivo, exploratorio e inferencial de asociación entre variables. El porcentaje de pacientes que presentó calcificaciones del complejo estilohioideo alcanzó un 85,4%, siendo la mayoría de tipo elongado (70,98%), seguida del tipo segmentado (26,72%) y muy por debajo el tipo pseudoarticulado (2,3%). Con respecto a la prevalencia de sintomatología la gran mayoría de los pacientes no presentó (96,32%), sin verse diferencias según sexo o edad. Por último, al realizar el análisis de asociación el valor de X 2 calculado fue de 3,171, menor al valor de X2 crítico tabulado de 3,841. Al obtener un X2 calculado menor a un X2 crítico tabulado se demostró que no existe una asociación entre la presencia de calcificaciones del complejo estilohioideo y sintomatología clínica asociada. Además, las prevalencias de calcificaciones y sus tipos no variaron según la edad o género, lo que no nos permitió establecer una relación causal entre las variables.

Nowadays it is very common to receive patients in the dental clinic reporting unilateral or bilateral pain in the lateral area of the face, more specifically in the mandibular rami area. The origin of this pain can often be dental, muscular, from the temporomandibular joint or even tonsillar. Because the named pathologies are more frequent, many times the clinician does not consider that the cause of this pain could be associated with Eagle syndrome. This research was based on the need to use panoramic radiographs as a tool to associate pain that does not refer to conventional treatments with calcifications of the stylohyoid complex, many times radiographic findings that are not commonly considered by the clinician. This correlational cross analytical study was carried out at San Sebastián University Health Center. A random sample of 815 radiographs and associated clinical records was taken, in which the presence, type and location of calcifications of the stylohyoid complex were analyzed, as well as whether the patients reported painful symptoms associated with Eagle syndrome. Subsequently, a descriptive, exploratory, and inferential analysis of association between variables was conducted. The percentage of patients who presented calcifications of the stylohyoid complex reached 85.4%, being the majority the elongated type (70.98%), followed by the segmented type (26.72%) and far below the pseudoarticulated type (2.3%). Regarding the prevalence of symptoms, the vast majority of patients did not present (96.32%), without seeing differences according to gender or age. Finally, when performing the association analysis, the calculated X2 value was 3.171, lower than the critical tabulated X2 value of 3.841. Obtaining a calculated X2 lower than a critical tabulated X2 showed that there is no association between the presence of calcifications of the stylohyoid complex and associated clinical symptoms. In addition, the prevalence of calcifications and their types did not vary according to age or gender, which did not allow us to establish a causal relationship between the variables.

Electroporación irreversible: ampliando las fronteras de la ablación / Irreversible electroporation: Beyond the limits of tumor ablation

La electroporación irreversible o IRE (irreversible electroporation) es una técnica de ablación tumoral no térmica basada en la aplicación de pulsos eléctricos de alto voltaje entre pares de agujas insertadas alrededor de un tumor. La corriente generada favorece la creación de nanoporos en la membrana plasmática, desencadenando la apoptosis. Por ello, la IRE puede utilizarse de manera segura en localizaciones cercanas a estructuras vasculares delicadas, contraindicadas para el resto de técnicas termoablativas. Actualmente la IRE se emplea con éxito para la ablación de tumores en páncreas, riñón e hígado y, de manera muy extendida, como opción terapéutica focal para el cáncer de próstata. La necesidad de un manejo anestésico específico y la colocación precisa y en paralelo de múltiples agujas implican un alto nivel de complejidad, siendo necesaria una gran experiencia del equipo intervencionista. No obstante, se trata de una técnica muy prometedora con una gran capacidad inmunológica sistémica que puede provocar un efecto a distancia del tumor tratado (efecto abscopal).(AU)

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal tumor ablation technique. High-voltage electrical pulses are applied between pairs of electrodes inserted around and/or inside a tumor. The generated electric current induces the creation of nanopores in the cell membrane, triggering apoptosis. As a result, IRE can be safely used in areas near delicate vascular structures where other thermal ablation methods are contraindicated. Currently, IRE has demonstrated to be a successful ablation technique for pancreatic, renal, and liver tumors and is widely used as a focal therapeutic option for prostate cancer. The need for specific anesthetic management and accurate parallel placement of multiple electrodes entails a high level of complexity and great expertise from the interventional team is required. Nevertheless, IRE is a very promising technique with a remarkable systemic immunological capability and may impact on distant metastases (abscopal effect).(AU)

Irreversible electroporation: Beyond the limits of tumor ablation.

Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal tumor ablation technique. High-voltage electrical pulses are applied between pairs of electrodes inserted around and/or inside a tumor. The generated electric current induces the creation of nanopores in the cell membrane, triggering apoptosis. As a result, IRE can be safely used in areas near delicate vascular structures where other thermal ablation methods are contraindicated. Currently, IRE has demonstrated to be a successful ablation technique for pancreatic, renal, and liver tumors and is widely used as a focal therapeutic option for prostate cancer. The need for specific anesthetic management and accurate parallel placement of multiple electrodes entails a high level of complexity and great expertise from the interventional team is required. Nevertheless, IRE is a very promising technique with a remarkable systemic immunological capability and may impact on distant metastases (abscopal effect).

Transplant renal artery stenosis: Study of incidence using doppler ultrasound, risk factors and analysis is effect in graft outcomes.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is a vascular complication after kidney transplantation which estimated incidence is 13%. It could cause refractory arterial hypertension, kidney dysfunction and premature death in transplant recipients. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study including every patient who underwent renal transplantation between 2014 and 2020. They were evaluated with a systematic post-transplant renal Doppler ultrasound. To identify independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis we performed a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Seven hundred twenty-four kidney transplants were included, 12% ​​were living donors and 88% were deceased donors. The mean age was 54.8 in recipients and 53 in donors. Transplant renal artery stenosis was diagnosed in 70 (10%) recipients, the majority in the first 6 months after surgery. 51% of patients with transplant renal artery stenosis were managed conservatively. The multivariate analysis showed diabetes mellitus, graft rejection, arterial resuture and donor body mass index as independent risk factors for transplant renal artery stenosis. Survival of the grafts with transplant renal artery stenosis was 98% at 6 months and 95% at two years. CONCLUSIONS: The systematic performance of Doppler ultrasound in the immediate post-transplant period diagnosed 10% of transplant renal artery stenosis in our cohort. Despite the above risk factors, an adequate monitoring and treatment could avoid the increased risk of graft loss in patients with transplant renal artery stenosis.

Percepción de la inteligencia artificial en la comunidad radiológica argentina / Perception of artificial intelligence in the Argentine radiological community

Resumen Introducción: La aplicación de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en radiología se encuentra en fases iniciales y estaría influenciada por la percepción de sus usuarios. Objetivo: Valorar el grado de conocimiento, interés y expectativas acerca de la IA en la comunidad radiológica argentina. Método: Entre septiembre y noviembre de 2022 se distribuyó una encuesta online acerca del conocimiento, la actitud y las expectativas con respecto a la IA. Resultados: De un total de 161 encuestados, la mayoría eran mujeres (55,3%), tenían entre 31 y 40 años (43,4%), eran médicos de planta (42%), trabajaban en el ámbito privado (55,6%) y estaban localizados en la CABA/Buenos Aires (59%). El 52,5% no habían utilizado software de IA y el 87,7% no habían realizado cursos de IA. El 88,2% manifestaron interés en la formación en este campo. Casi la totalidad concordaba en que la IA modificaría su labor diaria en los próximos 10 años (87,6%), aunque no los reemplazaría (56,8%), ni cambiarían de carrera (69,8%). Conclusiones: Aunque el grado de conocimiento acerca de la IA en la comunidad radiológica argentina es moderado, encontramos un alto interés y expectativas, y un bajo nivel de miedo o rechazo. Las sociedades radiológicas argentinas deberían desarrollar cursos de formación en IA.

Abstract Introduction: The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology is in early stages and could be influenced by the perception of its users. Objectives: To assess the degree of knowledge, interest, and expectations about AI in the Argentine radiological community. Method: Between September and November 2022, an online survey about knowledge, attitude and expectations of AI was distributed. Results: Of a total of 161 respondents, the majority were women (55.3%), had between 31 and 40 years old (43.4%), were staff physicians (42%), worked in the private sector (55.6%) and were located in CABA/Buenos Aires (59%). 52.5% had not used AI software and 87.7% had not taken any previous AI courses. 88.2% were interested in training in this field. Almost all agreed that AI would modify their daily work in the next 10 years (87.6%), although it would not replace them (56.8%), nor would they change their careers (69.8%). Conclusions: Although the degree of knowledge about AI in the Argentine radiological community is moderate, we found high interest and expectations, and low level of fear or rejection. Argentine radiological societies should develop AI training courses.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Dentomaxillofacial Diagnosis

SUMMARY Introduction: The introduction of applications driven by artificial intelligence is revolutionizing dentomaxillofacial imaging. Objectives: Describe the current state of the applications of artificial intelligence in dentomaxillofacial diagnosis, evaluate its impact, and identify future directions for research and implementation. Method : A narrative review was carried out using systematic searches in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, among others. The study focused on articles published from 2010 to the present. Research that applies artificial intelligence technologies in dentomaxillofacial diagnosis was included and its quality and relevance were evaluated using established tools. Results: Artificial intelligence, especially deep learning, has shown significant improvements in image segmentation, disease detection, and treatment planning in dentomaxillofacial imaging. Artificial intelligence techniques have allowed the automation of image analysis tasks, improving efficiency and diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions: Artificial intelligence has significant potential to revolutionize dentomaxillofacial imaging, as it offers improvements in diagnostic accuracy, efficiency in image interpretation, and treatment planning. Further research is needed to overcome technical, ethical, and privacy challenges and validate the clinical applicability of these technologies.

Introducción: La introducción de aplicaciones impulsadas por la inteligencia artificial está revolucionando la imagenología dentomaxilofacial. Objetivos: Describir el estado actual de las aplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial en el diagnóstico dentomaxilofacial; evaluar su impacto e identificar direcciones futuras para la investigación y la implementación. Método : Se realizó una revisión narrativa, utilizando búsquedas sistemáticas en bases de datos como PubMed, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, entre otras; el estudio se enfocó en artículos publicados desde 2010 hasta la actualidad. Se incluyeron investigaciones que aplican tecnologías de la inteligencia artificial en el diagnóstico dentomaxilofacial; se evaluó su calidad y relevancia mediante las herramientas establecidas. Resultados: La inteligencia artificial, especialmente el aprendizaje profundo, ha mostrado mejoras significativas en la segmentación de imágenes, la detección de enfermedades y la planificación del tratamiento en imagenología dentomaxilofacial. Las técnicas de inteligencia artificial han permitido la automatización de tareas de análisis de imágenes, mejorado la eficiencia y la precisión diagnóstica. Conclusiones: La inteligencia artificial posee un potencial significativo para revolucionar la imagenología dentomaxilofacial, pues ofrece mejoras en la precisión diagnóstica, eficiencia en la interpretación de imágenes y en la planificación del tratamiento. Se necesitan más investigaciones para superar desafíos técnicos, éticos y de privacidad y validar la aplicabilidad clínica de estas tecnologías.