Behavior, Intake, Digestion and Milk Yield of Early Lactation Holstein Dairy Cows with Two Levels of Environmental Exposure and Feeding Strategy.

Eighty-four autumn (ACS, n = 45)- and spring (SCS, n = 39)-calved multiparous early lactation Holstein cows were assigned to groups of either: (a) grazing + mixed ration (MR) during partial confinement in outdoor soil-bedded pens with shade (OD-GRZ); (b) grazing + MR during partial confinement in a compost-bedded pack barn with cooling (CB-GRZ); or (c) total confinement fed a totally mixed ration (CB-TMR) in a compost-bedded pack barn. Data were analyzed using the SAS MIXED procedure with significance at p ≤ 0.05. In both seasons, despite behavioral differences (p < 0.05) between the OD-GRZ and CB-GRZ groups (i.e., standing, first grazing meal length, bite rate), the milk and component yields, DM intake, microbial CP output (MCP) and NE efficiency were unaffected by the housing conditions, possibly due to mild weather conditions. The milk yield was substantially higher in the CB-TMR group versus the OD-TMR and CB-TMR groups (p < 0.01) in both ACS (~35%) and SCS (~20%) despite there being no intake differences, without any impact on milk component levels. In ACS, this was associated with a higher MCP, likely due to the higher nutritional value of TMR compared to pasture, which was not the case in SCS. In conclusion, the OD-GRZ group achieved the same milk production as the CB-GRZ group through behavior adaptation, under mild weather conditions, in both calving seasons. The CB-TMR group outperformed the grazing systems in both calving seasons, regardless of the MCP.

Forage sources in total mixed rations early in life influence performance, metabolites, and behavior of dairy calves.

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of forage inclusion and sources on performance, metabolism, and feeding behavior of dairy calves. Forty-eight Holstein calves were blocked and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments according to sex and BW at 28 d of life to determine the effects of feeding forage sources (ensiled and dry), with different quality on performance, metabolites, and behavior. Treatments consisted of a no-forage coarsely ground starter (CON); or total mixed ration (TMR) containing 7.5% on a dry matter (DM) basis of Tifton hay of either medium quality (MH) or low quality (LH); or 10% on a DM basis of corn silage (CS). During the first 28 d of life, all calves received 3 L of whole milk twice daily, a commercial pelleted starter and no forage, and water ad libitum. After that, the solid diet was changed to the respective dietary treatments. Calves were gradually weaned from 52 to 56 d of age, and followed for 14 d postweaning. Individual solid feed and milk intakes were recorded daily, and BW and metabolic indicators of intermediate metabolism were recorded weekly. Behavior was recorded, and the analysis was conducted on wk 7 (preweaning) and 10 (postweaning). Solid feed intake increased at wk 7 and 8 when MH, LH, and CS were included in TMR; the same results were observed postweaning. The diets did not affect the average daily gain and BW, but the feed efficiency increased with the CON diet. The ß-hydroxybutyrate concentration was greater in calves receiving TMR-containing forage than CON diet. Furthermore, calves supplemented with forage had a greater rumination time. In conclusion, all forage sources included in the TMR showed feed intake and behavior benefits, reinforcing the need for fiber from forage in pre- and postweaning diets.

Including 8 hours of access to alfalfa in 1 or 2 grazing sessions in dairy cows fed a partial mixed ration: Effects on intake, behavior, digestion, and milk production and composition.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of alfalfa grazing during 8 h continuous or partitioned in 2 separated sessions of 4 h after each milking, on nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, feeding behavior, milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile, in late-lactation cows fed a partial mixed ration (PMR). Twelve dairy cows (193 ± 83 d in milk, 584 ± 71 kg of body weight) were housed in individual outdoor pens and assigned to treatments according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design replicated 4 times. The treatments were as follows: (1) control (T0), cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) provided ad libitum 20.0% crude protein (CP), 32.2% neutral detergent fiber (NDF); (2) fed a diet combining a PMR which had the same ingredient composition as the TMR (60% of ad libitum intake) + 1 session of 8 h of pasture (T8), continuous grazing alfalfa (Medicago sativa; 20.6% CP, 35.8% NDF) after the p.m. milking; and (3) PMR (60% of ad libitum intake) + 2 daily sessions of 4 h of access to pasture after each milking (T4+4). The experiment lasted 57 d and was divided into 3 periods of 19 d each. The first 12 d of each period was used for diet adaptation, and the last 7 d was used for data collection. No differences among treatments were observed for any of the productive variables, feeding efficiency, or purine derivatives excretion. Cows in T0 had greater intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and nonfibrous carbohydrates compared with T4+4 and T8. Compared with T0, alfalfa grazing increased the concentration of C18:1 trans-11 and decreased those of C16:0 and C17:0 in milk fat. Cows in T4+4 consumed 1.1 more kg DM/d of alfalfa and N provided by alfalfa in the diet was 3 percentage points higher compared with T8 cows (266 vs. 229 g/d, respectively). In addition, T4+4 cows had a greater daily range of ruminal pH than T8 (0.73 vs. 0.93), and the highest concentrations of NH3-N were recorded during the a.m. grazing session while in T8 cows it occurred during the night. In conclusion, including 8 h of alfalfa grazing in T8 and T4+4 treatments allowed the substitution between 35.8 and 38.7% of the total dry matter intake (DMI) of a PMR (with a similar CP concentration to alfalfa) for pasture, maintaining milk solids production and increasing the C18:1 trans-11 of milk fat compared with a TMR in mid late-lactation cows. In an herbage plus PMR diet, splitting the 1 continuous grazing session of 8 h into 2 sessions of 4 h increased the proportion of energy and N provided by alfalfa pasture and reduced PMR intake, without modifying the total nutrient intake or productive performance of cows.

Different Conditions during Confinement in Pasture-Based Systems and Feeding Systems Affect the Fatty Acid Profile in the Milk and Cheese of Holstein Dairy Cows.

The diet of dairy cows influences the fatty acid (FA) profiles of their milk and cheese, but how these are affected by different conditions during confinement in a mixed system (MS:grazing + total mixed ration:TMR) is not known. The aim of this study was to compare the FAs of the milk and cheese from MS in a compost-bedded pack barns (CB-GRZ) versus an outdoor soil-bedded pen (OD-GRZ) during confinement, and with a confinement system (100%TMR) in a compost-bedded pack barns (CB-TMR). Individual milk samples (n = 12 cows/group), cheese, and pooled milk (MilkP) samples were collected. The saturated FA percentages in the milk and the omega 6/omega 3 ratio in the MilkP and cheese were greater for the CB-TMR (p < 0.0001), while the unsaturated and monounsaturated FA percentages in the milk were lower for the CB-TMR than the MS (p < 0.001). The milk n-3, C18:3, and conjugated linoleic acid percentages were lower for the CB-TMR than the MS (p < 0.001). The milk n-3 and C18:3 were higher for the CB-GRZ than the OD-GRZ (p < 0.01), but no differences were observed between the MS in the MilkP and cheese. In conclusion, CB-GRZ cows during confinement produced better quality milk compared to OD-GRZ cows. However, the FA profiles of the milk, MilkP, and cheese were affected to a greater extent by the feeding management than by the conditions during confinement.

Performance of Autumn and Spring Calving Holstein Dairy Cows with Different Levels of Environmental Exposure and Feeding Strategies.

Environmental exposure during confinement and feeding strategy affects cow behavior, nutrient utilization, and performance. Milk production and composition, body condition score, non-esterified fatty acids, and beta-hydroxybutyrate were determined during a full lactation in cows submitted to (a) grazing + partial confinement in outdoor soil-bedded pens with shade structures (OD-GRZ); (b) grazing + partial confinement in a compost-bedded pack barn with cooling capacity (CB-GRZ); or (c) total confinement (same facilities as CB-GRZ) and fed TMR ad libitum (CB-TMR). Autumn (ACS) and spring (SCS) calving season cows were used for each treatment, except for CB-TMR (only SCS). In ACS, treatments did not differ in any variable, possibly due to mild weather. In SCS, milk production was higher in CB-TMR than CB-GRZ, which in turn produced more milk than OD-GRZ. Differences coincided with heat waves and/or heavy rains (similar grazing conditions and mixed ration DM intake). Milk fat, protein and lactose yield, protein content, and BCS were higher in CB-TMR, without differences between CB-GRZ and OD-GRZ. Cows in OD-GRZ had impaired energy metabolism. Under moderately unfavorable environmental conditions (ACS), when well-managed, OD-GRZ systems could equate to the productive response of CB-GRZ. However, in worse climatic conditions (SCS), performance could be compromised, especially when compared to TMR systems.

Sugarcane total mixed ration silage ensiling with chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant: characteristics of silage and animal digestion / Silagem de dieta total de cana de açúcar ensilada com quitosana e inoculante microbiano homoláctico: características da silagem e digestão animal

This study aimed to evaluate total mixed ration silages with sugarcane and the additives microbial inoculant and chitosan. Thirty mini-silos were used in a completely randomized design, with three treatments and ten replications. Silages were composed of sugarcane mixed with corn bran, whole soybean, urea, and mineral mixtures at a 50:50 roughage to concentrate ratio. Treatments consisted of control silage, microbial additive (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus acidilactici, 4 g/t of KeraSil, Kera Nutrição Animal), and chitosan (10 g/kg of natural matter). Silages were evaluated for fermentation and microbiological profile, fermentation losses, aerobic stability, chemical-bromatological composition, intake, and digestibility. Fermentation profile showed no significant difference between treatments for pH values, with a mean value of 4.79. Production of acetic and propionic acids showed no difference between treatments, with mean values of 7.34 and 0.053 mmol/kg DM, respectively. Dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein intake of the total mixed ration silage differed statistically from the other treatments (P<0.05), but fresh sugarcane and sugarcane silage intake did not differ from each other (P>0.05). Digestibility values of DM, OM, and NDF were higher in the total mixed ration silage (P<0.05), while sugarcane silage and fresh sugarcane showed no difference from each other (P>0.05). Total mixed ration silage increased nutrient intake and digestibility, with a better fermentation pattern when added with the microbial inoculant.

O objetivo foi avaliar as silagens de ração total com cana de açúcar e aditivos inoculante microbiano e quitosana. Foram utilizados trinta mini-silos utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e dez repetições. As silagens foram compostas por cana-de-açúcar misturada com farelo de milho, soja integral, uréia e misturas minerais na proporção de 50:50. Os tratamentos foram: silagem controle, aditivo microbiano (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus acidilactici, 4 g/t de KeraSil, Kera Nutrição Animal) e quitosana (10 g/kg da matéria natural). As silagens foram avaliadas quanto à fermentação e perfil microbiológico, perdas de fermentação, estabilidade aeróbica, composição químico-bromatológica, consumo e digestibilidade. O perfil de fermentação não mostrou diferença significativa entre tratamentos para os valores de pH, com um valor médio de 4,79. A produção de ácidos acéticos e propiônicos não mostrou diferença entre os tratamentos, com valores médios de 7,34 e 0,053 mmol/kg DM, respectivamente. A matéria seca, a matéria orgânica e a ingestão de proteína bruta da mistura total de ração silagem diferiram estatisticamente dos outros tratamentos (P<0,05), mas a ingestão de cana-de-açúcar fresca e de silagem de cana-de-açúcar não diferiram uma da outra (P>0,05). Os valores de digestibilidade de DM, OM e NDF foram maiores na silagem de ração mista total (P<0,05), enquanto a silagem de cana de açúcar e a cana de açúcar fresca não mostraram diferença entre si (P>0,05). A silagem de ração mista total aumentou a ingestão de nutrientes e a digestibilidade, com um melhor padrão de fermentação quando adicionado o inoculante microbiano.

Evaluation of Unconventional Supplements to the Diet of Intensively Reared Agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) in Trinidad, West Indies.

A feed trial was carried out to evaluate potential unconventional feed resources such as Trichanthera gigantica and moruga hill rice (Oryza glaberrima) as a partial supplementation to the diet of adult male agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina). Supplemental feeding of the agouti will decrease feeding cost to produce this animal and aid in sustainable agricultural practices. Male agoutis were used as this physiological state was the easiest to attain as well as male animals are generally used for meat production. The trial consisted of 16 male agoutis that were allocated into four dietary treatments using a completely randomized experimental design. Four diet treatments were used in the experiment; treatment 1 (T1) was the positive control which consisted of rabbit ration whilst treatment 2 (T2) to 4 (T4) had different ratios of O. glaberrima, Trichanthera gigantica and Rabbit Ration. The feeding trial had 8-week duration. T2 consisted of 5% T. gigantica, 35% O. glaberrima supplemented for rabbit ration. T3 had 10% T. gigantica and 40% O. glaberrima supplemented for rabbit ration. T4 consisted of 15% Trichanthera and 45% O. glaberrima supplemented for rabbit ration in the diet. Proximate analysis showed that Dry Matter (DM) and Ash was highest in T4 and lowest in T2. Whilst ether extract (EE) and crude protein (CP) were highest in T2 and lowest in T4. Crude fiber (CF) was highest in T3 and lowest in T2. The weights of the agoutis at the start of the experiment (2595 g-2971 g) were not significantly different to their final weight (2469-2762 g) (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference seen between treatments groups and weeks of the experiment (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the interactions between treatment and weeks (p > 0.05). T1 and T2 were not significantly different (p > 0.05) with respect to average daily gain (-0.98 g/d, -1.61 g/d) and weight loss (55 g, 90 g). T2 can be used as an alternative feed source than rabbit ration (control diet) for adult male agoutis. As the final body mass of the male agoutis did not change with the inclusion of 40% Trichanthera and Moruga hill rice, this substitution can be used to maintain male agoutis before slaughter. However, higher amounts of supplements may be detrimental to this animal.

Use of by-products in a total mixed ration silage / Uso de subprodutos na silagem de ração total misturada

The objective of this study was to evaluated fermentation losses and silage quality with the addition of different by-products in TMR. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments: Control (CTL, with hay, corn silage, cracked corn, soybean meal, wheat bran and minerals); CTL plus the addition of fresh orange pulp (FOP); CTL plus soybean hulls (SBH) or CTL plus wet brewery wastes (WBW), with six replicates. The ingredients were mixed and ensiled in 24 PVC experimental silos. After 56 days of ensiling, fermentation losses (effluents, dry matter and gases), and the TMR silage pH and chemical composition were analyzed; aerobic stability was evaluated over seven days after the silos were opened. Lower dry matter (P ≤ 0.0001) was observed in TMR ensiled with wet (WBW and FOP) compared to dry (SBH) by-products. Greater ADF (P = 0.031) was observed in SBH when compared to others by-products. WBW and FOP increased dry matter (P ≤ 0.0001) and effluent losses (P ≤ 0.0001) when compared to CTL and SBH. SBH treatment remained stable after 176-hour, which differ (P=0.0015) compared with the other treatments (range from 94.5 to 99 hours of exposure to air). The density (kg DM/m3) changed (P ≤ 0.0001) among treatments. The inclusion of SBH in TMR silages had the greatest density, followed by CTL, WBW and FOP. The density was negatively correlated with DM losses ( r= - 0,81; P ≤ 0.0001). The pH differ (P = 0.003) among treatments. Highest pH of TMR silage was observed for SBH (3,67) and the lowest (3,56) for FOP. Soybean hulls successful improved aerobic stability and density, whereas aerobic stability and density were decreased and fermentation losses increased when fresh orange pulp and wet brewery were used. Little effects on chemical composition were observed, thereby agro-industrial by-products can be used in TMR silages as long as there is adequate product availability and pricing.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as perdas fermentativas e qualidade química da ração total misturada (TMR) ensilada com a adição de diferentes subprodutos da indústria. Um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos foi utilizado: CTL (Feno, silagem de milho, milho quirera, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo e mistura mineral), FOP (CTL com adição de bagaço de laranja in-natura), ou SBH (CTL com adição de casca de soja) e WBW (CTL com adição de resíduo úmido de cervejaria), utilizando-se seis repetições por tratamento. Os ingredientes foram misturados e armazenados em 24 silos experimentais de PVC. Após 56 dias de armazenamento, as perdas fermentativas (efluentes, perda de matéria seca e produção de gases), e o pH, composição bromatológica e estabilidade aeróbica durante 7 dias das silagens de TMR foram mensuradas. Menor teor de MS (P ≤ 0,0001) foi observado para TMR ensiladas com resíduos úmidos (WBW e FOP) comparado com SBH. O uso de SBH apresentou maior teor de FDA (P = 0,031) comparado aos demais tratamentos. Adição de WBW e FOP aumentou as perdas de matéria seca (P ≤ 0,0001) e efluentes (P ≤ 0,0001) em relação a CTL e SBH. O tratamento SBH não apresentou quebra de estabilidade (176 horas), diferindo (P = 0,0015) em relação aos outros tratamentos (variação de 94,5 a 99 horas de exposição ao ar). A densidade (kg MS/m³) foi diferente (P ≤ 0.0001) entre os tratamentos. A inclusão de SBH na silagem de TMR apresentou as maiores densidades, seguido pelo tratamento CTL, WBW e FOP. A densidade teve correlação negative com as perdas de MS ( r= -0,81; P ≤ 0.0001). O pH diferiu entre tratamento (P = 0,003), sendo maior para CSC (3,67) e menor para BLI (3,56). O tratamento casca de soja apresentou a melhor estabilidade aeróbia e densidade, enquanto a estabilidade e densidade diminuíram e as perdas fermentativas aumentaram quando bagaço de laranja in-natura e resíduo úmido de cervejaria foram utilizados. Apesar das diferenças na composição das [...].(AU)

Use of by-products in a total mixed ration silage / Uso de subprodutos na silagem de ração total misturada

The objective of this study was to evaluated fermentation losses and silage quality with the addition of different by-products in TMR. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments: Control (CTL, with hay, corn silage, cracked corn, soybean meal, wheat bran and minerals); CTL plus the addition of fresh orange pulp (FOP); CTL plus soybean hulls (SBH) or CTL plus wet brewery wastes (WBW), with six replicates. The ingredients were mixed and ensiled in 24 PVC experimental silos. After 56 days of ensiling, fermentation losses (effluents, dry matter and gases), and the TMR silage pH and chemical composition were analyzed; aerobic stability was evaluated over seven days after the silos were opened. Lower dry matter (P ≤ 0.0001) was observed in TMR ensiled with wet (WBW and FOP) compared to dry (SBH) by-products. Greater ADF (P = 0.031) was observed in SBH when compared to others by-products. WBW and FOP increased dry matter (P ≤ 0.0001) and effluent losses (P ≤ 0.0001) when compared to CTL and SBH. SBH treatment remained stable after 176-hour, which differ (P=0.0015) compared with the other treatments (range from 94.5 to 99 hours of exposure to air). The density (kg DM/m3) changed (P ≤ 0.0001) among treatments. The inclusion of SBH in TMR silages had the greatest density, followed by CTL, WBW and FOP. The density was negatively correlated with DM losses ( r= - 0,81; P ≤ 0.0001). The pH differ (P = 0.003) among treatments. Highest pH of TMR silage was observed for SBH (3,67) and the lowest (3,56) for FOP. Soybean hulls successful improved aerobic stability and density, whereas aerobic stability and density were decreased and fermentation losses increased when fresh orange pulp and wet brewery were used. Little effects on chemical composition were observed, thereby agro-industrial by-products can be used in TMR silages as long as there is adequate product availability and pricing.

Objetivou-se avaliar as perdas fermentativas e qualidade química da ração total misturada (TMR) ensilada com a adição de diferentes subprodutos da indústria. Um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos foi utilizado: CTL (Feno, silagem de milho, milho quirera, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo e mistura mineral), FOP (CTL com adição de bagaço de laranja in-natura), ou SBH (CTL com adição de casca de soja) e WBW (CTL com adição de resíduo úmido de cervejaria), utilizando-se seis repetições por tratamento. Os ingredientes foram misturados e armazenados em 24 silos experimentais de PVC. Após 56 dias de armazenamento, as perdas fermentativas (efluentes, perda de matéria seca e produção de gases), e o pH, composição bromatológica e estabilidade aeróbica durante 7 dias das silagens de TMR foram mensuradas. Menor teor de MS (P ≤ 0,0001) foi observado para TMR ensiladas com resíduos úmidos (WBW e FOP) comparado com SBH. O uso de SBH apresentou maior teor de FDA (P = 0,031) comparado aos demais tratamentos. Adição de WBW e FOP aumentou as perdas de matéria seca (P ≤ 0,0001) e efluentes (P ≤ 0,0001) em relação a CTL e SBH. O tratamento SBH não apresentou quebra de estabilidade (176 horas), diferindo (P = 0,0015) em relação aos outros tratamentos (variação de 94,5 a 99 horas de exposição ao ar). A densidade (kg MS/m³) foi diferente (P ≤ 0.0001) entre os tratamentos. A inclusão de SBH na silagem de TMR apresentou as maiores densidades, seguido pelo tratamento CTL, WBW e FOP. A densidade teve correlação negative com as perdas de MS ( r= -0,81; P ≤ 0.0001). O pH diferiu entre tratamento (P = 0,003), sendo maior para CSC (3,67) e menor para BLI (3,56). O tratamento casca de soja apresentou a melhor estabilidade aeróbia e densidade, enquanto a estabilidade e densidade diminuíram e as perdas fermentativas aumentaram quando bagaço de laranja in-natura e resíduo úmido de cervejaria foram utilizados. Apesar das diferenças na composição das [...].

Productive performance and digestive response of dairy cows fed different diets combining a total mixed ration and fresh forage.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of feeding increasing levels of fresh forage (FF) as a proportion of total dry matter intake (DMI) on nutrient intake, rumen digestion, nutrient utilization, and productive performance of total mixed ration (TMR)-fed cows. Twelve dairy cows (90 ± 22 d in milk, 523 ± 88 kg of body weight, 7,908 ± 719 kg of milk production in the previous lactation) were housed in individual tiestalls and assigned to treatments according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design replicated 4 times. Treatments were 100% TMR (T100), 75% TMR plus 25% FF (T75), and 50% TMR plus 50% FF (T50). The experiment lasted 60 d, divided into 3 periods of 20 d each; the first 12 d of each period were used for diet adaptation and the last 8 d for data collection. The TMR (18.1% crude protein, 24.6% acid detergent fiber) and FF (Lolium multiflorum; 15.1% crude protein, 24.1% acid detergent fiber) were prepared and cut daily and offered to each cow individually. The highest DMI was reached in T100 and T75, which was reflected in greater intake of the different nutrients than T50. No differences were detected in the apparent total digestibility of the nutrients, mean ruminal pH, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations among treatments. Cows in T50 resulted in the lowest ruminal N-NH3 concentration and the lowest microbial N flow to the duodenum. Milk yield was 8.5% higher from cows in T100 and T75 compared with T50, but we observed no differences for milk fat or milk protein yield among treatments. Milk fat of cows fed T50 had 8% more unsaturated fatty acids (FA) than that of cows fed T100, mostly because of a higher content of monounsaturated FA. Additionally, cows in T50 had a higher concentration of linoleic acid, vaccenic acid, and rumenic acid than T100. Meanwhile, the concentration of linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in cows fed T75 was higher than T100. The milk fat of the cows fed T50 and T75 had a lower n-6:n-3 ratio than T100. We concluded that including up to 29% of FF in the total DMI in combination with a TMR did not affect the intake or digestion of nutrients or the productive response in dairy cows and resulted in a higher concentration of desirable FA from a consumer's perspective.

Royal jelly production in Africanized colonies with selected queens, use of Chinese model cups and supplementation

This research was carried out to evaluate the royal jelly production in two trials. In Trial I, three genotypes of Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were submitted to royal jelly production with two types of cups of different size and volume (conventional and Chinese model) and two types of supplements (commercial and formulated). A total of 24 colonies were used, two bars with different cups each, alternating between the upper or lower position of the frame. While in Trial II, 18 colonies, two genotypes, two types of cups and two types of supplement were tested. The evaluated parameters were: percentage of larvae accepted in upper and lower bars, royal jelly per cup (mg), and royal jelly per colony/collection (g). Chinese cups were not well accepted, fact that influenced in a negative way the production of general form, selected colonies were more sensible to the change of cups. Colonies of Africanized honeybees are not prepared to produce in cups of greater volume.(AU)

Royal jelly production in Africanized colonies with selected queens, use of Chinese model cups and supplementation

This research was carried out to evaluate the royal jelly production in two trials. In Trial I, three genotypes of Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were submitted to royal jelly production with two types of cups of different size and volume (conventional and Chinese model) and two types of supplements (commercial and formulated). A total of 24 colonies were used, two bars with different cups each, alternating between the upper or lower position of the frame. While in Trial II, 18 colonies, two genotypes, two types of cups and two types of supplement were tested. The evaluated parameters were: percentage of larvae accepted in upper and lower bars, royal jelly per cup (mg), and royal jelly per colony/collection (g). Chinese cups were not well accepted, fact that influenced in a negative way the production of general form, selected colonies were more sensible to the change of cups. Colonies of Africanized honeybees are not prepared to produce in cups of greater volume.

Increasing feed allowance in low-fish meal diets allows for a reduction in dietary methionine for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei raised in green-water tanks

A 10-week study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feed allowance and graded levels of dietary methionine (Met) on growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei. Juvenile shrimp of 1.83±0.14 g were stocked in 42 outdoor green-water tanks of 1 m3 under 120 shrimp m−2. Animals were fed under two feed allowances, regular and 30% in excess. Five diets with 30 g kg−1 fishmeal were designed to contain 318±2 g kg−1 crude protein and a minimum amount of protein-bound Met. To achieve graded levels of dietary Met, a control diet with 4.6 g kg−1 Met or 8.9 g kg−1 methionine + cysteine (M+C) was supplemented with 1.2, 2.2, 3.2, and 4.2 g kg−1 of DL-methionyl-DL-methionine to result in total dietary Met of 5.6, 6.9, 7.9, and 9.2 g kg−1 (10.0, 11.2, 12.1, and 13.5 g kg−1 M+C, respectively). A final survival of 86.5±3.6% was reached with no significant influence from feed allowance or dietary Met. Feed inputs significantly affected apparent feed intake, weekly shrimp growth, final body weight (BW), and gained yield. Larger meals and a higher dietary Met had no impact on feed conversion ratio. There was a significant interaction between feed allowance and Met over shrimp BW. By feeding animals in excess, BW was enhanced at 6.9 g kg−1 Met. A dietary Met of 7.9 g kg−1 was required to achieve a maximum BW under a regular feed allowance. Thus, shrimp required less amounts of dietary Met to maximize BW when higher feed inputs were delivered. Our findings demonstrate a sparing effect of dietary Met for L. vannamei when a higher feed allowance is adopted. Shrimp farmers should consider adjusting feed allowance to dietary Met to maximize shrimp growth performance and yield.(AU)

Effects of the inclusion of glycerin in diets containing 30 or 70% roughage on feed disappearance and digestibility / Efeito da inclusão de glicerina em dietas contendo 30 ou 70% de forragem sobre o desaparecimento e a digestibilidade de alimentos

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro nutrient disappearance and in vivo nutrient digestibility of cattle diets containing 70 or 30% roughage, with and without glycerin supplementation. Four Nellore cattle were used in the study based on a 4 × 4 Latin Square design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Inclusion of glycerin and roughage proportion did not affect the nutrient disappearance of each ingredient (P > 0.05). Regardless of the inclusion of glycerin, a reduction in the proportion of roughage led to an increase (P < 0.05) in DMDis (64 vs. 72%), NDFDis (41 vs. 54%), and ADFDis (31 vs. 44%) of the total rations. Inclusion of glycerin resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in DMD (70 vs. 62%) and a reduction (P < 0.05) in CPD (32 vs. 38%) and STD (82 vs. 74%). The diet containing 30% roughage led to higher (P < 0.05) DMD (67 vs. 65%) and CPD (35 vs. 33%) in comparison with the 70% roughage diet, but did not differ (P > 0.05) in STD (78%). Inclusion of glycerin at 20% of the total DM increased the utilisation of dietary DM without affecting the fibrous fraction of the diet. Glycerin supplementation in diets containing 70% roughage improves neutral detergent fibre digestibility.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desaparecimento in vitro de nutrientes e a digestibilidade in vivo de alimentos para bovinos contendo 70 ou 30% de forragem, com e sem suplementação de glicerina. Foram utilizados quatro bovinos Nelore num delineamento quadrado latino 4 × 4 em um esquema fatorial 2 × 2. A inclusão de glicerina e forragem não afetou o desaparecimento de nutrientes dos ingredientes (P > 0,05). Independentemente da inclusão de glicerina, uma redução na proporção de forragem provocou um aumento (P < 0,05) na DesMS (64 vs. 72%), DesFDN (41 versus 54%) e DesFDA (31 vs. 44%) das rações totais. A inclusão de glicerina resultou em um aumento (P < 0,05) na DMS (70 contra 62%) e uma redução (P < 0,05) na DPB (32 vs. 38%) e DAM (82 versus 74%). A dieta contendo 30% de forragem proporcionou maior (P < 0,05) DMS (67 vs. 65%) e DPB (35 versus 33%) em comparação à dieta com 70% de forragem, mas não diferiu (P > 0,05) na DAM (78%). A inclusão de 20% de glicerina aumentou a utilização de MS sem afetar a da fração fibrosa da dieta. A suplementação de glicerina em dietas contendo 70% de forragem melhora a digestibilidade de fibra de detergente neutro.(AU)

Prevalência de placa bacteriana em cães submetidos à alimentação sólida e/ou macia / Prevalence of bacterial plate in dogs submitted to solid and/or soft food

O acúmulo de placa bacteriana na superfície dos dentes é um dos principais fatores que contribui para o aparecimento de doença periodontal. Esta por sua vez, além de gerar inflamação e de infecção tecidual, provocador e eventual perda de dente e podendo acarretar distúrbios sistêmicos. Objetivou-se avaliar a incidência de placa bacteriana em cães de acordo com os hábitos alimentares. Foi calculada a área do dente e da placa bacteriana após impregnação com evidenciador. Animais alimentados com comida úmida apresentaram maior acometimento por placa bacteriana, permitindo concluir que a alimentação influencia diretamente no aparecimento de placa bacteriana.(AU)

The accumulation of bacterial plaque on the surface of the teeth is one of the main factors that contributes to the appearance of periodontal disease. This in turn, generate inflammation and tissue infection, causes pain and eventual loss of tooth and can lead to systemic disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of bacterial plaque in dogs according to eating habits. The area of the tooth and plaque were calculated after impregnation with evidentiary solution. Animals fed with soft food presented greater impairment by bacterial plaque, allowing to conclude that feeding directly influences the appearance of bacterial plaque.(AU)

Prevalência de placa bacteriana em cães submetidos à alimentação sólida e/ou macia / Prevalence of bacterial plate in dogs submitted to solid and/or soft food

O acúmulo de placa bacteriana na superfície dos dentes é um dos principais fatores que contribui para o aparecimento de doença periodontal. Esta por sua vez, além de gerar inflamação e de infecção tecidual, provocador e eventual perda de dente e podendo acarretar distúrbios sistêmicos. Objetivou-se avaliar a incidência de placa bacteriana em cães de acordo com os hábitos alimentares. Foi calculada a área do dente e da placa bacteriana após impregnação com evidenciador. Animais alimentados com comida úmida apresentaram maior acometimento por placa bacteriana, permitindo concluir que a alimentação influencia diretamente no aparecimento de placa bacteriana.

The accumulation of bacterial plaque on the surface of the teeth is one of the main factors that contributes to the appearance of periodontal disease. This in turn, generate inflammation and tissue infection, causes pain and eventual loss of tooth and can lead to systemic disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of bacterial plaque in dogs according to eating habits. The area of the tooth and plaque were calculated after impregnation with evidentiary solution. Animals fed with soft food presented greater impairment by bacterial plaque, allowing to conclude that feeding directly influences the appearance of bacterial plaque.

Desempenho de frangos de pescoço pelado alimentados com farelo de crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) / Performance of broiler chicken naked necks fed with crambe meal (Crambe abyssinica Hochst)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed with different levels of crambe meal in replacement of soybean meal. 240 chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design in four treatments and four replicates. The treatments were the four levels of crambe meal: 0; 4.37; 8.75 and 17.50%. Chickens fed rations containing the test feed consumed larger amounts of feed and had the lowest weight gains, resulting in the worst feed conversion. The diets free from crambe meal resulted in the highest carcass weights. The inclusion of crambe meal in the chick diet, regardless of the amount tested, affected the amount of fat in the carcass, but did not affect the rest of its chemical composition. The use of crambe meal in natura as a substitute for soybean meal in broiler naked neck diets is not feasible at the dosages used, since it affects the availability of nutrients present in the diet, increasing feed intake, impairing feed conversion and result in lighter carcasses.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e características de carcaça de frangos de corte da linhagem de pescoço pelado alimentados com diferentes níveis de farelo de crambe em substituição ao farelo de soja. Foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado 240 pintainhos em quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram os quatro níveis de farelo de crambe: 0; 4,37; 8,75 e 17,50 %. Os frangos alimentados com rações contendo o farelo de crambe consumiram maiores quantidades de ração e apresentaram os menores ganhos de peso, resultando nas piores conversões alimentares. A dieta isenta de farelo de crambe resultou no maior peso de carcaça. A inclusão de farelo de crambe na dieta dos frangos, independente da quantidade testada, afetou a quantidade de gordura da carcaça, porém não afetou o restante de sua composição química. A utilização do farelo de crambe in natura em substituição ao farelo de soja em dietas de frangos de corte de pescoço pelado é inviável nas dosagens utilizadas, por afetar a disponibilidade dos nutrientes presentes na dieta, aumentando o consumo de ração, prejudicando a conversão alimentar e por resultar em carcaças mais leves.(AU)

Desempenho de frangos de pescoço pelado alimentados com farelo de crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) / Performance of broiler chicken naked necks fed with crambe meal (Crambe abyssinica Hochst)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed with different levels of crambe meal in replacement of soybean meal. 240 chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design in four treatments and four replicates. The treatments were the four levels of crambe meal: 0; 4.37; 8.75 and 17.50%. Chickens fed rations containing the test feed consumed larger amounts of feed and had the lowest weight gains, resulting in the worst feed conversion. The diets free from crambe meal resulted in the highest carcass weights. The inclusion of crambe meal in the chick diet, regardless of the amount tested, affected the amount of fat in the carcass, but did not affect the rest of its chemical composition. The use of crambe meal in natura as a substitute for soybean meal in broiler naked neck diets is not feasible at the dosages used, since it affects the availability of nutrients present in the diet, increasing feed intake, impairing feed conversion and result in lighter carcasses.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e características de carcaça de frangos de corte da linhagem de pescoço pelado alimentados com diferentes níveis de farelo de crambe em substituição ao farelo de soja. Foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado 240 pintainhos em quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram os quatro níveis de farelo de crambe: 0; 4,37; 8,75 e 17,50 %. Os frangos alimentados com rações contendo o farelo de crambe consumiram maiores quantidades de ração e apresentaram os menores ganhos de peso, resultando nas piores conversões alimentares. A dieta isenta de farelo de crambe resultou no maior peso de carcaça. A inclusão de farelo de crambe na dieta dos frangos, independente da quantidade testada, afetou a quantidade de gordura da carcaça, porém não afetou o restante de sua composição química. A utilização do farelo de crambe in natura em substituição ao farelo de soja em dietas de frangos de corte de pescoço pelado é inviável nas dosagens utilizadas, por afetar a disponibilidade dos nutrientes presentes na dieta, aumentando o consumo de ração, prejudicando a conversão alimentar e por resultar em carcaças mais leves.

Effects of the inclusion of glycerin in diets containing 30 or 70% roughage on feed disappearance and digestibility / Efeito da inclusão de glicerina em dietas contendo 30 ou 70% de forragem sobre o desaparecimento e a digestibilidade de alimentos

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro nutrient disappearance and in vivo nutrient digestibility of cattle diets containing 70 or 30% roughage, with and without glycerin supplementation. Four Nellore cattle were used in the study based on a 4 × 4 Latin Square design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Inclusion of glycerin and roughage proportion did not affect the nutrient disappearance of each ingredient (P > 0.05). Regardless of the inclusion of glycerin, a reduction in the proportion of roughage led to an increase (P 0.05) in STD (78%). Inclusion of glycerin at 20% of the total DM increased the utilisation of dietary DM without affecting the fibrous fraction of the diet. Glycerin supplementation in diets containing 70% roughage improves neutral detergent fibre digestibility.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desaparecimento in vitro de nutrientes e a digestibilidade in vivo de alimentos para bovinos contendo 70 ou 30% de forragem, com e sem suplementação de glicerina. Foram utilizados quatro bovinos Nelore num delineamento quadrado latino 4 × 4 em um esquema fatorial 2 × 2. A inclusão de glicerina e forragem não afetou o desaparecimento de nutrientes dos ingredientes (P > 0,05). Independentemente da inclusão de glicerina, uma redução na proporção de forragem provocou um aumento (P 0,05) na DAM (78%). A inclusão de 20% de glicerina aumentou a utilização de MS sem afetar a da fração fibrosa da dieta. A suplementação de glicerina em dietas contendo 70% de forragem melhora a digestibilidade de fibra de detergente neutro.

Análisis de la relación entre la proporción áurea y el parámetro facial / Analysis of the relation between the golden ratio and the facial parameter

Introducción: la habilidad clínica para modificar la forma dentofacial a través del tratamiento ortodóntico, cirugía maxilofacial o cirugía plástica, requiere comprensión de la belleza facial, incluyendo la evaluación de la estética facial, proporciones y simetría. Objetivo: analizar la relación entre los componentes de la proporción áurea con el parámetro facial de estudiantes en la provincia Chiclayo. Métodos: la población de estudio fue representada por 88 estudiantes que cumplieron con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: edad entre 17-28 años, ambos sexos, sin tratamiento ortodóntico, con maloclusión clase I y dentición completa. Se diseñó una ficha de recolección de datos para medidas antropométricas craneofaciales. Se calibraron los examinadores, se evaluó la estabilidad de la concordancia intra e interexaminador mediante el coeficiente Kappa de Cohen. Para el contraste de la hipótesis se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación chi cuadrado. Para todas las pruebas estadísticas el nivel de significancia fue de 5 por ciento (p< 0,05). Resultados: se observó que el 65,91 por ciento del total de pacientes presentaban proporción divina en su dimensión externa, 48,86 por ciento son braquifaciales, 13,64 por ciento mesofaciales, 3,41 por ciento dolicofaciales, y el 57,95 por ciento del total presentaban proporción divina en su relación vertical, 42,05 por ciento son braquifaciales, 10,23 por ciento mesofaciales y 5,68 por ciento dolicofaciales. En cuanto al perfil armónico, el 70,45 por ciento del total de pacientes no presenta proporción divina, de los cuales el 53,41 por ciento son braquifaciales, 10,23 por ciento son mesofaciales y 6,82 por ciento son dolicofaciales. Conclusiones: solo existe relación entre la proporción áurea en su componente de dimensión externa con el parámetro facial. La proporción áurea se cumplió en todos sus componentes, en un mayor porcentaje en los individuos braquifaciales y hubo predominio de la proporción áurea en el sexo femenino(AU)

Introduction: the clinical ability to modify the dentofacial form through orthodontic treatment, maxillofacial surgery, or plastic surgery requires an understanding of facial beauty, including the evaluation of facial aesthetics, proportions, and symmetry. Objective: to analyze the relationship between the components of the golden ratio and the facial parameter of students in the province of Chiclayo. Methods: the study population was represented by 88 students who met the following inclusion criteria: age between 17 and 28 years, both sexes, without orthodontic treatment, with class I malocclusion and complete dentition. A data collection form for craniofacial anthropometric measurements was designed. The examiners were calibrated, the stability of the intra- and inter-rater concordance was evaluated using the Cohen's Kappa coefficient. For the contrast of the hypothesis, the correlation coefficient square chi was used. For all statistical tests, the level of significance was 5 percent (p< 0.05). Results: 65.91 percent of all the patients were observed to have a divine proportion in their external dimension: 48.86 percent are brachifacial, 13.64 percent mesofacial, and 3.41 percent dolichofacial. 57.95 percent of the total number of patients presented divine proportion in its vertical relation: 42.05 percent are brachifacial, 10.23 percent mesofacial, and 5.68 percent dolichofacial. Regarding the harmonic profile, 70.45 percent of the total number of patients did not present a divine proportion: 53.41 percent are brachifacial, 10.23 percent are mesofacial, and 6.82 percent are dolichofacial. Conclusions: there is only a relationship between the golden ratio in its external dimension component and the facial parameter. The golden ratio was fulfilled in all its components, in a greater percentage in the brachifacial individuals, and there was a predominance of the golden ratio in the female sex(AU)