The complete mitochondrial genome of the red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius Spix 1824).

In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of the red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius). The compete mitochondrial genome of C. carbonarius is 16,639 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. The mitogenome was deposited in NCBI GenBank under the accession number OQ789392. Furthermore, we also constructed a phylogenetic tree of Chelonoidis using eight species. These results will aid the conservation of Chelonoidis from the perspective of genetic evolution.

Gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes in pet red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) from Grenada, West Indies.

This study identifies the endoparasites in Red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) during March 2018 to March 2019 from Grenada, West Indies. Fecal samples from a total of 103 tortoises were collected and examined by simple fecal floatation techniques for parasitic eggs and oocysts. Adult parasites found in the feces were examined under the microscope for identification based on their morphology. Fecal samples for this research were collected from four parishes; St. Andrew, St George, St. John and St. Patrick. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites among tortoises was 14.6%. The internal parasites consisted of nematodes belonging to three genera: Atractis, Labiduris and Proatractis. The most prevalent nematodes were Atractis spp. (86.7%), which included two species: A. thapari (7.7%) and A. marquezi (15.4%) followed by Labiduris gulosa (20%) and Proatractis parvicapiticaronata (13.3%). All nematodes of three genera found in red-footed tortoises in Grenada are reported for the first time. They are not zoonotic but are serious pathogens for tortoises.

A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF PROLONGED ABSORPTION RATE OF PONAZURIL IN RED-FOOTED TORTOISES, CHELONOIDIS CARBONARIA.

Coccidial disease is significant in tortoises; Testudines intranuclear coccidiosis (TINC), caused by an unnamed coccidia, causes high mortality in diverse tortoise species. There is a lack of information on anticoccidial drugs in tortoises. The drug ponazuril has demonstrated efficacy in treating mammals infected with similar coccidial disease. Previous empirical use of ponazuril in TINC cases suggests that it may be an effective treatment. In this study, 20 mg/kg of ponazuril was orally administered to tortoises with the goal of achieving blood concentrations known to be effective for anticoccidial therapy in mammals. Ponazuril was measured in tortoise plasma, and noncompartmental analyses of pharmacokinetic parameters were attempted. Ponazuril in these tortoises did not achieve the desired concentrations known to be effective for anticoccidial treatment in mammals. Tortoises showed prolonged oral absorption, and despite sampling for 168 hr (1 wk), a terminal elimination rate constant and half-life were not able to be determined. Additional studies are needed to fully characterize ponazuril pharmacokinetics in red-footed tortoises. The optimal dose for treating TINC remains to be determined.

EXTENSION OF THE KNOWN HOST RANGE OF INTRANUCLEAR COCCIDIOSIS: INFECTION IN THREE CAPTIVE RED-FOOTED TORTOISES ( CHELONOIDIS CARBONARIA).

The intranuclear coccidian parasite of Testudines (TINC) is an emerging pathogen of tortoises. Three captive red-footed tortoises ( Chelonoidis carbonaria) from an isolated collection presented with multiple acute, nonspecific clinical signs. One tortoise died and was diagnosed with intranuclear coccidiosis on histopathology with confirmation by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition to tissues where TINC has been previously described, coccidia were identified in the pineal gland, choroid plexus, and testicular Sertoli cells. The two remaining tortoises survived after treatment with oral ponazuril (20 mg/kg every 48 hr for 56 days) and remained asymptomatic, although not cleared of infection, for 21 months, as the number of coccidian gene copies detected by qPCR was reduced in one tortoise. This report extends the known host range of this parasite to continental South American tortoises, describes new sites of infection by histopathology, and has management implications for this disease.

Prevalence of Haemoproteus spp. (Apicomplexa: Haemoproteidae) in tortoises in Brazil and its molecular phylogeny.

Captive terrestrial tortoises of the species Chelonoidis carbonaria (n = 17) and Chelonoidis denticulata (n = 37) in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, were examined for hematozoans by using a combination of microscopic and molecular methods. Microscopic examination revealed young intra-erythrocytic forms in blood smears from both species of tortoises. The results of PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these parasites belonged to the Haemoproteus spp., whose observed prevalence was 17.6 % in C. carbonaria and 13.5 % in C. denticulata. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these sequences formed a clade that was grouped with other sequences of Haemoproteus spp. parasites in birds, separate from the clade formed by Haemoproteus spp. of reptiles. This study expands the information regarding the occurrence and distribution of hemosporidia in turtles and is the first study of blood parasites in C. carbonaria.

USE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR INVESTIGATION OF HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS IN CAPTIVE CHELONOIDIS CARBONARIA (SPIX, 1824).

Computed tomography is a sensitive and highly applicable technique for determining the degree of radiographic attenuation of the hepatic parenchyma. Radiodensity measurements of the liver can help in the diagnosis of hepatic lipidosis in humans and animals. The objective was to investigate the presence of hepatic lipidosis in captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) using computed tomography. Computed tomography was performed in 10 male red-footed tortoises. Mean radiographic attenuation values for the hepatic parenchyma were 11.2±3.0 Hounsfield units (HU). Seven red-footed tortoises had values lower than 20 HU, which is compatible with C. carbonaria hepatic lipidosis. These results allowed an early diagnosis of the hepatic changes and suggested corrective measures regarding feeding and management protocols.

Ophthalmic diagnostic tests in captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) in Salvador, northeast Brazil.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to establish normal ophthalmic parameters for select diagnostic tests in red-footed tortoises (Chelonoides carbonaria). A total of 52 animals, approximately 20-30 years old, were studied. METHOD: Ophthalmic diagnostic tests included culturing of the normal conjunctival bacterial flora in summer and winter, evaluation of tear production using Schirmer tear test (STT) and endodontic absorbent paper point tear test in two different environmental temperatures (EAPPTT-1 at 32 °C and EAPPTT-2 at 18 °C), cytology of conjunctival cells, B-mode ultrasonography, measurement of palpebral fissure length (PFL), and applanation tonometry (in two different positions). RESULTS: In both seasons, Gram-positive bacteria were predominant. Median (± IQR/2) STT was 12.0 ± 3.5 mm/min, EAPPTT-1 was 15.9 ± 0.7 mm/15 s, and EAPPTT-2 was 15.4 ± 0.4 mm/min (OD) and 17.8 ± 1.0 mm/min (OS). Anterior chamber depth was 1.0 ± 0.1 mm, lens axial length was 2.3 ± 0.1 mm, vitreous chamber depth was 4.3 ± 0.2 mm, and axial globe length was 7.7 ± 0.3 mm. PFL was 11.7 ± 1.7 mm. Intraocular pressure was 11.5 ± 2.8 mmHg for males and 14.0 ± 3.5 mmHg for females (dorsoventral position) and 18.0 ± 3.2 mmHg for males and 24.1 ± 3.0 mmHg for females (ventrodorsal position with inclination of 45°). The ophthalmic parameters reported here can aid in the diagnosis of eye diseases in red-footed tortoises (Chelonoides carbonaria).

Site fidelity and movement of Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix, 1824) (Testudinidae) in cocoa plantations in southeastern Brazil / Estabelecimento e movimentação de Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix, 1824) (Testudinidae) em áreas de plantação de cacau no sudeste do Brasil

Red-footed Tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria Spix, 1824) raised as pets and voluntarily handed over to environmental officers by their owners or apprehended by officers represent a large contingent of animals that overfill triage centres in Brazil. There is no consensus on the fate of these animals, and their numbers continue growing. In this study, we evaluated the movement patterns of C. carbonaria originating from triage centres in areas of cocoa plantations and forest remnants to define their home range and dispersion. After 120 days of quarantine and acclimatisation, eight C. carbonaria adults were released and monitored via radio telemetry for 10 months. The radio transmitters of two individuals presented problems, and consequently, it was not possible to track these individuals. Five individuals remained in an area of 7.75 ha 10 months after release, avoiding contact with humans after the first three months. The greatest problems were the proximity of individuals to inhabited areas in the first three months after release, the death of two individuals, and the escape of one individual. After the experiment, the animals were sent back to the triage centre. Our results suggest that a proportion of the animals in the triage centres are able to survive in natural conditions. Considering their survival and fidelity to the release site, the translocation of animals described herein should be considered partially successful. However, if this measure is adopted, it must be preceded by studies of the animals' origins and by a rigorous genetic, sanitary and behavioural analysis of each individual.

Jabutis criados como animais de estimação entregues voluntariamente por seus donos ou apreendidos pelos agentes ambientais formam um grande contingente de animais que lotam os centros de triagem nas diversas regiões do Brasil. Não existe um consenso sobre o destino destes animais e os seus números continuam a crescer. Neste estudo avaliamos os deslocamentos de Chelonoidis carbonaria oriundos de centros de triagem em áreas de plantio de cacau e de remanescentes florestais buscando levantar a área de vida e a dispersão dos indivíduos. Após um período de quarentena e aclimatação de 120 dias 10 indivíduos adultos de C. carbonaria foram soltos e monitorados por radiotelemetria durante 10 meses. Os radiotransmissores de dois indivíduos apresentaram problemas não sendo possível acompanha-los. Cinco indivíduos permaneceram na área após 10 meses de soltura evitando, após os três meses iniciais, o contato com os humanos e vivendo em uma área de até 7,75 ha. Os principais problemas verificados foram a aproximação dos indivíduos das áreas habitadas nos três primeiros meses após a soltura, a morte de dois indivíduos e a dispersão de outro. Ao final do experimento os animais foram devolvidos ao centro de triagem de origem. Nossos resultados sugerem que uma parcela dos animais dos centros de triagem apresenta condições sobreviver em condições naturais. Considerando a sobrevivência e a fidelidade à área de soltura uma possível translocação poderia apresentar um sucesso parcial. Esta medida, entretanto, caso seja adotada, deve ser precedida de estudos sobre a origem dos animais e de uma rigorosa análise genética, sanitária e comportamental de cada indivíduo.

Site fidelity and movement of Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix, 1824) (Testudinidae) in cocoa plantations in southeastern Brazil

Red-footed Tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonariaSpix, 1824) raised as pets and voluntarily handed over to environmental officers by their owners or apprehended by officers represent a large contingent of animals that overfill triage centres in Brazil. There is no consensus on the fate of these animals, and their numbers continue growing. In this study, we evaluated the movement patterns of C. carbonaria originating from triage centres in areas of cocoa plantations and forest remnants to define their home range and dispersion. After 120 days of quarantine and acclimatisation, eight C. carbonaria adults were released and monitored via radio telemetry for 10 months. The radio transmitters of two individuals presented problems, and consequently, it was not possible to track these individuals. Five individuals remained in an area of 7.75 ha 10 months after release, avoiding contact with humans after the first three months. The greatest problems were the proximity of individuals to inhabited areas in the first three months after release, the death of two individuals, and the escape of one individual. After the experiment, the animals were sent back to the triage centre. Our results suggest that a proportion of the animals in the triage centres are able to survive in natural conditions. Considering their survival and fidelity to the release site, the translocation of animals described herein should be considered partially successful. However, if this measure is adopted, it must be preceded by studies of the animals' origins and by a rigorous genetic, sanitary and behavioural analysis of each individual.

Jabutis criados como animais de estimação entregues voluntariamente por seus donos ou apreendidos pelos agentes ambientais formam um grande contingente de animais que lotam os centros de triagem nas diversas regiões do Brasil. Não existe um consenso sobre o destino destes animais e os seus números continuam a crescer. Neste estudo avaliamos os deslocamentos de Chelonoidis carbonaria oriundos de centros de triagem em áreas de plantio de cacau e de remanescentes florestais buscando levantar a área de vida e a dispersão dos indivíduos. Após um período de quarentena e aclimatação de 120 dias 10 indivíduos adultos de C. carbonaria foram soltos e monitorados por radiotelemetria durante 10 meses. Os radiotransmissores de dois indivíduos apresentaram problemas não sendo possível acompanha-los. Cinco indivíduos permaneceram na área após 10 meses de soltura evitando, após os três meses iniciais, o contato com os humanos e vivendo em uma área de até 7,75 ha. Os principais problemas verificados foram a aproximação dos indivíduos das áreas habitadas nos três primeiros meses após a soltura, a morte de dois indivíduos e a dispersão de outro. Ao final do experimento os animais foram devolvidos ao centro de triagem de origem. Nossos resultados sugerem que uma parcela dos animais dos centros de triagem apresenta condições sobreviver em condições naturais. Considerando a sobrevivência e a fidelidade à área de soltura uma possível translocação poderia apresentar um sucesso parcial. Esta medida, entretanto, caso seja adotada, deve ser precedida de estudos sobre a origem dos animais e de uma rigorosa análise genética, sanitária e comportamental de cada indivíduo.

Morphology and topographic anatomy of the spinal cord of the red-footed tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria Spix, 1824) / Morfologia e anatomia topográfica da medula espinal de jabuti das "patas vermelhas" (Geochelone carbonaria Spix, 1824)

The aim of this study was to describe the topography of the spinal cord of the red-footed tortoise to establish a morphological basis for applied research in anesthesiology and morphology. Six tortoises from the state of Maranhão (Brazil) that had died of natural causes were used. The common carotid artery was used to perfuse the arterial system with saline solution (heated to 37ºC) and to fix the material with a 20 percent formaldehyde solution. The specimens were then placed in a modified decalcifying solution for 72 hours to allow dorsal opening of the carapace with a chisel and an orthopedic hammer. Dissection of the dorsal musculature and sectioning of the vertebral arches were performed to access the spinal cord. The results revealed the spinal cord of G. carbonaria to be an elongated, whitish mass that reached the articulation between the penultimate and last caudal vertebrae. The cervical intumescence (Intumescentia cervicalis) was located between vertebral segments C5 and T1, whereas the lumbosacral intumescence (Intumescentia lumbalis) was located between T6 and Ca1.

Objetivou-se com este estudo descrever a topografia da medula espinhal do jabuti de "patas vermelhas" no intuito de estabelecer bases morfológicas para a investigação aplicada em morfologia, anestesiologia e cirurgia animal. Foram utilizados seis animais adultos, provenientes do Estado de Maranhão (Brasil), os quais haviam ido a óbito por causas naturais. A artéria carótida comum foi canulada e utilizada para perfusão do sistema arterial com solução salina (aquecida a 37ºC) e para fixação do material com uma solução de formol a 20 por cento. Os animais foram então colocados em uma solução descalcificadora modificada por 72 horas, o que facilitou a abertura dorsal da carapaça com um cizel e um martelo ortopédico. Em seguida, foi realizada a dissecação da musculatura dorsal e secção dos arcos vertebrais para acesso a medula espinal. Os resultados revelaram a medula espinhal de Geochelone carbonaria como uma massa alongada, esbranquiçada, que se estende até a articulação entre penúltima e última vértebra caudal. A intumescência cervical (Intumescentia cervicalis) foi localizada entre os segmentos vertebrais de C5 e T1, enquanto que a intumescência lombossacral (Intumescentia lumbalis) foi localizada entre os segmentos vertebrais de T6 e Ca1.