Experiencias de las brigadas del Contingente Henry Reeve en Ciudad de México, 2021 / Experiences of the Henry Reeve Contingent ́s Brigades in Mexico City, 2021

Durante el enfrentamiento a la pandemia de COVID-19, más de 40 países recibieron la ayuda solidaria de Cuba a través de las brigadas del Contingente Henry Reeve, ejemplo de esto fue su participación en México entre diciembre 2020 y abril de 2021. Con el objetivo de exponer las experiencias de las brigadas médicas cubanas del Contingente Henry Reeve durante el enfrentamiento de la epidemia de la COVID-19 en la Ciudad de México desde diciembre de 2020 hasta abril de 2021, se relatan algunos desafíos enfrentados por el equipo de cooperación médica internacional cubano durante tres meses de intensa labor que gracias, además, a la estrecha colaboración de las autoridades sanitarias y sociales, la Secretaría de Defensa, y la Secretaría de Marina mexicanas les permitió aumentar sus conocimientos sobre bioseguridad y de enfrentamiento a situaciones de graves epidemias en hospitales de campaña. Así alcanzó una eficiente respuesta con 1700 vidas salvadas. La labor desempeñada por las brigadas sanitarias cubanas junto al personal de salud mexicano permitió brindar atención de calidad a los enfermos de COVID-19 y fortalecer los lazos de hermandad entre ambos pueblos(AU)

During the confrontation to the COVID-19 pandemic, more than 40 countries received solidarity aid from Cuba through the brigades of the Henry Reeve Contingent, and an example of this was their presence in Mexico from December 2020 to April 2021. With the objective of showing the experiences of the Cuban medical brigades of the Henry Reeve Contingent during the confrontation of COVID-19 epidemic in Mexico City from December 2020 to April 2021, some challenges faced by the Cuban international medical cooperation team during 3 months of intense work are reported thanks to, in addition, the close collaboration of the health and social authorities, the Ministry of Defense, and the Mexican Ministry of the Navy, that allowed health workers to increase their knowledge about biosecurity and dealing with situations of serious epidemics in field hospitals. Thus, the efforts reached an efficient response with 1700 lives saved. The work carried out by the Cuban health brigades together with Mexican health personnel allowed to provide quality care to those sick with COVID-19 and strengthen the bonds of brotherhood between both peoples(AU)

Hibernation in Reeves' Turtles (Mauremys reevesii) in Qichun County, Hubei Province, China: Hibernation Beginning and End and Habitat Selection.

Hibernation protects turtles from extreme winter conditions. Reeves' turtle (Mauremys reevesii) is a medium-sized aquatic turtle that lives in freshwater habitats in lowland areas with still or slowly moving water. Currently, little is known regarding its overwintering behavior. In the current study, 20 Reeves' turtles from the wild were investigated using radiotelemetry in the field to determine the beginning and end dates of, and habitat selected for, hibernation. Hibernation began in late October 2021 and arousal began in March 2022. Reeves' turtles do not appear to be limited in their selection of suitable hibernation habitats, which included fish ponds, abandoned ponds (ponds not being used for farming), marshes, and abandoned fields (fields not being used for farming). In the aquatic hibernation habitats, only herbage cover was significantly different between the selected and random habitats (t = 2.525, df = 9, p = 0.033). In the terrestrial hibernation habitats, there were significant differences in the canopy (Z = -2.201, p = 0.028), slope gradient (Z = -2.032, p = 0.042), herbage cover (Z = -2.379, p = 0.017), and distance from the habitat edge (Z = -2.524, p = 0.012) between the selected and random habitats. This indicates that Reeves' turtles prefer to hibernate at the soft edges of flat habitats with low canopy and high herbage cover when hibernating in terrestrial habitats and prefer to hibernate at sites with high herbage cover when hibernating in aquatic habitats. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate hibernation in wild Reeves' turtles in the field, and the results identify key ecological variables correlated with habitat selection during hibernation. This knowledge could inform local conservation measures related to farming activities.

Experiencia de la Brigada Médica Cubana "Henry Reeve" en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19 en Sudáfrica

RESUMEN Introducción: Sudáfrica, nación más afectada por el SARS-CoV-2 en África, solicitó ayuda médica a Cuba. El Contingente Internacional de Médicos Especializados en Situaciones de Desastres y Graves Epidemias "Henry Reeve" envió una brigada para reforzar la colaboración médica. Objetivo: Describir la composición del grupo, actividades asistenciales realizadas, experiencia e impacto del trabajo de la Brigada Médica Cubana "Henry Reeve" en Sudáfrica para el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19 y otros problemas de salud. Método: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal, entre abril 2020 y mayo 2021. Se confeccionaron instrumentos para la recolección de la información diaria y semanal, así como el modelo 241-492 del Minsap con periodicidad mensual. Resultados: La brigada estuvo conformada por 184 colaboradores: 114 médicos (62,0 %) y 70 licenciados y técnicos de salud (38,0 %). Predominó el sexo masculino (61,4 %) y la edad promedio fue de 43 años. Fueron atendidos más de 255 940 pacientes, de ellos, 116 234 relacionados con la COVID-19. Se realizaron 1 294 intervenciones quirúrgicas, 320 partos y 44 692 procederes de enfermería; lo que contribuyó a salvarle la vida a 1 519 pacientes, entre ellos el 66 % fue positivo a COVID-19. Se lamentó el fallecimiento de 643 pacientes, el 97 % por complicaciones de dicha enfermedad. Se destacó el trabajo realizado por epidemiólogos, electromédicos, bioestadísticos y farmacéuticos. Conclusiones: Se reconoce la meritoria labor desempeñada por la Brigada Médica Cubana "Henry Reeve" en el enfrentamiento a la COVID-19 y su contribución en instituciones del Sistema Nacional de Salud de Sudáfrica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: South Africa, the nation most affected by SARS-CoV-2 in Africa, requested medical assistance from Cuba. The Henry Reeve International Contingent of Specialized Doctors in Disaster Situations and Serious Epidemics sent a brigade to strengthen medical collaboration. Objective: Review the composition of the group, the assistance activities carried out, experience and impact of the work supported by the "Henry Reeve" Cuban Medical Brigade in South Africa to confront COVID-19 and other health problems. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out between April 2020 and May 2021. Some instruments were built to collect daily and weekly information, as well as the Minsap model 241-492 with monthly periodicity. Results: The brigade was made up of 184 collaborators: 114 physicians (62.0%) and 70 health technicians and graduates (38.0%). Sex male was predominant (61.4%) and the average age was 43 years. More than 255,940 patients were attended at the field hospital, of which 116,234 were COVID-19 confirmed patients. A total of 1,294 surgical interventions, 320 deliveries and 44,692 nursing procedures were performed, which contributed to saving the lives of 1,519 patients, 66% of whom were COVID-19 positive. The death of 643 patients was regretted, 97% of them due to disease complications. The work carried out by epidemiologists, medical equipment maintenance specialists, biostatisticians and pharmacists was highlighted. Conclusions: The meritorious work carried out by the "Henry Reeve" Cuban Medical Brigade in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and its support to health institutions of the South African National Health System is acknowledged.

RESUMO Introdução: A África do Sul, a nação mais afetada pelo SARS-CoV-2 na África, solicitou ajuda médica de Cuba. O Contingente Internacional de Médicos Especializados em Situações de Desastre e Epidemias Graves "Henry Reeve" enviou uma brigada para reforçar a colaboração médica. Objetivo: Descrever a composição do grupo, as atividades assistenciais realizadas, a experiência e o impacto do trabalho da Brigada Médica Cubana "Henry Reeve" na África do Sul para enfrentar o COVID-19 e outros agravos à saúde. Método: Pesquisa descritiva transversal realizada entre abril de 2020 e maio de 2021. Foram confeccionados instrumentos de coleta de informações diárias e semanais, bem como o modelo Minsap 241-492 com periodicidade mensal. Resultados: A brigada era composta por 184 colaboradores: 114 médicos (62,0%) e 70 graduados e técnicos em saúde (38,0%). Predominou o sexo masculino (61,4%) e a média de idade foi de 43 anos. Mais de 255.940 pacientes foram tratados, deles 116.234 relacionados ao COVID-19. Foram realizadas 1.294 intervenções cirúrgicas, 320 partos e 44.692 procedimentos de enfermagem; o que contribuiu para salvar a vida de 1.519 pacientes, entre eles 66% eram positivos para COVID-19. A morte de 643 pacientes foi lamentada, 97% devido a complicações desta doença. O trabalho realizado por epidemiologistas, eletromédicos, bioestatísticos e farmacêuticos foi destaque. Conclusões: É reconhecido o meritório trabalho realizado pela Brigada Médica Cubana "Henry Reeve" no enfrentamento ao COVID-19 e sua contribuição às instituições do Sistema Nacional de Saúde da África do Sul.

α-Geminal disubstituted pyrrolidine iminosugars and their C-4-fluoro analogues: Synthesis, glycosidase inhibition and molecular docking studies.

A simple strategy for the synthesis of α-geminal disubstituted pyrrolidine iminosugars 3a-c and their C-4 fluorinated derivatives 4a-c has been described from d-glucose. The methodology involves the Corey-Link and Jocic-Reeve reaction with 3-oxo-α-d-glucofuranose and nucleophilic displacement reaction to get the furanose fused pyrrolidine ring skeleton with requisite CH2OH/CO2H functionalities at C-3. The fluorine substituent in target molecules was introduced by nucleophilic displacement of -OTf in 9a/9c with CsF. Appropriate manipulation of the anomeric carbon in the furanose fused pyrrolidine ring skeleton afforded α-geminal disubstituted pyrrolidine iminosugars 3a-c and C-4 fluoro derivatives 4a-c. The pyrrolidine iminosugars 3a and 3c were found to be potent inhibitors of α-galactosidase while, the fluoro derivatives 4a and 4b showed strong inhibition of ß-glucosidase and ß-galactosidase, respectively. These results were substantiated by in silico molecular docking studies.

MANAGEMENT OF A REEVE'S MUNTJAC ( MUNTIACUS REEVESI) WITH SEIZURES USING LEVETIRACETAM.

This report describes the diagnosis and management of idiopathic epilepsy in a 4-yr-old intact female Reeve's muntjac ( Muntiacus reevesi). The patient was initially witnessed to have isolated paroxysmal events consistent with epileptic seizures (altered consciousness, lateral recumbency, tonic/clonic movement of limbs) lasting less than 3 min with an immediate return to normal consciousness. The seizure frequency increased to >3 seizures within 24 hr and phenobarbital 3 mg/kg orally every 12 hr was started. Because of continued epileptic seizures and low serum phenobarbital levels, the dose was increased until significant elevations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were detected. Levetiracetam 40 mg/kg orally every 12 hr was initiated and the phenobarbital was weaned and discontinued. One breakthrough seizure has been witnessed in the 10 mo since starting levetiracetam.

Henry M. Reeve Carrol y Santiago F. Ramón y Cajal en la Guerra de 1868 / Henry M. Reeve Carrol and Santiago F. Ramón y Cajal during 1868 War

La Guerra de los Diez Años (1868-1878) fue la primera gesta patriótica de los cubanos por su liberación del colonialismo español. En ella participaron decenas de miles de militares españoles, entre soldados y oficiales de diferentes grados. También participaron, como gesto de sincera solidaridad, muchos norteamericanos atraídos por la causa anticolonial y antiesclavista por la que peleaban los cubanos. Entre los que vinieron de otras tierras a pelear en aquella patriótica contienda, hay dos cuya preeminencia trasciende en el tiempo y alcanzan la eternidad. Cada uno dejó un legado para generaciones de cubanos, para los que eternamente estarán presentes. Henry M. Reeve Carrol y Santiago F. Ramón y Cajal, combatieron en ejércitos contrarios, el primero como jefe militar, el segundo como médico militar. La coincidencia en un mismo periodo de la guerra y en el propio teatro de operaciones militares en tierras camagüeyanas lleva a una interrogante ¿pudieron participar en enfrentamiento militar? Con el propósito de esclarecer la incógnita se realizó un análisis de fuentes bibliográficas disponibles para profundizar en un tema no tratado con anterioridad. Se corroboró por los datos consultados que sí, fue posible. Los resultados son inéditos, por no haber referencias anteriores que establezcan este vínculo entre Cajal y Reeve durante la primera guerra de los cubanos por su independencia. A pesar de servir en ejércitos y causas opuestas, comparten valores éticos y patrióticos que son reconocidos por los cubanos.

The Guerra de los Diez Años (Ten-Year-War; 1868-1878) was the first patriotic deeds of Cubans for liberation from Spanish colonialism. Thousands of Spanish soldiers, including soldiers and officers of different ranks, took part in it. Many North Americans also participated, as a gesture of sincere solidarity, attracted by the anti-colonial and anti-slavery cause for which Cubans fought. Two men came from other lands to fight in this patriotic war. Their prominence transcends time and reach eternity. Each of them left a legacy for generations of Cubans, so they will forever be present. Henry M. Reeve Carrol and Santiago F. Ramon y Cajal fought in opposing armies, the first one as a military commander, the second as a military doctor. The coincidence in the war same period and theater of military operations in Camaguey land leads to a question: Could they engage in military confrontation? Analysis of available literature sources was conducted in order to clarify the unknown, so deepening an issue not dealt with before. The revised data confirmed it was possible. The results are unpublished, since there is no previous references to establish this link between Cajal and Reeve during the first Cuban war for independence. While serving in armies and opposing causes, they shared ethical and patriotic values that are recognized by the Cubans.

Henry M. Reeve Carrol y Santiago F. Ramón y Cajal en la Guerra de 1868 / Henry M. Reeve Carrol and Santiago F. Ramón y Cajal during 1868 War

La Guerra de los Diez Años (1868-1878) fue la primera gesta patriótica de los cubanos por su liberación del colonialismo español. En ella participaron decenas de miles de militares españoles, entre soldados y oficiales de diferentes grados. También participaron, como gesto de sincera solidaridad, muchos norteamericanos atraídos por la causa anticolonial y antiesclavista por la que peleaban los cubanos. Entre los que vinieron de otras tierras a pelear en aquella patriótica contienda, hay dos cuya preeminencia trasciende en el tiempo y alcanzan la eternidad. Cada uno dejó un legado para generaciones de cubanos, para los que eternamente estarán presentes. Henry M. Reeve Carrol y Santiago F. Ramón y Cajal, combatieron en ejércitos contrarios, el primero como jefe militar, el segundo como médico militar. La coincidencia en un mismo periodo de la guerra y en el propio teatro de operaciones militares en tierras camagüeyanas lleva a una interrogante ¿pudieron participar en enfrentamiento militar? Con el propósito de esclarecer la incógnita se realizó un análisis de fuentes bibliográficas disponibles para profundizar en un tema no tratado con anterioridad. Se corroboró por los datos consultados que sí, fue posible. Los resultados son inéditos, por no haber referencias anteriores que establezcan este vínculo entre Cajal y Reeve durante la primera guerra de los cubanos por su independencia. A pesar de servir en ejércitos y causas opuestas, comparten valores éticos y patrióticos que son reconocidos por los cubanos(AU)

The Guerra de los Diez Años (Ten-Year-War; 1868-1878) was the first patriotic deeds of Cubans for liberation from Spanish colonialism. Thousands of Spanish soldiers, including soldiers and officers of different ranks, took part in it. Many North Americans also participated, as a gesture of sincere solidarity, attracted by the anti-colonial and anti-slavery cause for which Cubans fought. Two men came from other lands to fight in this patriotic war. Their prominence transcends time and reach eternity. Each of them left a legacy for generations of Cubans, so they will forever be present. Henry M. Reeve Carrol and Santiago F. Ramon y Cajal fought in opposing armies, the first one as a military commander, the second as a military doctor. The coincidence in the war same period and theater of military operations in Camaguey land leads to a question: Could they engage in military confrontation? Analysis of available literature sources was conducted in order to clarify the unknown, so deepening an issue not dealt with before. The revised data confirmed it was possible. The results are unpublished, since there is no previous references to establish this link between Cajal and Reeve during the first Cuban war for independence. While serving in armies and opposing causes, they shared ethical and patriotic values that are recognized by the Cubans(AU)

Fidel Castro, actor social fundamental de la más humana de las obras: La Salud Cubana / Fidel Castro, main social actor of the most humane work: Cuban Health System

Fidel Castro ha sido el artífice de muchísimas proezas y logros de la salud Pública Cubana. En el presente trabajo se pretende exaltar el papel protagónico de su pensamiento y para ello se realiza análisis de documentos que avalan el quehacer del mandatario en los diferentes momentos por los que ha decursado la Salud Pública Cubana. Los resultados muestran que Fidel ha sido el actor social principal en el proceso de Formación de Recursos Humanos en Salud y todas las transformaciones que se han producido, incluida la creación de las Escuelas Latinoamericanas de Ciencias Médicas, fue además quien ideó la existencia en Cuba del Programa del Médico de la Familia. Se ilustra el pensamiento internacionalista del líder cubano como rector del quehacer del personal de la Salud en el país y los resultados del trabajo de la Misión Milagros y el Contingente Henry Reeve. Los éxitos en el Sector Salud Cubano tienen como principal referente teórico el pensamiento del Comandante en Jefe. Se recomienda la necesidad de profundizar, durante el proceso de formación, el estudio y aplicación del pensamiento de Fidel.

Fidel Castro has been the architect of many deeds and achievements in the Cuban Public Health System. The present paper was intended to praise the leading role of his thoughts. An analysis of the documents that back up his works during the different moments of the Cuban Public Health System was carried out. Results showed that Fidel Castro has been the main social actor in the process of forming human resources in health assistance and all the transformations of the Cuban Health System. He was the founder of the Latin-American Medical Schools and devised the existence in Cuba of the Family Doctor Program. The thought of the Cuban leader as a rector of the tasks of the Health Personnel into the country and the results of the internationalism with the creation of " Mision Milagro" and "Henry Reeve" Brigade- both his ideas- were also analyzed. The success of the Cuban Health Sector has as a main theoretical referent, the thoughts of the Commander in Chief. It is recommended the need to deepen, during the process of formation, the study and application of Fidel's thoughts.