Effects of source-sink regulation and nodal position of the main crop on the sprouting of regenerated buds and grain yield of ratoon rice.

Ratoon rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the production of a second season rice that utilizes the dormant buds surviving on the stubble left behind after the harvest of the main crop. However, the sprouting mechanism of regenerated buds at separate nodes is rarely reported. Field experiments were conducted to examine the effects of leaf-cutting and spikelet thinning on the sprouting of regenerated buds at the separate node, the contributions of regenerated panicles at the separate node to the total grain yield in the ratoon crop, and the associated mechanism. The results showed that the contribution of separate node yields to the total grain yield in the ratoon crop was D2 (panicles regenerated from the 2nd node from the top) >D3 (panicles regenerated from the 3rd node from the top) >D4 (panicles regenerated from the lower nodes below the 3rd node), and the contribution of D2 and D3 made up approximately 80% of the total yield in the ratoon crop. In addition, the effect of leaf-cutting treatment and spikelet-thinning treatment on the grain yield of ratoon season was mainly realized by regulating the relative contribution rate of D2 and D4 grain yield to the total yield of ratoon season. Further analysis indicated that the sprouting of regenerated buds at the D2 node was mainly affected by the content of CTK, while D3 was mainly regulated by GAs and CTK, and D4 was mainly regulated by ABA and CTK. However, only the CTK content in stems and buds was positively correlated with single bud length and bud number at each nodes. These results indicated that CTK might be the main signal regulating the sprouting of regenerated buds and the grain yield at separate nodes, which might change the transport of assimilates to stems and buds.

Prediction of the Postoperative Bone Regeneration Rate After Mandibular Reduction: From the Perspective of Preoperative Inflammatory and Immune Status.

BACKGROUND: Following mandibular reduction, bone regeneration in the angle region is a problem that can affect facial aesthetics and lead to revision surgery. The bone regeneration rate (BRR) varies between individuals and is difficult to predict. However, studies focusing on preoperative patient-related factors are lacking. As bone regeneration is closely related to the inflammatory and immune status of the organism, according to in vitro and in vivo evidence, preoperative inflammatory indicators were included in this study as potential predictors. METHODS: Demographic and preoperative laboratory data were included as independent variables. The BRR calculated from computed tomography data was included as the dependent variable. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to determine the key factors influencing the BRR. The ROC curves were used to analyse the corresponding predictive efficacy. RESULTS: 23 patients (46 mandibular angles) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The mean bilateral BRR was 23.82 ± 9.90%. Preoperative monocyte count (M) was an independent positive factor for BRR, and age was a negative factor. Only M had a good predictive ability, and its optimal cut-off point to distinguish patients with BRR greater than 30% was 0.305 × 109/L. Other parameters were not significantly correlated with BRR. CONCLUSIONS: Patient age and preoperative M may influence BRR, with M having a positive effect and age having a negative effect. According to the preoperative blood routine tests that are readily available, using the diagnostic threshold (M [Formula: see text] 0.305 × 109/L) derived from this study, surgeons can better predict BRR and identify patients whose BRR is greater than the mean level. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Population, Ecological Footprint and the Sustainable Development Goals.

The Anthropocene can be read as being the era when the demand humanity makes on the biosphere's goods and services-humanity's 'ecological footprint'-vastly exceeds its ability to supply it on a sustainable basis. Because the 'ecological' gap is met by a diminution of the biosphere, the inequality is increasing. We deploy estimates of the ecological gap, global GDP and its growth rates in recent years, and the rate at which natural capital has declined, to study three questions: (1) at what rate must efficiency at which Nature's services are converted into GDP rise if the UN's Sustainable Development Goals for year 2030 are to be sustainable; (2) what would a sustainable figure for world population be if global living standard is to be maintained at an acceptably high level? (3) What living standard could we aspire to if world population was to attain the UN's near lower-end projection for 2100 of 9 billion? While we take a global perspective, the reasoning we deploy may also be applied on a smaller scale. The base year we adopt for our computations is the pre-pandemic 2019.

QTLs Related to Rice Callus Regeneration Ability: Localization and Effect Verification of qPRR3.

Mature and efficient tissue culture systems are already available for most japonica rice varieties (Oryza sativa ssp. geng). However, it remains challenging to regenerate the majority of indica rice varieties (Oryza sativa ssp. xian). In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with rice callus regeneration ability were identified based on the plant regeneration rate (PRR) and total green plant rate (TGPR) of the 93-11 × Nip recombinant inbred line population. Significant positive correlations were found between PRR and TGPR. A total of three QTLs (one for PRR and two for TGPR) were identified. qPRR3 (located on chromosome 3) was detected for both traits, which could explain 13.40% and 17.07% of the phenotypic variations of PRR and TGPR, respectively. Subsequently, the effect of qPRR3 on callus regeneration ability was validated by cryptographically tagged near-isogenic lines (NILs), and the QTL was narrowed to an interval of approximately 160 kb. The anatomical structure observation of the regenerated callus of the NILs revealed that qPRR3 can improve the callus regeneration ability by promoting the regeneration of shoots.

Quantitative microbiome profiling links microbial community variation to the intestine regeneration rate of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus.

The intestinal microbiota may play important roles in regenerating intestine of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, a germ-free sea cucumber model was developed, and the intestinal microbial differentiation of faster and slower regenerating A. japonicus individuals during intestine regeneration was analyzed. The results revealed that depletion of the intestinal microbiota resulted in elevated abundance of the potential key players Flavobacteriaceae and Rhodobacteraceae during intestine regeneration and thus promoted the intestine regeneration rate of A. japonicus. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the increased abundance of Flavobacteriaceae elevated the enrichment of genes associated with carbohydrate utilization, whereas the abundant Rhodobacteraceae-enriched genes were associated with polyhydroxybutyrate production. We identified microbiota abundance as a key driver of microbial community alterations, especially beneficial microbiota members, in the developing intestine of A. japonicus. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of host-microbiota interactions related to organ regeneration.

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) Associated with Microspore Culture in Raphanus sativus L. (Radish).

The radish is a highly self-incompatible plant, and consequently it is difficult to produce homozygous lines. Bud pollination in cross-fertilization plants should be done by opening immature pollen and attaching pollen to mature flowers. It accordingly takes a lot of time and effort to develop lines with fixed alleles. In the current study, a haploid breeding method has been applied to obtain homozygous plants in a short period of time by doubling chromosomes through the induction of a plant body in the haploid cells, in order to shorten the time to breed inbred lines. We constructed genetic maps with an F1 population derived by crossing parents that show a superior and inferior ability to regenerate microspores, respectively. Genetic maps were constructed from the maternal and parental maps, separately, using the two-way pseudo-testcross model. The phenotype of the regeneration rate was examined by microspore cultures and a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed based on the regeneration rate. From the results of the culture of microspores in the F1 population, more than half of the group did not regenerate, and only a few showed a high regeneration rate. A total of five significant QTLs were detected in the F1 population, and five candidate genes were found based on the results. These candidate genes are divided into two classes, and appear to be related to either PRC2 subunits or auxin synthesis.

Volumetric and Functional Regeneration of Remnant Liver after Hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND: Post-hepatectomy liver regeneration is of great interest to liver surgeons, and understanding the process of regeneration could contribute to increasing the safety of hepatectomies and improving prognoses. METHODS: Five hundred thirty-eight patients who underwent hepatectomy were retrospectively analyzed. Postoperative outcomes were evaluated, with a focus on the effects of portal vein resection and resected liver volume on remnant liver regeneration in patients with liver tumors. Remnant liver volumes (RLVs) and laboratory data were measured postoperatively using multidetector computed tomography on day 7 and months 1, 2, 5, 12, and 24 after the operation. RESULTS: Liver regeneration speed peaked at 1 week postoperatively and gradually decreased. Regeneration with large resections was longer than that with small resections, with the remnant liver regeneration rate being significantly lower in the former at all time points. Remnant liver regeneration plateaued around 5 months postoperatively, when regeneration is almost complete. Up to 1 month postoperatively, laboratory data were significantly worse when more portal veins was resected. After 2 months postoperatively, these data recovered to near normal levels. CONCLUSION: The speed and rate of remnant liver regeneration primarily showed a strong correlation with the number of resected portal veins and the amount of removed liver parenchyma. The larger the resection ratio, the longer it took the liver to regenerate. We confirmed that recovery of the liver's functional aspects accompanies recovery of the RLV.

Identification of QTLs associated with tissue culture response of mature wheat embryos.

Mature embryo is an excellent explant for tissue culture as it is convenient to be obtained without limitation of growing seasons and development stages. However, regeneration ability of the calli from wheat mature embryos is limited, thus hindering its application. To identify genes associated with the tissue culture response (TCR) of wheat, QTLs for callus induction from mature embryos and callus regeneration were detected using a recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population derived from the cross between a synthetic hexaploid wheat genotype, SHW-L1 and a commercial cultivar Chuanmai 32. Three QTLs for callus rate were identified and they were located on chromosomes 1D, 5A, and 6D, respectively, with explained phenotypic variation ranging from 10.16 to 11.82 %. One QTL for differentiation rate was detected only with 10.96 % of the phenotypic variation explained. Two QTLs for emergence rate were identified and they were located on 3B and 4A, respectively, with 9.88 and 10.30 % of phenotypic variation. The results presented in this study with those reported previously indicated that group 1, 3, and 5 chromosomes are likely to play important roles in TCR of wheat.

A rapid method to estimate NADH regeneration rates in living cells.

We introduce a rapid whole cell assay for the estimation of NADH regeneration rates based on the fluorescent dye resazurin. A co-feed of formate and glucose, known to increase the intrinsic NADH regeneration rate of P. putida KT2440, was chosen as model system for the validation of this assay.

Regeneration rate after fission in the fissiparous sea star Allostichaster capensis (Asteroidea) / Tasa de regeneración luego de la fisión en la estrella de mar fisipara Allostichaster capensis (Asteroidea)

Abstract Many studies have focused on the regeneration rate of arms in Asteroidea but no studies have focused on the regeneration rate after fission. Allostichaster capensis is a fissiparous sea star with a wide range of distribution. In Golfo Nuevo (42°46'49'' S - 64°59' 26'' W) sea stars undergo fission every spring and summer and regenerate the rest of the year. To analyze the regeneration rate, we conducted an experiment with sea stars collected just before fission. After sea stars underwent fission, the length of the three non-regenerating and the three regenerating arms were measured weekly. The arm length (regenerating and non-regenerating) was used in non-Linear Mixed Effect models in order to account for within-individual correlation in different models. The regenerating arms regenerate according to a Quadratic model, while the non-regenerating arms regenerate according to a linear model. In the regenerating arms, the regeneration rate was estimated to be 0.1 mm.week-1 and in the non-regenerating arms, the growth rate was 0.004 mm.week -1. Sea stars regenerate ca. 20 % of the arm in one month, and it takes about 5 months to be completely regenerated. At the beginning, the regeneration rate is fast generating the growth of the arms, once the pyloric caeca and gonads are present inside the arms the regeneration rate slows down probably due to allocation to gametes and pyloric caeca and arms. The factors that regulate the regeneration rate are unknown. However, food availability and energy storage seem to play an important role. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 2): 321-328. Epub 2015 June 01.

Resumen Numerosos estudios se han enfocado en estudiar la tasa de regeneración de brazos en Asteroidea, sin embargo ninguno se han centrado en la tasa de regeneración después del proceso de fisión. Allostichaster capensis es una estrella de mar fisípara con un amplio rango de distribución. En el Golfo Nuevo (42°46'49'' S - 64°59'26'' W) las estrellas de mar se fisionan cada primavera y verano y se regeneran durante el resto del año. Para analizar la tasa de regeneración, se realizó un experimento con estrellas de mar colectadas justo antes de la fisión. Después de estrellas de mar se fisionaron, se midió la longitud de los tres brazos en regeneración y de los tres brazos originales semanalmente. Se utilizaron modelos no lineales de efectos mixtos para analizar la correlación dentro de individuos del largo de los brazos (regenerados y que no regeneran). Los brazos en regeneración, regeneraron sus brazos de acuerdo con un modelo cuadrático, mientras que los brazos originales ajustaron a un modelo lineal. En los brazos de regeneración se estimó que la tasa de regeneración era de 0.1 mm/ semana; mientras que en los brazos originales, la tasa de crecimiento fue de 0.004 mm/semana. Las estrellas de mar se regeneran un 20 % aproximadamente del brazo en un mes, y tardan alrededor de cinco meses en estar completamente regenerado. Al principio, la alta tasa de regeneración genera el crecimiento rápido de los brazos en longitud, una vez que el ciego pilórico y las gónadas están presentes en el interior de los brazos; la tasa de regeneración disminuye, probablemente debido a la asignación de energía en la producción de gametas, en el ciego pilórico y en los brazos. Los factores que regulan la tasa de regeneración son desconocidos. Sin embargo, la disponibilidad de alimentos y el almacenamiento de energía parecen jugar un papel importante.

Analysis of the relationship between liver regeneration rate and blood levels.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the difference of liver function changes according to the liver regeneration rate after liver transplantation through blood tests. METHODS: Fifty donors, who underwent computed tomography (CT) 3D volumetry, were analyzed before and after liver transplantation. CT 3D volumetry was used as a study method to measure the mean liver regeneration volume and regeneration rate. Then, blood levels were measured including alanine transaminase (ALT), aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and total bilirubin. RESULTS: The liver regeneration rate rapidly increased from 39.13±4.91% befoone1 month and 90.31±13.09% 16 months after surgery furthermore. Blood levels rapidly increased 7 days after surgery and then decreased 16 months after surgery compared to the state before surgery. CONCLUSION: This study results could be used as a basis for the prognosis of future liver transplantations.