ABSTRACT
Para determinar el nivel y las diferencias de mortalidad entre los departamentos de Argentina entre 2009 y 2011, aplicamos y comparamos estimaciones de esperanza de vida al nacer en la región pampeana. Usamos tres métodos de suavizado: un enfoque bayesiano, un método de tablas de vida relacional y un enfoque indirecto de los niveles de mortalidad, en los departamentos de la región. Los resultados permiten ordenar los departamentos de las provincias de acuerdo con su esperanza de vida (con intervalos de confianza estadísticos) y calcular indicadores de desigualdad intraprovincial. Encontramos que la provincia de Buenos Aires fue la de mayor dispersión medida por el rango y el coeficiente de variación. El artículo contribuye a la discusión y aplicaciones de modelos alternativos para estimar la mortalidad local y proporciona la posibilidad de analizar los patrones espaciales para comprender los resultados demográficos individuales relacionados con características geográficas y socioeconómicas asociadas.
Para determinar o nível e as diferenças de mortalidade entre os departamentos da Argentina para o período de 2009 a 2011, aplicamos e comparamos as estimativas de expectativa de vida ao nascer na região pampeana. Usamos três métodos de suavização: uma abordagem bayesiana, uma abordagem de tabela de vida relacional e uma abordagem indireta para os níveis de mortalidade, em 218 departamentos da região. Os resultados permitem ordenar os departamentos das províncias de acordo com a sua esperança de vida (com intervalos de confiança estatísticos) e calcular indicadores de desigualdade intraprovincial. Constatamos que a província de Buenos Aires foi a que apresentou maior dispersão medida pela amplitude e coeficiente de variação. O artigo contribui para a discussão e aplicação de modelos alternativos para estimar a mortalidade em nível local e oferece a possibilidade de analisar os padrões espaciais essenciais para a compreensão dos resultados demográficos individuais relacionados às características geográficas e socioeconômicas associadas, bem como uma ferramenta para orientar planos de desenvolvimento e alocação de recursos.
To determine the level and differences in mortality among departments of Argentina between 2009 and 2011, we applied and compared estimates of life expectancy at birth in the Pampean Region. We used three smoothing methods: a Bayesian approach, a relational life table approach, and an indirect approach to mortality levels, in 218 departments of the region. The results allow ordering the departments of the provinces according to life expectancy (with statistical confidence intervals) and calculating indicators of intraprovincial inequality. We found that the province of Buenos Aires was the one with the highest dispersion measured by the range and the coefficient of variation. The article contributes to the discussion and application of alternative models to estimate mortality at the local level and provides the possibility of analyzing spatial patterns essential to understanding the individual demographic outcomes related to associated geographic and socioeconomic characteristics, as well as a tool to guide development plans and allocate resources.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Life Expectancy , Mortality , Bayes Theorem , Life Expectancy at Birth , Argentina , Demography , Life Tables , Indicators and ReagentsABSTRACT
Soil microorganisms are vital for ecosystem functioning because of the role they play in soil nutrient cycling. Agricultural practices and the intensification of land use have a negative effect on microbial activities and fungal biomass has been widely used as an indicator of soil health. The aim of this study was to analyze fungal biomass in soils from southwestern Buenos Aires province using direct fluorescent staining and to contribute to its use as an indicator of environmental changes in the ecosystem as well as to define its sensitivity to weather conditions. Soil samples were collected during two consecutive years. Soil smears were prepared and stained with two different concentrations of calcofluor, and the fungal biomass was estimated under an epifluorescence microscope. Soil fungal biomass varied between 2.23 and 26.89µg fungal C/g soil, being these values in the range expected for the studied soil type. The fungal biomass was positively related to temperature and precipitations. The methodology used was reliable, standardized and sensitive to weather conditions. The results of this study contribute information to evaluate fungal biomass in different soil types and support its use as an indicator of soil health for analyzing the impact of different agricultural practices.
Subject(s)
Biomass , Fungi/isolation & purification , Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods , Mycology/methods , Soil Microbiology , Staining and Labeling/methods , Agriculture/methods , Argentina , Benzenesulfonates , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Fluorescent Dyes , Fungi/ultrastructure , Hyphae/ultrastructure , Meteorological ConceptsABSTRACT
Los microorganismos del suelo son vitales para el correcto funcionamiento de los ecosistemas, principalmente por su papel en el ciclado de nutrientes. La intensificación del uso del suelo y las prácticas agrícolas alteran negativamente la actividad microbiana. La biomasa fúngica es uno de los parámetros más utilizados para estudiar el impacto de las actividades agrícolas en la estructura y el funcionamiento del suelo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estimar la biomasa fúngica en un suelo del sudoeste bonaerense con el fin de obtener valores de referencia que permitan usar este parámetro como un indicador de cambios en el ecosistema y, por otro lado, demostrar que la metodología empleada es sensible a las variaciones en las condiciones climáticas. Se colectaron muestras de suelos durante 2 años consecutivos. Se prepararon frotis de suelo y se tiñeron con soluciones de distintas concentraciones de blanco de calcoflúor y luego se estimó la biomasa fúngica observando los frotis con microscopio de epifluorescencia. Los valores de biomasa fúngica estimados variaron entre 2,23 y 26,89 μg Cfúngico/g de suelo y estuvieron dentro del rango esperable para el tipo de suelo estudiado. La biomasa fúngica mostró una relación positiva con la temperatura y las precipitaciones. La metodología empleada resultó ser confiable, repetible y sensible a cambios en las condiciones climáticas. Los resultados podrían usarse como valores de referencia para estudiar la biomasa fúngica de suelos bajo distintas condiciones y emplearse como indicadores del impacto de las distintas prácticas agrícolas sobre el ecosistema.
Soil microorganisms are vital for ecosystem functioning because of the role they play in soil nutrient cycling. Agricultural practices and the intensification of land use have a negative effect on microbial activities and fungal biomass has been widely used as an indicator of soil health. The aim of this study was to analyze fungal biomass in soils from southwestern Buenos Aires province using direct fluorescent staining and to contribute to its use as an indicator of environmental changes in the ecosystem as well as to define its sensitivity to weather conditions. Soil samples were collected during two consecutive years. Soil smears were prepared and stained with two different concentrations of calcofluor, and the fungal biomass was estimated under an epifluorescence microscope. Soil fungal biomass varied between 2.23 and 26.89 μg fungal C/g soil, being these values in the range expected for the studied soil type. The fungal biomass was positively related to temperature and precipitations. The methodology used was reliable, standardized and sensitive to weather conditions. The results of this study contribute information to evaluate fungal biomass in different soil types and support its use as an indicator of soil health for analyzing the impact of different agricultural practices.