Breve historia de la interconsulta médica / A brief history of medical cross-consultations

Desde la Antigüedad los médicos han necesitado, y solicitado, el apoyo y consejo de colegas experimentados. Esta práctica fue refrendada por Hipócrates y Galeno, permaneciendo sin cambios hasta la Ilustración. En ese período, la interconsulta alcanzó un gran auge. Se escribieron libros monográficos, se estudiaron las características y cualidades que debía poseer el médico consultor y los problemas que podía originar, y se establecieron reglas y pautas a seguir durante su desarrollo. Esta situación se mantuvo estable hasta finales del siglo xix, cuando la aparición de diversas especialidades médicas ofreció la posibilidad de buscar ayuda especializada. Esta especialización originó una fragmentación de la asistencia médica, lo que favoreció la aparición del internista como «consultor universal». En el último cuarto del siglo xx, ante la importancia y problemas de la interconsulta, se comienza a desarrollar su estudio, se crean servicios especializados en su resolución y, finalmente, aparece la asistencia compartida (AU)

Physicians have long needed and sought out the support and advice of experienced colleagues. This practice, endorse by Hippocrates and Galen, remaining unchanged until the Enlightenment. During that age, cross-consultations boomed. Monographic works were written, the characteristics and qualities that consulting physician had to possess were studied the problems that it could cause were examined, and rules and guidelines to follow during a cross-consultation were established. It remained unchanged until the end of the 19th century, when the emergence of various medical specialties offered the possibility of seeking specialized assistance. This specialization gave rise to a fragmentation of medical care which favored the emergence of the internist as a “universal consultant.” In the last quarter of the 20th century, in light of the importance of and problems arising from cross-consultation, it began to be studied on its own, specialized services were created to attend to them, and, finally, comanagement appeared (AU)

A brief history of medical cross-consultations.

Physicians have long needed and sought out the support and advice of experienced colleagues. This practice, endorse by Hippocrates and Galen, remaining unchanged until the Enlightenment. During that age, cross-consultations boomed. Monographic works were written, the characteristics and qualities that consulting physician had to possess were studied the problems that it could cause were examined, and rules and guidelines to follow during a cross-consultation were established. It remained unchanged until the end of the 19th century, when the emergence of various medical specialties offered the possibility of seeking specialized assistance. This specialization gave rise to a fragmentation of medical care which favored the emergence of the internist as a "universal consultant." In the last quarter of the 20th century, in light of the importance of and problems arising from cross-consultation, it began to be studied on its own, specialized services were created to attend to them, and, finally, comanagement appeared.

[Outcomes of comanagement with Internal Medicine in Otolaryngology]. / Resultados de la asistencia compartida con Medicina Interna en Otorrinolaringología.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The age and comorbidity of patients admitted to Otolaryngology are increasing, leading to increased consultations/referrals to Internal Medicine, but do not reach the required effectiveness. An alternative is comanagement. A study is conducted on the effect of comanagement on Otolaryngology. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted on patients ≥16 years old admitted in Otolaryngology between 03 December 2017 and 03 December 2019, since 03/12/2018 with comanagement with Internal Medicine since 03 December 2018. An analysis was performed on age, gender, type of admission, and whether the patient had surgery, administrative weight associated with (diagnosis-related group) DRG, total number of diagnoses at discharge, Charlson comorbidity index, deaths, urgent readmissions, and length of stay. RESULTS: Comanaged patients were younger (3.1 years, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.4 to 4.8), but with higher Charlson comorbidity index (0.2; 95% CI; 0.1 to 0.3), number of diagnoses (0.9; 95% CI; 0.6 to 1.2), and administrative weight (0.04; 95% CI; 0 to 0.09). On adjustment, comanagement reduced Otolaryngology length of stay by 26.7%, 0.8 days (95% CI; 0.3 to 1.3), 50% of urgent readmissions, and 60% mortality, both non-significant. The decrease in length of stay implies an Otolaryngology savings of at least € 320,476.5. CONCLUSIONS: Patients admitted to Otolaryngology are increasing in age and comorbidity. Comanagement is associated with reduced length of stay and costs similar to those observed in other surgical services.

Which surgical patients require shared care? / ¿Qué pacientes quirúrgicos necesitan asistencia compartida?

Most hospitalized surgical patients have significant medical comorbidity and are treated with a considerable number of drugs and/or experience significant complications. Shared care (SC) is the shared responsibility and authority in managing hospitalized patients. In this article, we discuss whether patients should be selected for SC or not. The various selection criteria are not an exact science nor are they easy to apply. Furthermore, they may leave out many patients who may be good candidates for SC. Perioperative management is essential for preventing postoperative mortality. Failure to rescue (in-hospital mortality secondary to postoperative complications) is the main factor linked to in-hospital surgical mortality and can affect any patient regardless of age, comorbidity, or type of surgery. The component that most reduces failure to rescue is the presence of internists in surgical wards. We believe that all patients hospitalized in surgery departments should receive SC.

Cuidado compartilhado de pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS na Atenção Primária: resultados da descentralização em Florianópolis / Shared care for people living with HIV/AIDS in primary care: results of decentralization in Florianopolis / Cuidado compartido de personas portadoras de VIH/SIDA en la Atención Primaria: resultados de la descentralización en Florianópolis

Rev Bras Med Fam Comunidade. Rio de Janeiro, 2020 Jan-Dez; 15(42):20661Cuidado compartilhado de pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS na Atenção Primária: resultados da descentralização em FlorianópolisVanessa Karoline Alves de Carvalho1, Dannielle Fernandes Godoi2, Filipe de Barros Perini3, Ana Cristina Vidor2, Gabriela Baron4Shared care for people living with HIV/AIDS in primary care: results of decentralization in FlorianopolisComo citar: Carvalho VKA, Godoi DF, Perini FB, Vidor AC, Baron G. Cuidado compartilhado de pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS na Atenção Primária: resultados da descentralização em Florianópolis. Rev Bras Med Fam Comunidade. 2020;15(42):2066. https://doi.org/10.5712/rbmfc15(42)2066www.rbmfc.org.brArtigos de PesquisaCuidado compartido de personas portadoras de VIH/SIDA en la Atención Primaria: resultados de la descentralización en FlorianópolisIntrodução: Buscando instituir ações para prevenir e reduzir a transmissão, melhorar o acesso ao tratamento e a qualidade de vida das pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS (PVHIV), a rede municipal de saúde de Florianópolis implantou entre 2015 e 2016 uma nova forma de suporte em Infectologia para a Atenção Primária a Saúde (APS). Objetivo: Descrever os resultados encontrados no município no processo de descentralização e cuidado compartilhado de pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS (PVHIV) com a APS de Florianópolis. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo. Os dados foram obtidos de relatórios do prontuário eletrônico local e a partir de questionário estruturado aplicado junto aos médicos da APS de Florianópolis. Resultados:Entre 2014 e 2018, o número de atendimentos na APS relacionados ao cuidado de PVHIV teve um aumento expressivo, sobretudo após 2016, acompanhado de uma redução de 45,7% na proporção de encaminhamentos para infectologia após a implantação do apoio matricial em infectologia. Aliada à redução da taxa de encaminhamento evidenciou-se a habilidade na prescrição de Terapia Antirretroviral (TARV) por 100% dos médicos da APS entrevistados. Em relação à situação de acompanhamento de PVHIV, exclusivamente sob cuidados da APS, foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os médicos que fazem preceptoria em ensino na graduação e residência e os que são residentes ou tem formação específica em medicina de família e comunidade (MFC) em relação aos médicos sem formação específica. A proporção de médicos que se sentem seguros e confiantes em realizar esse tipo de atendimento na APS também foi significativamente maior entre os médicos que fazem preceptoria e são médicos de família e comunidade. Conclusões: A implantação do Apoio Matricial da Infectologia para a APS trouxe grande avanço para o município de Florianópolis, no que tange ao acesso e qualificação do cuidado das pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS. Os resultados foram mais significativos para os profissionais envolvidos com atividades de preceptoria e formação específica em MFC, o que reforça o papel da educação permanente na qualificação da coordenação do cuidado pela APS.

Introduction: In order to institute actions to prevent and reduce transmission, improve access to treatment and a better quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA), between 2015 and 2016, the municipal health department of Florianopolis implemented a new form of support in Infectology for Primary Health Care (PHC). Objective: Describe the results found in the municipality in the process of decentralization and shared care for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHIV) with the PHC in Florianopolis. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study. The data were obtained from reports from the local electronic medical record and from a structured questionnaire applied to PHC physicians from Florianopolis. Results: Between 2014 and 2018, the number of PHC attendances related to PLHA care increased significantly, especially after 2016, accompanied by a 45.7% reduction of referrals to infectology after the implementation of the matrix support in Infectology. Allied to this reduction, the ability to prescribe antiretroviral therapy (ART) was evidenced by 100% of the PHC physicians interviewed. Regarding the situation of follow-up of PLHA exclusively under PHC care, a statistically significant difference was found between doctors who teach preceptorship in undergraduate and residency education, those who are residents or have specific training in family and community medicine (FCM) in relation to physicians without specific training. The proportion of physicians who feel safe and confident in performing this type of care in PHC was also significantly higher among physicians who do preceptorship and are family and community physicians. Conclusion: The implantation of the Infectology Matrix Support for PHC brought great changes to the municipality of Florianopolis regarding the access and qualification of the care of people living with HIV / AIDS. The results were more significant for professionals involved in activities of preceptorship and specific training in FCM, which reinforces the role of permanent education in the qualification of the coordination of care by PHC.

Introducción: Buscando establecer acciones para prevenir y reducir la transmisión, mejorar el acceso al tratamiento y la calidad de vida de las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVS), la red municipal de salud de Florianópolis empezó entre 2015 y 2016 una nueva forma de soporte en Infectología para la Atención Primaria a la Salud (APS). Objetivo: Describir los resultados encontrados en el municipio tras el proceso de descentralización y cuidado compartido de personas viviendo con VIH/SIDA (PVHIV) con la APS de Florianópolis. Método: Se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo. Los datos fueron obtenidos de informes del prontuario electrónico local y a partir de un cuestionario estructurado aplicado junto a los médicos de la APS de Florianópolis. Resultados: Entre 2014 y 2018, el número de atendimientos en la APS relacionados al cuidado de PVVS tuvo un aumento expresivo, sobre todo después de 2016, acompañado de una reducción de 45,7% en la proporción de encaminamientos para infectología tras la implantación del apoyo matricial en infectología. Aliado a la reducción de la tasa de encaminamiento se evidenció la habilidad en la prescripción de Terapia Antirretroviral (TARV) por 100% de los médicos de la APS entrevistados. En relación con la situación de seguimiento de PVVS exclusivamente bajo cuidados de la APS se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los médicos que hacen preceptoría en enseñanza en la graduación y residencia, los que son residentes o tienen formación específica en medicina de familia y comunidad (MFC) en relación con médicos sin formación específica. La proporción de médicos que se sienten seguros y tienen confianza en realizar ese tipo de atención en la APS también fue significativamente mayor entre los médicos que hacen preceptoría y son médicos de familia y comunidad. Conclusión: La implantación del Apoyo Matricial de la Infectología para la APS trajo gran avance para el municipio de Florianópolis, en lo que se refiere al acceso y cualificación del cuidado de las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA. Los resultados fueron más significativos para los profesionales envueltos con actividades de preceptoría o con formación específica en MFC, lo que refuerza el papel de la educación permanente en la cualificación de la coordinación del cuidado por la APS.

Factores relacionados con la satisfacción en consultas externas en Hospitales de Madrid / Factors related to the satisfaction in external consultation Hospital of Madrid / Fatores relacionados à satisfação em ambulatório em hospitais em Madrid

ResumenIntroducción. La gran cantidad de pacientes atendidos en las consultas externas hospitalarias y conocer la importancia de sus opiniones sobre la atención recibida en este servicio motiva el desarrollo del presente estudio, el cual busca conocer la opinión de un grupo de usuarios sobre las consultas externas de tres hospitales públicos de la ciudad de Madrid e identificar factores que influyen en la satisfacción global de estas personas.Método. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal en el que se encuestó a 150 usuarios de consultas externas mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado, previamente validado que constaba de 12 ítems, englobados en dos dimensiones con una escala tipo Likert de 1 a 10 en función del grado de satisfacción, de los cuales se obtuvo resultados sociodemográficos y de tipo descriptivo. Por otra parte, se realizó un análisis bivariante del que se detectó diferencias significativas en función del sexo, el nivel académico, la nacionalidad y la edad.Resultados. En el análisis descriptivo del cuestionario llama la atención que la calidad administrativa es valorada por debajo de 5 puntos, mientras que para la clínica, la valoración es de 6 puntos aproximadamente, de la que resulta una valoración del cuestionario total ligeramente superior a 5. El tiempo de espera en consultas fue el ítem que obtuvo la valoración media más baja de todo el cuestionario, con algo más de un 3,5 sobre 10, mientras que la más alta fue la obtenida para el ítem referido al trato por parte del personal de enfermería, con una nota de casi un 7.Conclusión.Se puede afirmar que en la muestra estudiada solo existen dos factores que se relacionan con el incremento de la satisfacción de los usuarios en las consultas externas: el sexo masculino y haber cursado estudios universitarios.

AbstractIntroduction. The large number of patients seen in outpatient hospital and know the importance of their views on the care provided in this service encourages the development of this study, which seeks to know the opinion of a group of users on outpatient three hospitals public of the city of Madrid and identify factors influencing the overall satisfaction of these people.Method. A cross-sectional descriptive study in which 150 users outpatient clinics were surveyed using a previously validated self-administered questionnaire consisting of 12 items, encompassed in two dimensions with a Likert 1 type scale to 10 depending on the degree held satisfaction, which socio-demographic and descriptive results obtained. Moreover, a bivariate analysis detected significant differences based on gender, academic level, nationality and age was performed.Results. In the descriptive analysis of the questionnaire draws attention to the administrative quality is valued below 5 points, while for the clinical assessment is 6 points approximately, which is an assessment of the total questionnaire slightly higher than 5. The query timeout was the item that received the lowest average rating of the entire questionnaire, with just over a 3.5 out of 10, while the highest was obtained for the item referred to treatment by the staff nursing, with a note of almost 7.Conclusion. It can be stated that in the sample there are only two factors that relate to the increase in user satisfaction in outpatient: the male and have attended university.

ResumoIntrodução. A grande quantidade de pacientes atendidos nas consultas externas hospitalárias e conhecer a importância de suas opiniões sobre o atendimento recebido neste serviço motiva o desenvolvimento do presente estudo, o qual busca conhecer a opinião de um grupo de usuários sobre as consultas externas de três hospitais públicos da cidade de Madrid e identificar fatores que influem na satisfação global destas pessoas.Método. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo transversal no qual se entrevistaram a 150 usuários de consultas externas mediante um questionário auto-administrado, previamente validado que constava de 12 ítens, englobados em duas dimensões com uma escala tipo Likert de 1 a 10 em função ao grau de satisfação, dos quais se obteve resultados sociodemográficos e de tipo descritivo. Por outra parte, se realizou uma análise bivariante na que se detectaram diferenças significativas em función do sexo, do nível acadêmico, da nacionalidade e da idade.Resultados. Na análise descritiva do questionário merece atenção que a qualidade administrativa é valorada abaixo de 5 pontos, enquanto que para a clínica, a valoração é de 6 pontos aproximadamente, da que resulta uma valoração do questionário total um pouco superior a 5. O tempo de espera em consultas foi o ítem que obteve a valoração média mais baixa de todo o questionário, com algo mais de 3,5 sobre 10, enquanto que a mais alta foi a obtida para o ítem referido ao atendimento por parte do pessoal de enfermagem, com uma nota de quase 7.Conclusão.Pode-se afirmar que na amostra estudada somente existem dois fatores que se relacionam com o incremento da satisfação dos usuários nas consultas externas: sexo masculino e haver cursado estudos universitários.

[Analysis of economic cost of missed outpatient appointments]. / Análisis del coste económico del absentismo de pacientes en consultas externas.

AIM: To estimate the economic costs of missed Outpatient appointments by the Costa del Sol Health Agency (ASCS). METHOD: An analysis was performed on the costs arising from missed outpatient appointments (first appointment and examinations) of each of the specialities in the Centres belonging to the ASCS. A formula was used to determine the unit cost per appointment and per centre and speciality. This involved the direct imputation of the controllable costs and the indirect imputation of the service costs, together with an estimated cost of re-appointments based on a previous case-control study. RESULTS: The cost of missed appointments per centre in the Costa del Sol Hospital was €2,475,640, with a failure rate of 14.2% (256,377 appointments). In the Benalmádena High Resolution Hospital it was €515,936, with an absence rate of 12.2% (44,848 appointments), and in the Mijas High Resolution Centre, a cost of €395,342 with an absence rate of the 13.5% (99,536 appointments). The mean extra cost of a re-appointment was €12.95. The specialities with a higher medium cost were Digestive Diseases, Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: The economic cost of patients not turning up for scheduled appointments in the ASCS was greater than 3 million Euros for a non-attendance rate of the 13.8%, with Mijas High Resolution Centre being the centre that showed the lowest mean unitary cost per medical appointment.

Implementation and evaluation of early gastroscopy for patients with dyspepsia and warning signs in Primary Care. / Implantación y evaluación de una prestación de gastroscopia precoz para pacientes con dispepsia y datos de alarma en Atención Primaria.

INTRODUCTION: Dyspepsia is a common disorder in both Primary (PC) and Specialised Care (SC). Gastroscopy is recommended at the start of the study if there are warning signs, although it is not always available in PC. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: We developed a pilot project establishing an early gastroscopy programme for patients with dyspepsia and warning signs in PC, subsequently extending it to the entire healthcare area. The aim was to evaluate the requirements, impact and opinion of this service at the PC level. Demographic, symptomatic and endoscopic variables on the patients referred to SC from the pilot centre were recorded. A satisfaction survey was conducted among the PC physicians. RESULTS: The one-year pilot study and the first year of implementation of the programme were evaluated. A total of 355 patients were included (median age 56.4 years; IQR 45.5-64.3); 61.2% (56.1-66.3%) were women. The waiting time for examination was 1.5 weeks (IQR 1.5-2.5). Gastroscopy was correctly indicated in 82.7% (78.4-86.3%) of patients. The median number of requests per month was 1.1 per 10,000 adults (range 0.8-1.6). Monthly referrals to SC clinics from the pilot centre fell by 11 subjects (95% CI 5.9-16) with respect to the previous median of 58 (IQR 48-64.5). Almost all those polled (98.4%) considered the programme useful in routine practice. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of an early gastroscopy programme in PC for patients with dyspepsia and warning signs reduced the number of referrals to SC.

Assessing the quality of referral letters written by general practitioners: a cross-sectional study in rural Iran / Avaliação da qualidade de cartas de encaminhamento escritas por clínicos gerais: um estudo transversal numa área rural do Irã / Evaluación de la calidad de cartas de derivación escritas por médicos generales: un estudio transversal en un área rural de Irán

Abstract: Establishing effective communication between general practitioners (GPs) and medical specialists is a key component of the referral system. Written communication between GPs and medical specialists is the most common communication tool. This study was conducted to evaluate quality (information content) of the referral letters written by GPs and addressed to gynecologists and cardiologists. We evaluated quality of the referral letters through a cross-sectional study in the villages of Sarab city, located in East Azerbaijan Province, Northwest Iran. The study was conducted during August and September 2015 in which a total of 400 referral letters were evaluated according to specific quality criteria. Cluster sampling was implemented and data were collected using an instrument designed by the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Manitoba, Canada. A specifically designed referral form was used to refer pregnant women to gynecologists. Referrals addressed to gynecologists showed better quality in comparison to cases referred to cardiologists. Legibility of referral letters was 73%. It is recommended that agreed-upon referral letters be designed cooperatively for different groups of diseases. Furthermore, primary health care providers should be trained to write proper referral letters.

Resumo: Um componente essencial do sistema de encaminhamento de pacientes é a comunicação efetiva entre clínicos gerais e especialistas. A comunicação escrita é a ferramenta de comunicação mais comum entre clínicos gerais e especialistas. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade (conteúdo da informação) de cartas de encaminhamento escritas por clínicos gerais e dirigidas a ginecologistas e cardiologistas. Os autores avaliaram a qualidade das cartas de encaminhamento através de um estudo transversal em aldeias em torno da cidade de Sarab, localizada na Província de Azerbaijão Oriental, no Noroeste do Irã. O estudo foi realizado em agosto e setembro de 2015, quando 400 cartas de encaminhamento foram avaliadas com base em critérios específicos de qualidade. O estudo adotou a amostragem por aglomerados, e os dados foram coletados através de um instrumento desenvolvido pelo Departamento de Medicina Familiar da Universidade de Manitoba, Canadá. Um formulário foi projetado especificamente para encaminhar as mulheres à ginecologia. As cartas de encaminhamento para a ginecologia mostraram qualidade superior quando comparadas aos casos encaminhados à cardiologia. A proporção de cartas legíveis foi 73%. Recomenda-se que cartas de encaminhamento sejam desenvolvidas em cooperação entre os departamentos, para diferentes grupos de doenças. Além disso, os médicos de atenção primária devem ser capacitados para redigir cartas de encaminhamento adequadas.

Resumen: Un componente esencial del sistema de derivación de pacientes es la comunicación efectiva entre médicos generales y especialistas. La comunicación escrita es la herramienta de comunicación más común entre médicos generales y especialistas. El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad (contenido de la información) de cartas de derivación escritas por médicos generales y dirigidas a ginecólogos y cardiólogos. Los autores evaluaron la calidad de las cartas de derivación, a través de un estudio transversal en aldeas en torno a la ciudad de Sarab, localizada en la provincia de Azerbaiyán Oriental, en el noroeste de Irán. El estudio se realizó entre agosto y setiembre de 2015, cuando 400 cartas de derivación se evaluaron en base a criterios específicos de calidad. El estudio adoptó la muestra por aglomerados y los datos se recogieron a través de un instrumento desarrollado por el Departamento de Medicina Familiar de la Universidad de Manitoba, Canadá. Se proyectó un formulario específicamente para derivar a las mujeres a ginecología. Las cartas de derivación para ginecología mostraron calidad superior, cuando se comparan a los casos derivados a cardiología. La proporción de cartas legibles fue de un 73%. Se recomienda que las cartas de derivación sean desarrolladas en cooperación entre los departamentos, para diferentes grupos de enfermedades. Asimismo, los médicos de atención primaria deben estar capacitados para reenviar cartas de derivación adecuadas.

Myocardial revascularization: factors intervening in the reference and counter-reference in Primary Health Care / Revascularización Miocárdica: Factores Interventores en la Referencia y Contrarreferencia en la Atención Primaria de Salud / Revascularização miocárdica: fatores interventores na referência e contrarreferência na Atenção Primária à Saúde

Abstract OBJECTIVE Understanding the factors that influence the reference and counter-reference process of people indicated/submitted to Myocardial Revascularization surgery in the Primary Health Care scenario. METHOD A qualitative research anchored in the Grounded Theory, totaling 41 participants subdivided into three groups (patients, health professionals and managers) in the Metropolitan and West Region of Santa Catarina. RESULTS Two categories elucidate the intervening factors found, contrasting the potentialities and obstacles in (creating) the bond between people affected by cardiovascular diseases and primary health care for the reference process, highlighting weaknesses in the primary health care services provided, with failures in the counter-reference for people submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery. CONCLUSION Strengthening the potentialities presented in this study is essential for the reference process of people affected by Cardiovascular Disease, as well as strategic actions focused on solving the evidenced obstacles which contribute to deficiencies in the referral and counter-referral process, thus impeding integral care in the health care network.

Resumen OBJETIVO Comprender los factores que influencian el proceso de referencia y contrarreferencia de la persona con indicación/sometida a la Cirugía de Revascularización Miocárdica en el marco de la Atención Primaria de Salud. MÉTODO Investigación cualitativa anclada en la Teoría Fundamentada en los Dados, totalizando 41 participantes subdivididos en tres grupos (pacientes, profesionales sanitarios y gestores) en la Región Metropolitana y Región Oeste de Santa Catarina. RESULTADOS Dos categorías elucidan los factores interventores encontrados, contrastando las potencialidades y obstáculos al vínculo de la persona que sufre de enfermedades cardiovasculares con la atención primaria de salud para el proceso de referencia y destacando fragilidades en los servicios facilitados en la atención primaria de salud, con fracasos de la contrarreferencia de la persona sometida a la cirugía de revascularización miocárdica. CONCLUSIÓN Se hace esencial el fortalecimiento de las potencialidades presentadas en este estudio para el proceso de referencia de la persona que sufre de Enfermedad Cardiovascular, así como acciones estratégicas con enfoque en la resolución de los obstáculos señalados y que contribuyen para la deficiencia del proceso de referencia y contrarreferencia, dificultando la integralidad del cuidado en la red de atención sanitaria.

Resumo OBJETIVO Compreender os fatores que influenciam o processo de referência e contrarreferência da pessoa com indicação/submetida à Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica no cenário da Atenção Primária à Saúde. MÉTODO Pesquisa qualitativa ancorada na Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, totalizando 41 participantes subdivididos em três grupos (pacientes, profissionais de saúde e gestores) na Região Metropolitana e Região Oeste de Santa Catarina. RESULTADOS Duas categorias elucidam os fatores interventores encontrados, Contrastando as potencialidades e entraves no vínculo da pessoa acometida por doenças cardiovasculares com a atenção primária à saúde para o processo de referência e Destacando fragilidades nos serviços disponibilizados na atenção primária à saúde, com insucessos da contrarreferência da pessoa submetida à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica. CONCLUSÃO Torna-se essencial o fortalecimento das potencialidades apresentadas neste estudo para o processo de referência da pessoa acometida por Doença Cardiovascular, assim como ações estratégicas com foco na resolução dos entraves apontados e que contribuem para a deficiência do processo de referência e contrarreferência, dificultando a integralidade do cuidado na rede de atenção à saúde.

Três médicos e uma mãe / Three doctors and a mother / Tres médicos y una madre

A papilomatose laríngea, doença rara potencialmente fatal, carateriza-se pela proliferação de papilomas no trato respiratório, múltiplos, recorrentes, cuja etiologia é a infeção por papilomavírus humano (HPV). Menina, 21 meses, filha de mãe com serologia positiva para vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH) e HPV. Em acompanhamento nas consultas de Pediatria do Desenvolvimento do Hospital, Pediatra Particular e Médico de Família (MF). Aos 18 meses, na consulta de acompanhamento do MF, a mãe preocupada salienta a fala sussurrada e choro rouco da filha com diagnóstico frequente de laringite aguda no Pediatra e MF nos últimos 3 meses, motivando a referenciação à Otorrinolaringologia e posterior diagnóstico de papilomatose laríngea. A abordagem da disfonia na criança evita o uso inapropriado de corticoides, inibidores da bomba de prótons e antibioticoterapia. Neste relato sobressai a desvantagem associada ao seguimento por múltiplos médicos, sendo o MF fundamental para reunir e integrar a informação clínica, permitindo a continuidade de cuidados.

Laryngeal papillomatosis is a rare and potentially fatal disease characterized by the proliferation of recurrent respiratory papillomas, whose etiology is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. We report a clinical case of a 21-month girl, whose mother is sero-positive to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and HPV. This girl attended multiple medical consultations: Development Pediatrics (at the hospital), private Pediatrician and General Practitioner (GP). At 18 months, in the GP surveillance consultation, the concerned mother referred whispered talking, hoarse crying and frequent diagnosis of acute laryngitis at the Pediatrician in the last 3 months. She was referenced to otorhinolaryngology with subsequent diagnosis of laryngeal papillomatosis. The approach to childhood dysphonia avoids inappropriate use of corticosteroids, proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics. This report highlights the disadvantage of the surveillance by multiple doctors and the key role of the GP in gathering and integrating clinical information, allowing the continuity of care.

La papilomatosis laríngea, una enfermedad rara y potencialmente mortal, se caracteriza por la proliferación de papilomas respiratorios recurrentes, cuya etiología es la infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH). Se relata el caso de una niña de 21 meses, hija de una madre seropositiva al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y VPH. Vigilada en las consultas de Pediatría de Desarrollo del Hospital, Pediatría Privada y Médico de la Familia (MF). A los 18 meses, en la consulta de vigilancia del MF, la madre preocupada destaca habla susurrada, llanto ronco y diagnóstico frecuente de la laringitis aguda en la pediatra en los últimos 3 meses. Se referenció a otorrinolaringología con posterior diagnóstico de papilomatosis laríngea. El enfoque de la disfonía infantil evita el uso inapropiado de los corticosteroides, inhibidores de la bomba de protones y antibioterapia. En este informe se destaca la desventaja asociada al seguimiento por parte de varios médicos, y el papel clave del MF para reunir e integrar la información clínica, lo que permite la continuidad de la atención.

Derivaciones, procedimientos y complicaciones en servicios de cirugía bucal. Revisión de la literatura / Referrals, procedures and complications in oral surgery services. Literature review

Varios estudios han descrito y analizado el funcionamiento de los servicios quirúrgicos orales/bucales en miras a introducir mejoras de calidad y disponibilidad de la atención. El objetivo del presente artículo es revisar los patrones de derivación, procedimentales y de complicaciones descritos en la literatura de corriente principal. En estudios realizados principalmente en Inglaterra y África, se determinó que los procedimientos más frecuentes son de baja complejidad, principalmente exodoncias, y dentro de las exodoncias, primariamente terceros molares. En la mayoría de los procedimientos se utilizó anestesia local y el motivo más común de derivación fue por extracciones múltiples, quirúrgicas o complicadas. La derivación fue dada principalmente por el odontólogo general, y en menor cantidad por odontólogo especialista, médico general y médico especialista. Son pocos los procedimientos que generan complicaciones postquirúrgicas, dentro de las cuales está alvéolo seco, infección, inflamación y dolor alrededor de las suturas y hemorragias.

Several studies have described and analyzed performance of oral surgical services with the aim of introducing improvement in care quality and availability. The aim of the present article was to review referral, procedure and complication patterns described in scientific literature. In studies mainly conducted in the United Kingdom and Africa, it was determined that most frequent procedures are of low complexity, mainly extractions, and within extractions, those of third molars. Local anesthesia was used in most procedures, the most common reasons for referral were multiple, surgical or complicated extractions. Referral was mainly executed by the general dentist, and in lesser amounts by the specialist dentist, general physician and specialist physician. Few procedures cause post-surgical complications. Among these we can count dry socket, infection, inflammation, pain around sutures and hemorrhage.

Shared care (comanagement).

Surgical departments have increasing difficulties in caring for their hospitalised patients due to the patients' advanced age and comorbidity, the growing specialisation in medical training and the strong political-healthcare pressure that a healthcare organisation places on them, where surgical acts take precedence over other activities. The pressure exerted by these departments on the medical area and the deficient response by the interconsultation system have led to the development of a different healthcare organisation model: Shared care, which includes perioperative medicine. In this model, 2 different specialists share the responsibility and authority in caring for hospitalised surgical patients. Internal Medicine is the most appropriate specialty for shared care. Internists who exercise this responsibility should have certain characteristics and must overcome a number of concerns from the surgeon and anaesthesiologist.

Revascularização do miocárdio: desvelando estratégias de referência e contrarreferência na atenção primária à saúde / Myocardial revascularization: unveiling strategies in reference and counter reference in primary health care / Revascularización miocárdica: descubriendo estrategias de referencia y contra referencia en atención primaria de salud / Myocardial revascularization: unveiling strategies in reference and counter reference in primary health care

Objetivo: conhecer estratégias utilizadas por pacientes e profissionais de saúde no processo de referência econtrarreferência do paciente com indicação e submetido a cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica na AtençãoPrimária à Saúde (APS). Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa, ancorada na Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Resultados:os achados foram organizados em duas categorias: percebendo a Regulação como estratégia na articulação entreos níveis de atenção no processo de referência; desvelando ações estratégicas no acompanhamento do pacientesubmetido à Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica na APS. Conclusões: as estratégias, no processo de referência,foram o Sistema de Regulação Nacional e o Tratamento Fora do Domicilio; na contrarreferência, a atuação dafamília, a busca ativa dos indivíduos pelos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde e a criação de grupos terapêuticos naAPS. Essas estratégias, ainda fragilizadas, necessitam de articulação entre gestores e profissionais.

Aim: to understand strategies used by patients and health professionals in the reference and counter reference processof the patient with indication and submitted to myocardial revascularization in Primary Health Care (PHC). Methods:a qualitative research, anchored by the Grounded Theory. Results: the findings were organized into two categories: Realizing the Regulation as a strategy for coordination between levels of care in the reference case; Unveiling strategicactions in the patient monitoring submitted to Myocardial Revascularization in PHC. Conclusions: the strategies, inthe reference process, were the National Regulation System and Away from Home Care; in the counter reference, therole of the family, active search of the individuals by the Community Health Agents and the creation of therapeuticgroups in the PHC. These still fragile strategies need articulation between management and professionals.

Objetivo: conocer las estrategias utilizadas por los pacientes y profesionales de la salud en el proceso de referenciay contra referencia del paciente con indicación y sometido a una cirugía de revascularización coronaria en laatención primaria de salud (APS). Métodos: investigación cualitativa, anclado en la teoría fundamentada en losdatos. Resultados: los resultados fueron organizados en dos categorías: darse cuenta de la regulación como unaestrategia en la articulación entre los niveles de atención en el proceso de referencia; y Revelando acciones estratégicasen la monitorización de pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización coronaria en APS. Conclusiones: lasestrategias, en el proceso de referencia, fueron el Sistema de Regulación Nacional y el Tratamiento Fuera del Domicilio;en la contra referencia, la actuación de la familia, la búsqueda activa de los individuos por Agentes Comunitarios dela Salud y la creación de grupos terapéuticos en la APS. Esas estrategias, aún fragilizadas, necesitan de articulaciónentre gestores y profesionales.

A informação na consulta presencial em Medicina Geral e Familiar: classificações segundo a ICPC-2 e anotações livres para a memória futura no SOAP / Information available in general practice/family medicine consultations: coding and annotations for future use / La información en la consulta médica presencial en Medicina General y Familiar: clasificaciones según ICPC-2 y apuntes libres para la memoria futura en el SOAP

Objetivos: assumindo a obrigatoriedade de classificação ICPC-2 em cada consulta, conhecer a informação, em consultas passadas pelo método de Weed-SOAP segundo o gênero e idade de quem consulta o médico (consulente ou paciente), caracterizando o nível de registro pelo método SOAP em Subjetivo (S) - classificação e anotações - em Objetivo (O) anotações sobre o estado do paciente, em Avaliação (A) da classificação e em Plano (P) da classificação e anotações. Métodos: estudo observacional, transversal em outubro de 2012, em amostra aleatorizada das consultas presenciais de dois médicos orientadores de internato de especialidade, em três meses sorteados do 1º semestre de 2012, e em quatro dias sorteados em cada mês, em amostra representativa com intervalo de confiança de 95% e margem de erro de 6%. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: amostra de 318 consultas, n=149 (46,9%) no gênero masculino, n=61 (19,2%) no grupo etário <18 anos e n=194 (61,0%) no ≥18 e <65 anos, ns por grupos etários e gênero. Em S, há classificação em 98,7% e anotação em 47,2% das consultas; Em O, verificamos "As anotações demonstram o estado do paciente" em 66,0% e "As anotações são explícitas e entendíveis" em 79,9%; em A, 97,8% das consultas têm classificação; Em P, há classificação em 96,5% e anotações explicando o plano em 23,0% das consultas. Distribuição sem significado por grupo etário para as variáveis estudadas. É mais frequente haver no gênero feminino em S "As anotações são explícitas e entendíveis" e em P "Há classificação de procedimentos". Conclusão: há campo para mais completa coleta da informação na consulta, permitindo, assim, melhor conhecimento de cada consulta e caso para o futuro.

Objectives: assuming the mandatoriness of ICPC2 classification in every consultation, the objective of this study was to ascertain the frequency of this type of classification in past consultations. This analysis was performed using the Weed-SOAP method, where Subjective (S) is measured by classifications and annotations, Objective (O) by annotations, Avaliation (A) by classification, and Plan (P) by classification and annotations. Methods: a cross-sectional observational study was performed in October 2012, with a 95% confidence interval and 6% error margin, on a representative random sample of consultations conducted on 4 random days of 3 random months of the first semester of 2012, and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: among the sample of 318 consultations, 149 (46.9%) were with male patients and 61 (19.2%) were aged under 18 years, while 194 (61.0%) were aged 18 or above but under 65 years, after sorting by age groups and gender. In terms of S, 98.7% of consultations had an ICPC-2 classification and 47.2% had an annotation; in terms of O, 66.0% had an annotation demonstrating the state of the patient and 79.9% were explicit; in terms of A, 97.8% had a classification; and in terms of P, 96.5% had a classification and 23.0% had an annotation explaining the plan. There was no statistically significant difference by age group for the studied variables. However, for gender, women had more "Clear and explicit" annotations in S, and "Classification of plan" instances in P. Conclusion: more complete recall of information in consultations is required in order to gain better knowledge about individual consultations and patients for future use.

Objetivos: asumiendo la obligatoriedad de clasificar con la ICPC-2 en cada consulta, conocer la información, en consultas tras-efectuadas pelo método Weed-SOAP según el género y edad de quien consulta al médico (los pacientes), caracterizando el nivel de registro por el método SOAP en Subjetivo (S) - clasificación y anotaciones - en Objetivo (O) apuntes sobre el estado del paciente, en Evaluación (A) de la clasificación y en Pleno (P) de la clasificación y apuntes. Métodos: estudio observacional, transversal en octubre del 2012, en muestra aleatoria de las consultas presenciales de dos médicos tutores de residencia de la especialidad, por tres meses sorteados del 1º semestre del 2012 y en cuatro días sorteados en cada mes, en muestra representativa con intervalo de seguridad del 95% y margen de error del 6%. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: muestra de 318 consultas, n=149 (46,9%) en el género masculino, n=61 (19,2%) en el grupo de edad <18 años y n=194 (61,0%) en el ≥18 y <65 años, ns por grupos de edad y género. En S, hay clasificación en el 98,7% y apuntes en el 47,2% de las consultas; En O, verificamos "Los apuntes demuestran el estado del paciente" en 66,0% y "Los apuntes son explícitos y comprensibles" en el 79,9%; en A, el 97,8% de las consultas tienen clasificación; En P, hay clasificación en el 96,5% y apuntes explicando el plan en el 23,0% de las consultas. Distribución sin significado por grupo de edad para las variables estudiadas. Es más frecuente haber en el género femenino en S "Los apuntes son explícitos y comprensibles" y en P "Hay clasificación de procedimientos". Conclusión: hay campo para un recogido de informaciones más completo, permitiendo de esta manera, mejor conocimiento de cada consulta en el futuro.

Effect of co-management with Internal Medicine on hospital stay in Ophthalmology.

OBJECTIVE: Patients admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology (OPH) are of increasing age, comorbidity and complexity, leading to increased consultations/referrals to Internal Medicine (IM). An alternative to consultations/referrals is co-management. The effect of co-management on length of hospital stay was studied in patients admitted to OPH. METHODS: Retrospective observational study was performed that included patients ≥14 years old discharged from OPH between 1 January 2009 and 30 June 2013, who were co-managed from May 2011. An analysis was made including age, sex, type of admission, whether it was operated on, administrative weight associated with GRD, total number of discharge diagnoses, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), mortality, readmissions, and LoS. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the groups in operated patients (odds ratio [OR] 2.3, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.5 to 3.6), administrative weight (0.1160; 95% CI 0.0738 to 0.1583), and number of diagnoses (0.9, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.3). On adjustment, co-management reduced LoS in OPH by 27.8%, 0.5 days (95% CI 0.1 to 1). CONCLUSIONS: Patients admitted to OPH have increasing comorbidity and complexity. Co-management is associated with a reduced LoS and costs in OPH, similar to that observed in other surgical services.

[Evaluation of referral process of the hypertensive patient in Spain: DERIVA study]. / Análisis del proceso de derivación del paciente hipertenso en España: Estudio DERIVA.

INTRODUCTION: An adequate communication between levels of medical attention is the key point for optimal treatment and outcomes of the hypertensive population. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of the hypertensive patients' derivation from Primary Care to Specialized Care. As secondary objectives, the information registered on the derivation report was assessed and concordance between derivation reason and final diagnosis was analysed. DESIGN: This is an observational, descriptive, multicentre study. SITE: Study conducted at the national level. PARTICIPANTS: Specialty Care Physicians receiving hypertensive patients referred from primary care. PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS: On the baseline visit, the specialist physicians assessed the quality of the derivation records and attended the patient. After the study, final diagnosis and treatment is suggested on the final visit. RESULTS: 1769 subjects were included, mean aged 62,4 (13,6) years, 45% female. Time of diagnosis of hypertension was 8,0 (7,7) years. More than the half of the derivation records contained very good information (5,4%; CI4,3-6,5) or sufficient (50,7%; CI48,4-53,0). In 7,1% (IC5,9-8,3) derivation cause was not specified. 74,7% of the derivations were considered as appropriate, though 30% were late. Concordance between derivation reasons and final diagnosis was low (kappa index 0,208). CONCLUSIONS: A quarter of the hypertensive population is unnecessary derived to Secondary Care and 30% of the appropriately derived was late. We should improve the interrelation of attention in the hypertension and cardiovascular area between the both attention levels.

Definitions of Internal Medicine activities outside of the im department. / Definiciones de la actividad de Medicina Interna fuera de su propio servicio.

The inpatient profile is changing towards patients with multiple diseases, the elderly and those with high comorbidity. The growing complexity of their care, the progressive medical superspecialization and the organizational problems that often hinder daily patient follow-up by the same physician have contributed to a progressive increase in the participation of medical departments, especially Internal Medicine, in the care of patients hospitalized in other medical and surgical specialties. The hospital activities that the departments of internal medicine perform outside of their own department do not have well-established definitions and criteria at the organizational level; their assessment and accountability are different in each hospital. In this document, we establish the definitions for shared care, advisory medicine, perioperative medicine and interconsultation, as well as their types in terms of priority, formality, care setting, timeliness, relationship with surgery and other circumstances.

Effect of comanagement with internal medicine on hospital stay of patients admitted to the Service of Otolaryngology.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Patients admitted to the Department of Otolaryngology (ENT) are increasing in age, comorbidity and complexity, leading to increased consultations/referrals to Internal Medicine (IM). An alternative to consultations/referrals is co-management. We studied the effect of co-management on length of stay (LoS) in hospital for patients admitted to ENT. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study including patients ≥14 years old discharged from ENT between 1/1/2009 and 30/06/2013, with co-management from May/2011. We analysed age, sex, type of admission, whether the patient was operated, administrative weight associated with DRG, total number of discharge diagnoses, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), deaths, readmissions and LoS. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between both groups in age (4.5 years; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.8-6.3), emergency admissions (odds ratio [OR] 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-1.8), administrative weight (0.3637; 95% CI 0.0710-0.6564), number of diagnoses (1.3; 95% CI 1-1.6), CCI (0.4; 95% CI 0.2-0.6) and deaths (OR 4.1; 95% CI 1.1-15.7). On adjustment, co-management reduced ENT LoS in hospital by 28.6%, 0.8 days (95% CI 0.1-1.6%; P=.038). This reduction represents an ENT savings of at least €165,893. CONCLUSIONS: Co-management patients admitted to ENT are increasing in age, comorbidity and complexity. Co-management is associated with reduced LoS and costs in ENT, similar to those observed in other surgical services.

DoSurgeons Have More Difficulties in the Hospital Care of Non-surgery Patients Than With Surgery Patients?

OBJECTIVE: A variable percentage of patients admitted to surgical departments are not operated on for several reasons. Our goal is to check if surgeons have more problems in caring for non-operated hospitalized patients than operated ones. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included all patients aged ≥ 14 years discharged in 2010 from General Surgery, Gynaecology, Urology, and Otolaryngology. The main variables were the length of stay, mortality, readmissions, and number of consultations/referrals requested to medical services. Secondary variables were age, sex, number of emergency admissions, total number of diagnoses, and the Charlson comorbidity index (ICh). RESULTS: Between 8.7% and 22.8% of patients admitted to these surgical departments are not operated on. The non-operated patients had a significantly higher stay, mortality, readmissions and consultations/referrals requests than operated ones, with significantly higher age (except Urology), number of diagnoses, emergency admissions and ICh (except Urology). CONCLUSIONS: Patients admitted to surgical departments and are not operated on have higher mortality, readmissions and consultation/referrals requests than those operated on, which may be due to their greater medical complexity and urgency of admission. This suggests a greater difficulty in their care by surgeons.