[Caregiver-patient communication: A complex process]. / Communication soignant-soigné : un processus complexe.

Caregiver-client communication is a process influenced by many specific elements arising from the context, the content and the form of the message, but also from the inner life of the patient and the caregiver. All these specific factors have an impact on the transmission and reception of the message.

Is intimate partner sexual violence a singular violence?

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the specificities of intimate partner sexual violence among heterosexual partners, as well as to contrast them to the sexual violence perpetrated by strangers or acquaintances. METHOD: A narrative review was conducted to identify relevant findings in the scientific and medical literature to inform about intimate partner sexual violence. Findings were also analysed with the lens of the clinical experience of the authors working with men convicted of intimate partner sexual violence. RESULTS: Intimate partner sexual violence was legally recognized by article 222-22 of the French Penal Code in 2006. In France rape committed by intimate partners accounts for 34% of rapes of adult women. Intimate partner sexual violence is likely to be underestimated due to variables of individual, relationship, community, and societal levels. Despite a common perception that intimate partner sexual violence is located at the lower end of the severity continuum compared with other forms of sexual violence, studies have shown that intimate sexual violence is as or even more harmful to a woman. Compared to victims of other types of sexual violence, women sexually abused by an intimate partner experience more severe mental health outcomes such as depression, anxiety, anger, self-blame, increased feelings of shame, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse to cope or suicide attempt. Intimate partner sexual violence is also associated with humiliation and betrayal of trust, greater physical violence, greater risk of sexually transmitted infections, re-victimization, higher risk of serious injury or homicide. Beyond the legal definition of sexual rape, intimate partner sexual violence encompasses a wide range of subtle and complex behaviors such as coercive tactics, blackmail, implicit threat or reproductive control. The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown seems to have played a "revealing" or "aggravating" role rather than a "triggering" of intimate violence. The treatment of intimate partner sexual violence is complex and should consider diverse therapeutic strategies to deconstruct the offenders' societal misrepresentations and to make them aware of their partner's inter-subjectivity. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying and understanding intimate partner sexual violence need to be improved both to refine the treatment of the offender-victim dyad and to break down the toxic relational dynamics maintaining abusive behaviors.

[Sexuality among the elderly: understanding the weight of stereotypes]. / Sexualité chez les personnes âgées : comprendre le poids des stéréotypes.

Sexuality is an integral part of health and accompanies human beings throughout their lives. It contributes to well-being and improves quality of life. The social representations conveyed by Western society modulate sexuality and can play a decisive role in the expression of seniors' sexuality.

Social representations of intellectual disability; a comparison between cultures.

OBJECTIVES: People with Intellectual disability consistently appear to be one of the most looked-down upon and repressed subgroups of society in many cultures. The main aim of this study was to compare social representations of intellectual disability in its various aspects between different cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in four different sites: Beirut-Lebanon, Algiers-Algeria, Tours-France and Namur-Belgium. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire evaluating social representations of intellectual disability. RESULTS: A total of 755 participants consented to take part in the study. Gender only affected social representations in the Lebanese population. Overall, Algerians appeared to have the least positive social representations and Lebanon to have more positive attitudes, while France and Belgium tended to have the most favourable representations. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the imbalance between a European and a non-European country showing the importance of developing tailored interventions to improve general attitudes towards intellectual disability.

[The meeting, a lever towards the exercise of nursing care in psychiatry]. / La rencontre, un levier vers l'exercice du prendre soin infirmier en psychiatrie.

Nursing training is provided in nursing training institutes by a multidisciplinary teaching team. During this course, the nursing student will forge his or her professional identity. However, psychiatry is a field that is not very popular with students. Social representations, apprehension and lack of knowledge of the discipline, and the crisis that the sector is going through all work against this choice. Especially since young nurses are ill-equipped to develop a sufficiently good posture, in line with the expectations of the health care team. Nevertheless, some of those who have chosen to work in psychiatry emphasize the notion of encounters as a determining factor in their professional orientation. This encounter is based on three stages: an encounter with oneself, with specific knowledge and with the clinic.

[Social representations of the vaccine]. / Les représentations sociales du vaccin.

Vaccination has made it possible to combat many infectious diseases by reducing their impact in terms of mortality as well as morbidity. However, reservations about this primary prevention measure, as demonstrated by the difficulties in introducing vaccination against COVID-19. Through the analysis of social representations, we try to understand the reasons for these obstacles.

[Study of representations of end-of-life platelet transfusion by its protagonists: Patients, nurses and hematologic oncologists]. / Étude des représentations de la transfusion plaquettaire en fin de vie par ses acteurs : patients, infirmiers et médecins d'hématologie.

INTRODUCTION: End-of-life platelet transfusion practice in onco-hematology is subjective and depends on representations shared by patients, nurses and hematologists. This study aims to describe these representations of platelet transfusion in a context of a severe and advanced hematologic malignancy through the social representation of its protagonists. METHODS: A qualitative study, using the associative network method and including three groups of 15 participants (patients with an advanced hematologic malignancy, regularly transfused in platelet concentrates; nurses and hematologic oncologists) from four hematology centers was conducted between February and April 2019. Analysis was carried out using IraMuTeQ software. RESULTS: Patients expect platelet transfusion to have a direct beneficial impact on their health and highlight human relations. Nurses aim at the patient's well-being, in his or her individuality, and at respecting the transfusion protocol. Physicians seek to relieve symptoms by taking into account a multitude of decision-making factors. The textual clustering method, nuances those previous results and individualizes four different orientations, independent of groups: dependency, singularity, subjectivity and neutrality. DISCUSSION: The perception of the social representations related to platelet transfusion at the end-of-life should make it possible to adapt the discourse to the preferred orientation of the speaker and could be an asset in goals of care discussion with patients as well as with teams in charge of palliative care.

[Older people in Ehpad, representations of young adults]. / Personnes âgées en Ehpad, représentations des jeunes adultes.

Studies on social representations of older persons are numerous and come mainly from American literature. However, few studies have examined young people's viewpoint. This article focuses on the representations of older patients among students in Bac Professionnel.

[Care in an LTC unit: between psychosis, fantasy and challenge]. / Accueil en USLD : entre psychose, fantasme et défi.

In nursing homes, residents with psychiatric disorders are cared for alongside other residents. While the clinical presentation is different to that of dementia, the caregivers need to adopt a new approach in order to provide the necessary long-term support. Their social representations of madness must also be questioned. The integration of psychotic residents into a nursing home must be anticipated and prepared through exchanges and interventions overseen jointly by the geriatric and psychiatric teams.

[Social representation of chemotherapy and cancer among intern trainee doctor in Ouagadougou]. / Représentation sociale de la chimiothérapie et du cancer chez les étudiants de troisième cycle d'études médicales à Ouagadougou.

INTRODUCTION: The perceptions that postgraduate medical students have about cancer and chemotherapy could have an impact on the quality of their interactions with their future patients. We conducted this study in order to highlight their representational field for chemotherapy and cancer. METHOD: From February 1st to May 31st 2018, 618 students from the 3rd cycle in medical studies from Saint-Thomas d'Aquin University and Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo of the city of Ouagadougou took part in the study. They were given self-administered questionnaire, which include a collection of free and hierarchical evocations in response to the inducers "cancer" and "chemotherapy". They were also asked to propose arguments to convince and gain trust of a fictitious patient waiting for chemotherapy. RESULTS: The fatal aspect of cancer was largely present in their representational world. The representational field of chemotherapy was related to the side effects and the expensive aspect of anticancer drugs. In spite of a negative representation of cancer, students were able to find words with positive connotations to convince patients waiting for chemotherapy to follow treatment. DISCUSSION: Knowing these representations makes it possible to understand the stakes of the doctor-patient relationship in order to improve the training of future doctors, as well as the care of patients.

Representações sociais do trabalho informal para trabalhadores por conta própria / Social representations of informal working for self employed workers / Representaciones sociales del trabajo informal para trabajadores por cuenta propia / Représentations sociales du travail informel pour travailleurs indépendants

Estima-se que um terço da população brasileira desempenha atividades informais. Essa modalidade de trabalho envolve questões psicossociais e ideológicas específicas, como também representações sociais. O presente estudo objetiva caracterizar as representações sociais do trabalho informal para trabalhadores que estão inseridos nesse tipo de atividade, além de suas práticas sociais e identitárias, considerando a perspectiva da Teoria das Representações Sociais (TRS). O estudo foi exploratório e descritivo, circunscrito na abordagem qualitativa, com a participação de dez trabalhadores, os quais foram entrevistados de forma não diretiva. As narrativas foram analisadas com auxílio do IRAMUTEQ, um software de análise textual. Foi possível identificar três diferentes eixos representacionais: (a) história de vida e laboral, (b) intergeracionalidade da informalidade e (c) liberdade e precariedade do trabalho. As representações sociais do trabalho informal apresentam perspectiva hegemônica, mas também traduzem a atividade de trabalho como algo do humano, que identifica os trabalhadores, e que é insubstituível.

It is estimated that one-third of the Brazilian population performs informal activities and this modality of work involves specific psychosocial and ideological issues, as well as social representations. The present study aims to characterize the social representations of informal work for workers who are included in this type of activity, as well as their social and identity practices, considering the perspective of Social Representation Theory (TRS). The study was exploratory and descriptive, circumscribed in the qualitative approach, with the participation of ten workers interviewed in a non-directive manner. The narratives were analyzed with the help of IRAMUTEQ, a textual analysis software. It was possible to identify three different representational axes: (a) life and work history, (b) inter-generational of informality and (c) freedom and precariousness of work. The social representations of informal work have a hegemonic perspective, but also translate the work activity as something human, which identifies workers, and which is irreplaceable.

Se calcula que un tercio de la población brasileña desempeña actividades informales. Este tipo de trabajo envuelve cuestiones psicosociales e ideológicas específicas, como también representaciones sociales. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar las representaciones sociales del trabajo informal para trabajadores que están metidos en este tipo de actividad, además de sus prácticas de identidad, considerando la perspectiva de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (TRS). El estudio fue de exploración y descriptivo, circunscripto en el enfoque cualitativo, con la participación de diez trabajadores, los cuales fueron encuestados de forma no directiva. Las narrativas fueron analizadas con la ayuda del IRAMUTEQ, un software de análisis textual. Fue posible identificar tres distintos ejes representacionales: (a) historia laboral y de vida, (b) intergeneracionalidad de la informalidad y (c) libertad y precariedad del trabajo. Las representaciones sociales del trabajo informal presentan perspectivas hegemónicas, pero también traducen la actividad de trabajo como algo del humano, que identifica los trabajadores, y que es insubstituible.

On estime qu'un tiers de la population brésilienne travaille de manière informelle. Cette modalité de travail implique des problèmes psychosociaux et idéologiques spécifiques, bien comme des représentations sociales. La présente étude vise à caractériser les représentations sociales du travail informel pour les travailleurs inclus dans ce type d'activité, ainsi que leurs pratiques sociales et identitaires, dans l'optique de la Théorie de la Représentation Sociale (TRS). L'étude a été exploratoire et descriptive, circonscrite dans l'approche qualitative, avec la participation de dix travailleurs interviewés de manière non directive. Les récits ont été analysés à l'aide d'IRAMUTEQ, un logiciel d'analyse textuelle . Il était possible d'identifier trois axes de représentation différents: a) l'histoire de la vie et du travail, b) l'inter-générationnalité de l'informalité et c) la liberté et la précarité du travail. Les représentations sociales du travail informel ont une perspective hégémonique, mais traduisent également l'activité de travail en quelque chose d'humain, qui identifie les travailleurs et qui est irremplaçable.

[Understanding the complex, multifaceted and multifactorial psychosocial risks]. / Comprendre les risques psychosociaux complexes, multiformes et multifactoriels.

Fatigue, anxiety, harassment, burnout, stress, etc., the psychosocial risk category brings together multidimensional (physiological, psychological, social...) heterogeneous and complex problems and pathological entities. These aspects are also associated with significant ideological and socio-economic issues (employer liability, cost to the community ...). Thus, how can we make sense of this increase in complaints? Is work harder now than it used to be?

[Social representations of trisomy 21]. / Les représentations sociales de la trisomie 21.

Social representations of trisomy 21 have evolved considerably since its first descriptions in France in the 19th century. Today contradictory trends are at work. Some convey alarmist and stereotypical images while others favour greater understanding of life with trisomy 21.

[The silence of a body and speech set free]. / Les silences d'un corps et la parole libérée.

Anorexia is a reflection of issues with the body in all its states. The social body and the representation of a model's body, mistreated in order to meet certain standards, the medical body shaken by the mystery of anorexia, and the subjective body and the reality of the flesh. The anorexic body is a testament to a past full of pain and neglect, a sign of emotional deficiency. Caring for the body of a person with anorexia, whatever the approach, means also and above all working with the future of a human being.

[Training and representation of dementia of workers in nursing homes]. / Formation et représentations de la démence chez les travailleurs en Ehpad.

Training could be a lever for improving the quality of care of residents with dementia in nursing homes by changing social representations. Beyond a simple assessment of acquired knowledge, a change of social representations could be indicative of a true appropriation of the content of the training. A study was carried out to assess the impact of training on nursing home caregivers' representations of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

[One more word about the diagnostic. A metapsychological approach]. / Encore un mot sur l'annonce Une approche métapsychologique.

Nearly a decade since the first experiment in France of the so-called "announcement policy" a concerted effort, the pooling of skills of health professionals from different backgrounds, have had noticeable positive effects on the daily practice. This article attempts at analyzing the question that was causing the application of former patients and their main complaint: the lack of communication and its direct consequences, anguish and loneliness. Subsequently, the announcement policy, this multifaceted approach, had consisted of creating for the patient what can be called "a good enough environment able to hold". It is therefore not a plan but a disposal (if we are willing to agree on the fact that these are the qualities of the therapeutic setting that count and not the format by itself). Considering the ipseity of each patient, the uniqueness of each particular situation, of each social background, the need for harmonization of the announcement policy is questionable. Harmonization does not mean uniformity. The quality of this policy must be adapted closer to each case. However, it must be based on the basic principles and might also take into account the dimension of anguish. These fundamental principles are directly derived from the principles of medical humanism, those that have brought meaning to scientific progress.

Inhabitants' and professionals' social representations of health determinants in a disadvantaged urban area in France: a qualitative analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Access to care in French disadvantaged urban areas remains an issue despite the implementation of local healthcare structures. To understand this contradiction, we investigated social representations held by inhabitants of such areas, as well as those of social and healthcare professionals, regarding events or behaviours that can impact low-income individuals' health. METHOD: In the context of a health diagnosis, 288 inhabitants living in five disadvantaged districts of Aix-les-Bains, as well as 28 professionals working in these districts, completed an open-ended questionnaire. The two groups of respondents were asked to describe what could have an impact on health status from the inhabitants' point of view. The textual responses were analyzed using the Alceste method. RESULTS: We observed a number of differences in the way the inhabitants and professionals represented determinants of health in disadvantaged urban areas: the former proposed a representation mixing personal responsibility with physiological, social, familial, and professional aspects, whereas the latter associated health issues with marginalization (financial, drug, or alcohol problems) and personal responsibility. Both inhabitants and professionals mentioned control over events and lifestyle as determinants of health. DISCUSSION: The results are discussed regarding the consequences of these different representations on the beneficiary - healthcare-provider relationship in terms of communication and trust.

Représentation sociale de la santé d'immigrants allophones de Montréal, Canada / Social representation of health by allophones immigrants of Montreal, Canada

La province de Québec accueille 50 000 immigrants par an dont 35% sont allophones. Les immigrants ont une meilleure santé que les natifs à leur arrivée. Cet état de santé diminue avec le temps. Des liens ont été établis entre acculturation et prise de poids. L'analyse des représentations sociales de la santé révèle les obstacles et les opportunités de ces personnes à adopter de « saines habitudes de vie ¼. Une étude qualitative exploratoire a été menée à Montréal. L'analyse révèle des conceptions spécifiques de la santé, une évaluation positive de leur état de santé et les causes reliées à cet état. Un grand nombre de croyances, de normes et d'opinions sont exprimées en lien avec l'alimentation et l'activité physique. La représentation de la santé en contexte migratoire présente un conflit entre les valeurs du pays d'origine et du pays hôte. Des mécanismes d'enchantement et de désenchantement sont opérés pour combler l'écart entre idéal espéré et réalité vécue.

The province of Quebec allowed 50,000 immigrants per year of which 35% are allophones. Immigrants have better health than natives and the health status decrease with the time. Links are done between acculturation and increase of bodyweight. The analysis of social representation (SR) of health shows obstacles and opportunities to adopt a "healthy lifestyles". A qualitative exploratory study was done in Montreal. The analysis reveals specific conceptions of health, a positive health status assessment and origins of this status. Lots of beliefs, norms and opinions are connected with food and physical activity. The social representation of health in migration context shows a struggle between country of birth values and host country values. The Mechanisms of "enchanting" and "disenchanting" are working to fill the gap between the hoped ideal and the lived reality.

Représentation sociale de la santé d’immigrants allophones de Montréal,Canada / Social representation of health by allophones immigrants of Montreal, Canada

La province de Québec accueille 50 000 immigrants par an dont 35% sont allophones. Les immigrants ont une meilleure santé que les natifs à leur arrivée. Cet état de santé diminueavec le temps. Des liens ont été établis entre acculturation et prise de poids. L’analyse des représentations sociales de la santé révèle les obstacles et les opportunités de ces personnes àadopter de « saines habitudes de vie ». Une étude qualitative exploratoire a été menée à Montréal. L’analyse révèle des conceptions spécifiques de la santé, une évaluation positive de leur état de santé et les causes reliées à cet état. Un grand nombre de croyances, de normes etd'opinions sont exprimées en lien avec l’alimentation et l’activité physique. La représentation de la santé en contexte migratoire présente un conflit entre les valeurs du pays d’origine et du payshôte. Des mécanismes d’enchantement et de désenchantement sont opérés pour combler l’écart entre idéal espéré et réalité vécue. (AU)

The province of Quebec allowed 50,000 immigrants per year of which 35% areallophones. Immigrants have better health than natives and the health status decrease with the time. Links are done between acculturation and increase of bodyweight. The analysis of social representation (SR) of health shows obstacles and opportunities to adopt a “healthy lifestyles”. A qualitative exploratory study was done in Montreal. The analysis reveals specific conceptions of health, a positive health status assessment and origins of this status. Lots of beliefs, norms andopinions are connected with food and physical activity. The social representation of health in migration context shows a struggle between country of birth values and host country values. The Mechanisms of “enchanting” and “disenchanting” are working to fill the gap between the hoped ideal and the lived reality. (AU)

Dynamique identitaire, implication et representations sociales du travail: dinâmica identitária e implicação / Social representations of work: identity dynamic and psychosocial involvement / Representações sociais do trabalho

Dans cette recherche, on étudie l'impact des modalités d'ancrage de la représentation sociale du travail en fonction du statut professionnel (cadres / employés) pour une population de salariés de la fonction publique française. La représentation du travail que le groupe « cadres ¼ mobilise renvoie aux pratiques professionnelles, celle du groupe « employés ¼ renvoie) à une dimension économique et sociale qui s'exprime par l'importance accordée au salaire et aux relations de travail. L'examen des résultats montre que les éléments de la dimension normative d'un groupe correspondent aux éléments fonctionnels de l'autre groupe, mettant ainsi en évidence la nature de l'asymétrie des groupes étudiés.Cette différence représentationnelle est fondée sur la compositionqualitative des noyaux centraux des représentations du travail des deux groupes étudiés (objectivation différente). La discussion portenotamment sur le lien entre les résultats obtenus et l'implication au travail.

In this research we study the impact of anchoring modalities of social representations of work for two groups of French employees supposed to have a different social status in work. On the one side we can see the group "cadre" is particularly oriented by the pragmatic aspects of professional activity, on the other side, the representation of "work" for the group "employés" is oriented by economical and social principles. The results show an opposition between normative dimensions organizing the social representations of one group and a functional dimension structuring the representation of the other group, emphasizing the asymmetrical relation between groups. It shows that the differences of representations are based on a processes group and therefore they have and show different degrees of involvement in job. This difference between groups based on the qualitative composition of central nucleus of social representations of work leads to differences in involvement on work.

Nesta pesquisa, estudamos o impacto das modalidades da ancoragem da representação social do trabalho de acordo com o estatuto profissional (gerentes e empregados) para uma população de funcionários (assalariados) do serviço público francês. A representação do trabalho do grupo "quadros" refere-se às práticas profissionais, o grupo "empregados" refere-se a uma dimensão econômica e social que se expressa pela importância dada aos salários e relações de trabalho. O exame dos resultados mostra que os elementos da dimensão normativa de um grupo correspondem aos elementos funcionais do outro grupo, ressaltando assim a natureza da diferença assimétrica dos grupos estudados. Essa representação baseia-se na composição qualitativa dos núcleos centrais das representações dos dois grupos estudados (objetivação diferente). A discussão centra-se sobretudo na relação entre resultados e « implicação ¼ (envolvimento) no trabalho.