Testing for concordance between predicted species richness, past prioritization, and marine protected area designations in the western Indian Ocean.

Scientific advances in environmental data coverage and machine learning algorithms have improved the ability to make large-scale predictions where data are missing. These advances allowed us to develop a spatially resolved proxy for predicting numbers of tropical nearshore marine taxa. A diverse marine environmental spatial database was used to model numbers of taxa from ∼1000 field sites, and the predictions were applied to all 7039 6.25-km2 reef cells in 9 ecoregions and 11 nations of the western Indian Ocean. Our proxy for total numbers of taxa was based on the positive correlation (r2 = 0.24) of numbers of taxa of hard corals and 5 highly diverse reef fish families. Environmental relationships indicated that the number of fish species was largely influenced by biomass, nearness to people, governance, connectivity, and productivity and that coral taxa were influenced mostly by physicochemical environmental variability. At spatial delineations of province, ecoregion, nation, and strength of spatial clustering, we compared areas of conservation priority based on our total species proxy with those identified in 3 previous priority-setting reports and with the protected area database. Our method identified 119 locations that fit 3 numbers of taxa (hard coral, fish, and their combination) and 4 spatial delineations (nation, ecoregion, province, and reef clustering) criteria. Previous publications on priority setting identified 91 priority locations of which 6 were identified by all reports. We identified 12 locations that fit our 12 criteria and corresponded with 3 previously identified locations, 65 that aligned with at least 1 past report, and 28 that were new locations. Only 34% of the 208 marine protected areas in this province overlapped with identified locations with high numbers of predicted taxa. Differences occurred because past priorities were frequently based on unquantified perceptions of remoteness and preselected priority taxa. Our environment-species proxy and modeling approach can be considered among other important criteria for making conservation decisions.

Evaluación de la concordancia entre la riqueza de especies pronosticada, priorizaciones pasadas y la designación de áreas marinas protegidas en el oeste del Océano Índico Resumen Los avances científicos en la cobertura de datos ambientales y los algoritmos de aprendizaje automatizado han mejorado la capacidad de predecir a gran escala cuando hacen falta datos. Estos avances nos permiten desarrollar un representante con resolución espacial para predecir la cantidad de taxones marinos en las costas tropicales. Usamos una base de datos espaciales de diversos ambientes marinos para modelar la cantidad de taxones a partir de ∼1000 sitios de campo y aplicamos las predicciones a las 7039 celdas arrecifales de 6.25­km2 en nueve ecorregiones y once países del oeste del Océano Índico. Nuestro representante para la cantidad total de taxones se basó en la correlación positiva (r2=0.24) de la cantidad de taxones de corales duros y cinco familias de peces arrecifales con diversidad alta. Las relaciones ambientales indicaron que el número de especies de peces estuvo influenciado principalmente por la biomasa, la cercanía a las personas, la gestión, la conectividad y la productividad y que los taxones de coral estuvieron influenciados principalmente por la variabilidad ambiental fisicoquímica. Comparamos la prioridad de las áreas de conservación a nivel de las delimitaciones espaciales de provincia, ecorregión, nación y fuerza del agrupamiento espacial basado en nuestro total de especies representantes con aquellas especies identificadas en tres reportes previos de establecimiento de prioridades y con la base de datos de áreas protegidas. Con nuestro método identificamos 119 localidades aptas para tres cantidades de taxones (corales duros, peces y su combinación) y cuatro criterios de delimitación espacial (nación, ecorregión, provincia y grupo de arrecifes). Las publicaciones previas sobre el establecimiento de prioridades identificaron 91 localidades prioritarias de las cuales seis fueron identificadas por todos los reportes. Identificamos doce localidades que se ajustan a nuestros doce criterios y se correspondieron con tres localidades identificadas previamente, 65 que se alinearon con al menos un reporte anterior y 28 que eran nuevas localidades. Sólo 34% de las 208 áreas marinas protegidas en esta provincia se traslaparon con localidades identificadas con un gran número de taxones pronosticados. Hubo diferencias porque en el pasado se priorizaba frecuentemente con base en las percepciones no cuantificadas de lo remoto y prioritario de los taxones preseleccionados. Nuestra especie representante del ambiente y nuestra estrategia de modelo pueden considerarse entre otros criterios importantes para tomar decisiones de conservación.

Clasificación no supervisada de imágenes médicas y minería de datos. Algoritmo S3 vs K-medias / Unsupervised classification of medical images and data mining: S3 algorithm vs. k-means

Uno de los desafíos que los programadores tienen que enfrentar es la alta dimensión de grupos de datos. El proceso de reconocimiento de patrones en imagen y la minería de datos para los volúmenes grandes de información son ejemplos de ellos, optimizar la cantidad de veces que se recorre el conjunto de datos, disminuye el tiempo de procesamiento. Éste documento tiene el objetivo de caracterizar el algoritmo de tres pasos (S3), paralelo a K-medias, como una alternativa para afrontar la alta dimensión del conjunto de datos, en la clasificación no supervisada de imagen. Para el análisis de la concurrencia, se escoge, flujo de datos y el esquema instrucción única con datos múltiples. El resultado obtenido confirma que la concurrencia en ambos es posible, S3 no depende de la selección inicial de los representantes y puede ser el proceso de escogimiento de los primeros vectores centrales en K-medias. S3 es una alternativa a ser tenida en cuenta en la clasificación no supervisada de imágenes médicas y procesos de minería de datos(AU)

One of the challenges to be faced by programmers is the large dimensions of data groups. The process of pattern recognition in images and data mining for great volumes of information is an example. Optimizing the number of times that the set of data is run saves processing time. The purpose of the study was to characterize the three-step (S3) algorithm, parallel to k-means, as an alternative to cope with the large dimension of the data set in unsupervised image classification. Concurrence analysis is based on data flow and the single instruction multiple data scheme. The result obtained confirms that concurrence of both is possible. S3 does not depend on initial selection of representatives, and may be the process for selection of the first central vectors in k-means. S3 is an alternative to be considered in the unsupervised classification of medical images and data mining(AU)

Participação e direito à saúde dos trabalhadores / Workers' participation and right to health

Este artigo trata da participação de representantes de trabalhadores em comissões intersetoriais de saúde do trabalhador (CIST) e também de estratégias destes profissionais na defesa do seu direito à saúde. Para tanto, realizamos revisão bibliográfica sobre ideias centrais nesse campo, leitura dos relatórios de conferências e entrevistas com representantes dos trabalhadores que participam da coordenação dessas comissões no âmbito estadual, especialmente em São Paulo, e na CIST Nacional. O trabalho aponta para a tensão presente na relação entre cidadania e mercado na construção social da efetivação do direito à saúde do trabalhador. Em relação ao controle social, as conferências nacionais da área e a resolução do Conselho Nacional de Saúde que estimula os conselhos a criarem as CIST possibilitam a consolidação da Política Nacional de Saúde do Trabalhador e da Trabalhadora. Contudo, a pesquisa mostra a necessidade de ações institucionais conjuntas para o fortalecimento da participação na construção da agenda, formulação, implementação e avaliação de políticas públicas de saúde do trabalhador.

This paper deals with the participation of worker representatives in workers' health inter-sector commissions (in Portuguese, CIST). Moreover, it approaches these professionals' strategies to defend the workers' right to health. In order to achieve these goals, we reviewed the literature to find the main ideas in this field, read conference reports and interviewed worker representatives who participate in the coordination of these commissions at the state level, especially in São Paulo, and in the national CIST. The study reveals the tension that is present in the relationship between citizenship and the market in the social construction of the accomplishment of workers' right to health. In relation to social control, the national conferences in the area and the National Health Council's resolution that stimulates councils to create CISTs enable the consolidation of the National Workers' Health Policy. However, the research shows the necessity of joint institutional actions in order to strengthen participation in the construction of the agenda, formulation, implementation and evaluation of worker's health public policies.