Genetic association between feed efficiency, growth, scrotal circumference, and carcass traits in Guzerat cattle.

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for feed efficiency-related traits and their genetic correlations with growth, male fertility, and carcass traits using multi-trait analysis in Guzerat cattle. Further, it aimed to predict the direct and correlated responses for feed efficiency traits when selection was applied for growth, male fertility, and carcass traits. The evaluated traits were adjusted weight at 120 (W120), 210 (W210), 365 (W365), and 450 days of age (W450), adjusted scrotal circumference at 365 days of age (SC365) and at 450 days of age (SC450), scrotal circumference, ribeye area (REA), backfat thickness (BFT), rump fat thickness (RFT), residual feed intake (RFI), and dry matter intake (DMI). The genetic parameters were obtained by the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML), using an animal model in multi-trait analyses. The heritability estimates for W120, W210, W365, W450, SC365, and SC450 varied from low to high (0.17 to 0.39). The carcass traits, REA, BFT, and RFT, displayed low to moderate heritability estimates, 0.27, 0.10, and 0.31, respectively. The heritability estimates for RFI (0.15) and DMI (0.23) were low and moderate, respectively. The RFI showed low genetic correlations with growth traits, ranging from - 0.07 to 0.22, from 0.03 to 0.05 for scrotal circumference, and from - 0.35 to 0.16 for carcass, except for DMI, which ranged from 0.42 to 0.46. The RFI and DMI presented enough additive genetic variability to be used as selection criteria in Guzerat breed genetic improvement program. Additionally, the response to selection for RFI would be higher when selection is performed directly for this trait. The selection for residual feed intake would not promote unfavorable correlated responses for scrotal circumference, carcass (yield and finish), and growth traits. Therefore, the selection for more efficient animals would not compromise the productive, reproductive, and carcass performance, contributing to reduce the production costs, increasing the profitability and sustainability of beef cattle production in tropical areas.

Identification of high seed oil yield and high oleic acid content in Brazilian germplasm of winter squash (Cucurbita moschata D.).

Cucurbita moschata D. seed oil contains approximately 75% unsaturated fatty acids, with high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant compounds such as vitamin E and carotenoids, constituting a promising food in nutritional terms. In addition, the Brazilian germplasm of C. moschata exhibits remarkable variability, representing an important source for the genetic breeding of this vegetable and other cucurbits. The present study evaluated the productivity and profile of the seed oil of 91C. moschata accessions from different regions of Brazil maintained in the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of the Federal University of Viçosa (BGH-UFV). A field experiment was conducted between January and July 2016. The accessions showed high genetic variability in terms of characteristics related to seed oil productivity (SOP), such as the weight of seeds per fruit and productivity of seeds, providing predicted selection gains of 29.39 g and 0.26 t ha-1, respectively. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic correlations, a greater SOP can be achieved while maintaining a high oleic acid concentration and low linoleic acid concentration, providing oil of better nutritional and chemical quality. In the variability analysis, the accessions were clustered into five groups, which had different averages for SOP and fatty acid concentration of seed oil, an approach that will guide the use of appropriate germplasm in programs aimed at genetic breeding for SOP and seed oil profile. Per se analysis identified BGH-4610, BGH-5485A, BGH-6590, BGH-5556A, BGH-5472A, and BGH-5544A as the most promising accessions in terms of SOP, with an average (µ + g) of approximately 0.20 t ha-1. The most promising accessions for a higher oleic acid concentration of seed oil were BGH-5456A, BGH-3333A, BGH-5361A, BGH-5472A, BGH-5544A, BGH-5453A, and BGH-1749, with an average (µ + g) of approximately 30%, almost all of which were also the most promising in terms of a lower linoleic acid concentration of the seed oil, with an average (µ + g) of approximately 45%. Part of the C. moschata accessions evaluated in the present study can serve as a promising resource in genetic breeding programs for SOP and fatty acid profile, aiming at the production of oil with better nutritional and physicochemical quality.

Larvae of Caribbean Echinoids Have Small Warming Tolerances for Chronic Stress in Panama.

In species with complex life cycles, early developmental stages are often less thermally tolerant than adults, suggesting that they are key to predicting organismal response to environmental warming. Here we document the optimal and lethal temperatures of larval sea urchins, and we use those to calculate the warming tolerance and the thermal safety margin of early larval stages of seven tropical species. Larvae of Echinometra viridis, Echinometra lucunter, Lytechinus williamsi, Eucidaris tribuloides, Tripneustes ventricosus, Clypeaster rosaceus, and Clypeaster subdepressus were reared at 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34 °C for 6 days. The temperatures at which statistically significant reductions in larval performance are evident are generally the same temperatures at which statistically significant reductions in larval survival were detected, showing that the optimal temperature is very close to the lethal temperature. The two Echinometra species had significantly higher thermal tolerance than the other species, with some surviving culture temperatures of 34 °C and showing minimal impacts on growth and survival at 32 °C. In the other species, larval growth and survival were depressed at and above 30 or 32 °C. Overall, these larvae have lower warming tolerances (1 to 5 °C) and smaller thermal safety margins (-3 to 3 °C) than adults. Survival differences among treatments were evident by the first sampling on day 2, and survival at the highest temperatures increased when embryos were exposed to warming after spending the first 24 hours at ambient temperature. This suggests that the first days of development are more sensitive to thermal stress than are later larval stages.

Potential for introducing improved production practices in food legumes with increased food security in Afghanistan

The restricted maximum likelihood method was used to assess performance following the introduction of improved varieties of chickpea and mungbean (an important source of plant protein in Afghanistan) as compared to local varieties using 242 farmer participatory demonstrations laid out in eight districts in Baghlan, Balkh and Uruzgan provinces in Afghanistan from 2009 to 2012. The impact of the varieties introduced on the enhancement of security of food and nutrition of farmers adopting such technologies was also assessed. Taking an average over the study period, chickpea improved varieties (Madad and Sehat) recorded 56 and 72 % more yield over the local ones, respectively, while in case of mungbean varieties, Mai 2008 and Maash 2008 recorded 22 and 30 % more yield over local ones respectively. Though there is a significant yield difference between the improved and the local varieties of both crops, the difference between the improved varieties of chickpea was not significant while it was significant in the case of mungbean. The study revealed a non-zero variance component for variety type [improved vs. local] × year within district interaction for the yield of chickpea while none of the interactions in mungbean had a positive variance component. Risk analysis showed that at a chosen probability level of 90 %, the improved varieties yielded more than local varieties in both crops (> 1.0 t ha1). Thus, the study highlighted the scope for enhancing the security of both food and nutrition in Afghanistan through improved productivity of pulse crops.

Potential for introducing improved production practices in food legumes with increased food security in Afghanistan

The restricted maximum likelihood method was used to assess performance following the introduction of improved varieties of chickpea and mungbean (an important source of plant protein in Afghanistan) as compared to local varieties using 242 farmer participatory demonstrations laid out in eight districts in Baghlan, Balkh and Uruzgan provinces in Afghanistan from 2009 to 2012. The impact of the varieties introduced on the enhancement of security of food and nutrition of farmers adopting such technologies was also assessed. Taking an average over the study period, chickpea improved varieties (Madad and Sehat) recorded 56 and 72 % more yield over the local ones, respectively, while in case of mungbean varieties, Mai 2008 and Maash 2008 recorded 22 and 30 % more yield over local ones respectively. Though there is a significant yield difference between the improved and the local varieties of both crops, the difference between the improved varieties of chickpea was not significant while it was significant in the case of mungbean. The study revealed a non-zero variance component for variety type [improved vs. local] × year within district interaction for the yield of chickpea while none of the interactions in mungbean had a positive variance component. Risk analysis showed that at a chosen probability level of 90 %, the improved varieties yielded more than local varieties in both crops (> 1.0 t ha1). Thus, the study highlighted the scope for enhancing the security of both food and nutrition in Afghanistan through improved productivity of pulse crops.(AU)

Four-way data analysis within the linear mixed modelling framework

Cultivars have to be evaluated under different crop management systems across agro-ecosystems and years using multi-environment trials (MET) before releasing them to the market. Frequently, data collected in METs are arranged according to cultivar (G), management (M), location, (L) and year (Y) combinations in a four-way G x M x L x Y data table that is highly unbalanced for cultivars across locations and time. Therefore, we present the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) for linear mixed models (LMM) with a factor analytic variance-covariance matrix for assessing cultivar adaptation to crop management systems and environments based on unbalanced datasets. Such a multi-environmental trial system has been in operation in Poland for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the form of the Post-registration Variety Testing System (PVTS). This study aimed to illustrate the use of LMM in the analysis of unbalanced four-way G x M x L x Y data. LMM analysis provided adjusted means of grain yield for 51 winter wheat cultivars bred in different regions in Europe, tested across 18 trial locations and seven consecutive cropping seasons in two crop management intensities. The application of the four-way LMM with a factor analytic variance-covariance matrix is a complementary and effective tool for evaluating the unbalanced G x M x L x Y table. Cultivars tested had different adaptive responses to the Polish agro-ecosystems separately for each of the crop management intensities. Wide adaptation in both crop management systems was exhibited by cultivars Mulan and Jenga bred in Germany.

Four-way data analysis within the linear mixed modelling framework

Cultivars have to be evaluated under different crop management systems across agro-ecosystems and years using multi-environment trials (MET) before releasing them to the market. Frequently, data collected in METs are arranged according to cultivar (G), management (M), location, (L) and year (Y) combinations in a four-way G x M x L x Y data table that is highly unbalanced for cultivars across locations and time. Therefore, we present the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) for linear mixed models (LMM) with a factor analytic variance-covariance matrix for assessing cultivar adaptation to crop management systems and environments based on unbalanced datasets. Such a multi-environmental trial system has been in operation in Poland for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the form of the Post-registration Variety Testing System (PVTS). This study aimed to illustrate the use of LMM in the analysis of unbalanced four-way G x M x L x Y data. LMM analysis provided adjusted means of grain yield for 51 winter wheat cultivars bred in different regions in Europe, tested across 18 trial locations and seven consecutive cropping seasons in two crop management intensities. The application of the four-way LMM with a factor analytic variance-covariance matrix is a complementary and effective tool for evaluating the unbalanced G x M x L x Y table. Cultivars tested had different adaptive responses to the Polish agro-ecosystems separately for each of the crop management intensities. Wide adaptation in both crop management systems was exhibited by cultivars Mulan and Jenga bred in Germany.(AU)

Interação genótipo-ambiente para a produção de leite em rebanhos da raça holandesa no Brasil: (I) modelo de touro

Records on 14.418 first lactations of Holstein cows sired by 324 bulls distributed in 181 herds in different States from 1981 to 1991, were used to study the effect of genotype-environment interaction on milk production. The data were distributed in three levels (low-B, medium-M, and high-A) according to the average of the herd milk production. (Co)variances components were estimated by REML using two sire models. The variance components of sire ranged from 116,879 to 274,871 were larger at the higher levels, the residuals ranged from 1,691,879 to 1,956,025, increasing with the production level of the herds and the interaction ranged from 66,854 to 149,972 with the highest value when the daughters performed at the extreme levels. The heritabilities ranged from 0.22 to 0.49 and the genetic correlations were 0.22, 0.46, and 0.69, respectivelly, among the levels low and high, low and medium, and medium and high.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da interação genótipo-ambiente sobre o desempenho produtivo de vacas da raça Holandesa no Brasil, foram estudados os registros de produção total de leite à primeira lactação de 14.418 vacas filhas de 324 touros e distribuídas em 181 rebanhos em diferentes estados, no período de 1981 a 1991. Os dados foram estratificados de acordo com a produção média de leite do rebanho, em nível baixo (B), médio (M) e alto (A). Os componentes de (co)variância foram estimados utilizando-se o método da máxima verossimilhança restrita e dois modelos de touro. Os componentes de variância de touro variaram de 116.879 a 274.871 e foram maiores nos níveis mais altos; os residuais variaram de 1.691.879 a 1.956.025, crescendo com o nível de produção dos rebanhos e os da interação variaram de 66.854 a 149.972, tendo o maior valor ocorrido nos níveis extremos de produção. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade variaram de 0,22 a 0,49 e os de correlação genética foram 0,22, 0,46 e 0,69, entre os níveis B e A, B e M e M e A, respectivamente.

Interação genótipo-ambiente para a produção de leite em rebanhos da raça holandesa no Brasil: (I) modelo de touro

Records on 14.418 first lactations of Holstein cows sired by 324 bulls distributed in 181 herds in different States from 1981 to 1991, were used to study the effect of genotype-environment interaction on milk production. The data were distributed in three levels (low-B, medium-M, and high-A) according to the average of the herd milk production. (Co)variances components were estimated by REML using two sire models. The variance components of sire ranged from 116,879 to 274,871 were larger at the higher levels, the residuals ranged from 1,691,879 to 1,956,025, increasing with the production level of the herds and the interaction ranged from 66,854 to 149,972 with the highest value when the daughters performed at the extreme levels. The heritabilities ranged from 0.22 to 0.49 and the genetic correlations were 0.22, 0.46, and 0.69, respectivelly, among the levels low and high, low and medium, and medium and high.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da interação genótipo-ambiente sobre o desempenho produtivo de vacas da raça Holandesa no Brasil, foram estudados os registros de produção total de leite à primeira lactação de 14.418 vacas filhas de 324 touros e distribuídas em 181 rebanhos em diferentes estados, no período de 1981 a 1991. Os dados foram estratificados de acordo com a produção média de leite do rebanho, em nível baixo (B), médio (M) e alto (A). Os componentes de (co)variância foram estimados utilizando-se o método da máxima verossimilhança restrita e dois modelos de touro. Os componentes de variância de touro variaram de 116.879 a 274.871 e foram maiores nos níveis mais altos; os residuais variaram de 1.691.879 a 1.956.025, crescendo com o nível de produção dos rebanhos e os da interação variaram de 66.854 a 149.972, tendo o maior valor ocorrido nos níveis extremos de produção. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade variaram de 0,22 a 0,49 e os de correlação genética foram 0,22, 0,46 e 0,69, entre os níveis B e A, B e M e M e A, respectivamente.