Damage control in penetrating duodenal trauma: less is better - the sequel.

The overall incidence of duodenal injuries in severely injured trauma patients is between 0.2 to 0.6% and the overall prevalence in those suffering from abdominal trauma is 3 to 5%. Approximately 80% of these cases are secondary to penetrating trauma, commonly associated with vascular and adjacent organ injuries. Therefore, defining the best surgical treatment algorithm remains controversial. Mild to moderate duodenal trauma is currently managed via primary repair and simple surgical techniques. However, severe injuries have required complex surgical techniques without significant favorable outcomes and a consequential increase in mortality rates. This article aims to delineate the experience in the surgical management of penetrating duodenal injuries via the creation of a practical and effective algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery that sticks to the philosophy of "Less is Better". Surgical management of all penetrating duodenal trauma should always default when possible to primary repair. When confronted with a complex duodenal injury, hemodynamic instability, and/or significant associated injuries, the default should be damage control surgery. Definitive reconstructive surgery should be postponed until the patient has been adequately resuscitated and the diamond of death has been corrected.

El trauma de duodeno comúnmente se produce por un trauma penetrante que puede asociarse a lesiones vasculares y de órganos adyacentes. En el manejo quirúrgico se recomienda realizar un reparo primario o el empleo de técnicas quirúrgicas simples. Sin embargo, el abordaje de lesiones severas del duodeno es un tema controversial. Anteriormente, se han descrito técnicas como la exclusión pilórica o la pancreatoduodenectomía con resultados no concluyentes. El presente artículo presenta una propuesta del manejo de control de daños del trauma penetrante de duodeno, a través, de un algoritmo de cinco pasos. Este algoritmo plantea una solución para el cirujano cuando no es posible realizar el reparo primario. El control de daños del duodeno y su reconstrucción depende de una toma de decisiones respecto a la porción del duodeno lesionada y el compromiso sobre el complejo pancreatoduodenal. Se recomiendan medidas rápidas para contener el daño y se proponen vías de reconstrucción duodenal diferente a las clásicamente descritas. Igualmente, la probabilidad de complicaciones como fistula duodenales es considerable, por lo que proponemos, que el manejo de este tipo de fistulas de alto gasto se aborde por medio de una laparostomía retroperitoneal (lumbotomía). El abordaje del trauma penetrante de duodeno se puede realizar a través del principio "menos es mejor".

Damage control in penetrating duodenal trauma: less is better - the sequel / El control de daños en trauma penetrante de duodeno: "Menos es Mejor

Abstract The overall incidence of duodenal injuries in severely injured trauma patients is between 0.2 to 0.6% and the overall prevalence in those suffering from abdominal trauma is 3 to 5%. Approximately 80% of these cases are secondary to penetrating trauma, commonly associated with vascular and adjacent organ injuries. Therefore, defining the best surgical treatment algorithm remains controversial. Mild to moderate duodenal trauma is currently managed via primary repair and simple surgical techniques. However, severe injuries have required complex surgical techniques without significant favorable outcomes and a consequential increase in mortality rates. This article aims to delineate the experience in the surgical management of penetrating duodenal injuries via the creation of a practical and effective algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery that sticks to the philosophy of "Less is Better". Surgical management of all penetrating duodenal trauma should always default when possible to primary repair. When confronted with a complex duodenal injury, hemodynamic instability, and/or significant associated injuries, the default should be damage control surgery. Definitive reconstructive surgery should be postponed until the patient has been adequately resuscitated and the diamond of death has been corrected.

Resumen El trauma de duodeno comúnmente se produce por un trauma penetrante que puede asociarse a lesiones vasculares y de órganos adyacentes. En el manejo quirúrgico se recomienda realizar un reparo primario o el empleo de técnicas quirúrgicas simples. Sin embargo, el abordaje de lesiones severas del duodeno es un tema controversial. Anteriormente, se han descrito técnicas como la exclusión pilórica o la pancreatoduodenectomía con resultados no concluyentes. El presente artículo presenta una propuesta del manejo de control de daños del trauma penetrante de duodeno, a través, de un algoritmo de cinco pasos. Este algoritmo plantea una solución para el cirujano cuando no es posible realizar el reparo primario. El control de daños del duodeno y su reconstrucción depende de una toma de decisiones respecto a la porción del duodeno lesionada y el compromiso sobre el complejo pancreatoduodenal. Se recomiendan medidas rápidas para contener el daño y se proponen vías de reconstrucción duodenal diferente a las clásicamente descritas. Igualmente, la probabilidad de complicaciones como fistula duodenales es considerable, por lo que proponemos, que el manejo de este tipo de fistulas de alto gasto se aborde por medio de una laparostomía retroperitoneal (lumbotomía). El abordaje del trauma penetrante de duodeno se puede realizar a través del principio "menos es mejor".

Pneumoretroperitoneum and Sepsis After Transanal Endoscopic Resection of a Rectal Lateral Spreading Tumor.

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is considered a safe, appropriate, and minimally invasive approach, and complications after endoscopic microsurgery are rare. We report a case of sepsis and pneumoretroperitoneum after resection of a rectal lateral spreading tumor. The patient presented with rectal mucous discharge. Colonoscopy revealed a rectal lateral spreading tumor. The patient underwent an endoscopic transanal resection of the lesion. He presented with sepsis of the abdominal focus, and imaging tests revealed pneumoretroperitoneum. A new surgical intervention was performed with a loop colostomy. Despite the existence of other reports on pneumoretroperitoneum after transanal endoscopic microsurgery, what draws attention to this case is the association with sepsis.

Retroneumoperitoneo y celulitis retroperitoneal: complicaciones inusuales de la enfermedad diverticular del colon / Pneumoretroperitoneum and retroperitoneal cellulitis: unusual complications of colonic diverticular disease

Se reporta dos casos de retroneumoperitoneo con neumo-mediastino, consecuencias de perforaciones diverticulares en el espacio retroperitoneal, en pacientes portadores de diverticulitis aguda y septicemia. En ambos casos no se comprobó contaminación peritoneal alguna, siendo sometidos a Colectomia parcial tipo Hartmann con buena evolución; al momento del reporte ambos han sido sometidos al restablecimiento del tránsito colo-rectal. Se discuten los problemas diagnósticos y los posibles mecanis-mos del paso del aire - y gérmenes bacterianos - al mediastino.

We report two cases of retropneumoperitoneum with pneumomediastinum, as a result of diverticular perforations in the retroperitoneal space, in patients with acute diverticulitis and septicemia. In both cases the patients underwent partial colectomy (Hartmann procedure) with good evolution, and no sign of peritoneal contamination was found. Currently both patients have undergone colorectal transit restoration. We discuss problems with the diagnosis and possible mechanism of the air and bacterial germ passage to the mediastinum.

Tratamento não cirúrgico bem sucedido de pneumoretroperitônio causado por CPRE / Successful nonsurgical treatment of pneumoretroperitoneum following ERCP

Complicações relacionadas à colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) incluem pancreatite, hemorragia, colangite e perfuração. A perfuração relacionada à CPRE é infrequente, entretanto apresenta taxas de mortalidades elevadas. O diagnóstico requer um alto grau de suspeição clínica para a detecção precoce para permitir o tratamento adequado da perfuração e melhor prognóstico. O tratamento depende da localização e mecanismo da perfuração. Relatamos um caso de tratamento não operatório de um paciente com extenso retropneumoperitônio após perfuração por CPRE.

Complications related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) include pancreatitis, hemorrhage, cholangitis, and perforation. ERCP-related perforation is uncommon, but mortality rates are high. Diagnosis requires a high clinical suspicion for early detection to allow optimalmanagement of the perforation and a better prognosis. Treatment depends on the location and mechanism and increasingly involves nonoperative management. We report a case of successful nonsurgical treatment of a patient with extensive air involving the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, thorax, mediastinum, and subcutaneous tissues following an ERCP perforation.

Retroneumoperitoneo secundario a cistitis enfisematosa / Retropneumoperitoneum secondary to emphysematous cystitis

La cistitis enfisematosa se define como la presencia de gas en la pared vesical secundaria a infección por microorganismos productores de gas. Es más frecuente en el género femenino, con predominio entre la sexta y octava década de la vida. Los factores de riesgo identificados son inmunosupresión, alteraciones estructurales o neurológicas del tracto urinario inferior, entre otros. Su prevalencia o incidencia es desconocida, dada la baja frecuencia de la enfermedad. Su forma de presentación clínica es muy variable e incluye desde un paciente asintomático hasta sepsis fulminante. El diagnóstico se puede realizar a través de estudios complementarios por imágenes o por métodos de visualización directa como la cistoscopia, laparotomía o laparoscopia, requiriendo rescate bacteriológico para confirmar la etiología infecciosa, siendo el método diagnóstico más usado la tomografía computarizada. Presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina con inmunosupresión crónica por esteroides a altas dosis como parte de manejo de lupus eritematoso sistémico retroneumoperitoneo y enfisema de tejidos blandos pélvicos secundario a cistitis enfisematosa por Klebsiella pneaumoniae. Se trata del primer caso reportado de retroneumoperitoneo secundario a cistitis enfisematosa en una paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico cuyo único factor de riesgo identificado fue la inmunosupresión farmacológica con esteroides.

Emphysematous cystitis is defined as the presence of gas in the bladder wall due to infection by gas-forming organisms. It is more common in females, predominantly between the sixth and eighth decades of life. The identified risk factors are immunosuppression (secondary to systemic diseases or drugs); structural or neurological lower urinary tract alterations, among others. Prevalence or incidence is unknown. Clinical manifestations are variable, ranges from an asymptomatic patient to fulminant sepsis. Although diagnosis can be made through complementary diagnostic imaging or direct visualization methods such as cystoscopy, laparotomy or laparoscopy, requiring bacteriological rescue to confirm infectious etiology. The most frequently diagnostic tool used is computed tomography. We report the case of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with retropneumoperitoneum secondary to emphysematous cystitis due to infection by Klebsiella pneumonia This is the first reported case of retropneumoperitoneum secundary to emphysematous cystitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus whose only risk factor identified was the pharmacological immunosuppression with steroids.

Retroneumoperitoneo, neumoperitoneo, neumomediastino, neumotórax y enfisema subcutáneo posteriores a CPRE: reporte de un caso / Retropneumoperitoneum, pneumoperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema after ERCP: a case report

La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es una técnica invasiva para las patologías del árbol biliar y pancreático, aunque es un método con muchos beneficios, no está libre de complicaciones, siendo la perforación duodenal de capital importancia por la alta tasa de mortalidad. El diagnóstico precoz de esta lesión iatrogénica, determinada por la clínica y la evaluación de los métodos de imagen, determinará el tratamiento precoz y adecuado de esta complicación. Se presenta el cuadro clínico de una paciente con antecedente de colecistectomía que presenta dolor en hipocondrio derecho, dilatación de la vía biliar y alteración de las pruebas de función hepática con patrón obstructivo. Con la sospecha de patología obstructiva de las vías biliares, se realiza CPRE. Posterior a dicho procedimiento, la paciente presenta múltiples signos de aire libre extraluminal (retroneumoperitoneo, neumoperitoneo, neumomediastino, neumotórax y enfisema subcutáneo), por lo que se realiza laparotomía exploradora de urgencia que confirma la presencia de perforación duodenal.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an invasive technique for the pathologies of the biliary and pancreatic tree, although it is a method with many benefits, it is not without complications, the duodenal perforation of paramount importance for the high mortality rate reported. Early diagnosis of this iatrogenic injury as determined by clinical assessment and imaging methods determine the early and appropriate treatment of this complication. The clinical picture of a patient presents with a history of cholecystectomy having right upper quadrant pain, biliary dilatation and impaired liver function tests with obstructive pattern. With suspected obstructive biliary tract disease, ERCP is performed. Following this procedure the patient has multiple signs of extraluminal free air (Retropneumoperitoneum, pneumoperitoneum, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema), so that emergency exploratory laparotomy confirmed the presence of duodenal perforation is performed.

Tricobezoar complicado com retropneumoperitoneo: relato de caso. / Trichobezoar complicated wihh retropneumoperitoneum: case report

Objetivo: relatar o caso de uma criança que se apresentou com quadro clínico de dor abdominal a esclarecere chamar a atenção para a possibilidade do diagnóstico precoce de bezoar. Relato de caso: criança, 09 anos,com quadro de dor epigástrica intensa e massa palpável no abdome. Foi submetida a examescomplementares que levantaram a possibilidade de semi-oclusão e corpo estranho. Submetida à laparotomiaexploradora para retirada de tricobezoar gastro-duodenal; evoluiu sem intercorrências e teve alta paraacompanhamento ambulatorial. Conclusão: fica evidente a importância do diagnóstico precoce de bezoar,face às complicações que podem advir desta condição, e da abordagem multidisciplinar, para o completorestabelecimento do paciente.

Objective: report a case of a child who presented clinical symptoms of abdominal pain, and draw attentionto the possibility of early diagnosis of bezoar. Case report: child, 09 years, with signs of severe epigastricpain and palpable mass in the abdomen. Underwent additional tests that raised the possibility of semiocclusionand foreign body. Subjected to laparotomy for removal of gastro-duodenal trichobezoar,progressed uneventfully and was discharged for outpatient monitoring. Conclusion: It is clearly theimportance of early diagnosis of bezoar, given the complications that may arise from this condition, and themultidisciplinary approach to the patient full recovery.