Informal and revolutionary feminist placemaking.

Urban spaces, often emerging outside formal, recognized boundaries, underscore the pivotal role women play in shaping these environments. Despite the enduring influence of patriarchal and hierarchical structures that render these spaces overtly gendered, it is within these contexts that women's actions become particularly transformative. Drawing from feminist urban theories of the global south, this paper investigates informal placemaking, feminist urban activism, revolutionary placemaking, online protest movements, and the networks that support women's solidarity groups. Employing a mixed-methods approach that includes case studies, interviews with activists, and social media analysis, this research focuses on Iran, with a specific emphasis on the recent 'Women, Life, Freedom' movement. This study not only highlights how women navigate, contest, and reshape urban spaces through feminist urban activism and informal revolutionary placemaking but also anticipates the broader implications of these actions for urban planning and policy. By analyzing and comparing these case studies, we aim to uncover the commonalities, differences, challenges, and opportunities between informal/formal, state-led/bottom-up, and revolutionary feminist placemaking practices in Iran. The findings of this paper are expected to contribute valuable insights into the dynamics of feminist urbanism and suggest avenues for future research in enhancing the inclusivity and responsiveness of urban spaces to gendered needs and activism.

The role of place-based policies on carbon emission: A quasi-natural experiment from China's old revolutionary development program.

The effectiveness of place-based policies on carbon emission is controversial, and particularly the mechanism behind its effectiveness is unknown. We treat China's Old Revolutionary Development Program (ORDP)- a large-scale and novel type of place-based policy targeted at undeveloped regions, as a natural experiment to estimate ORDP's impact on carbon emission. Employing the panel data of 110 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2019, we perform a time-varying difference-in-differences (DID) study and discover that ORDP leads to an average of 26.7% increase in carbon emission and this effect takes a period to emerge and is not sustainable in the long term. Three mechanisms that may result in such impact are that ORDP improves economic development, changes industrial structure, and decreases technological progress. Further heterogeneity analysis indicates that ORDP results in a greater increased impact on carbon emission in old revolutionary cities that are located in western China compared to those located in central and eastern China.

Affective geographies: Family and friendship in the production of scientific knowledge.

Through case studies of two early nineteenth-century French geologists, this article shows how relations of family and friendship were integral to determining where science took place. Digging up the traces of what I call the "affective geographies" of individual scientists that are entangled with their intellectual itineraries, I show how the practice of science is embedded in such affective relations and thus in everyday life.

Dr. Netptali Taquechel Tusiente, paradigma de la historia y la medicina cubana / Dr. Netptali Taquechel Tusiente, a paradigm of Cuban history and medicine

La vida y obra de algunos hombres y mujeres de la historia de la Medicina, transita a veces, sin artilugios, acompañadas tan solo de la humildad y la sabiduría de estos. Es por ello, que al resumir en breves líneas el tiempo de enseñanzas y heroicidades de estos paradigmas, solo se cumple con el noble objetivo de exponer a las nuevas generaciones la labor realizada por maestros, como lo fue, el Dr. Netptali Taquechel Tusiente. A través de la realización de una revisión histórica de su vida y aportes y con la obtención de los datos por medio de la entrevista, el expediente laboral y académico como fuente primaria, se procesó la información. Los aportes de este internista estuvieron centrados en la especialidad de Medicina interna y en su actividad como líder del Ministerio de Salud Pública en diversos escenarios, pero el mayor de todos fue ser considerado una figura paradigmática de la salud pública. Se concluye que este médico cubano transitó de joven revolucionario y destacado estudiante a profesor de alto reconocimiento en la educación médica y figura inolvidable para todo el que lo conoció, con un merecido puesto entre los grandes de la historia de la Medicina cubana.

The life and work of some men and women in the history of medicine sometimes pass through without any gadgets, accompanied only by their humility and wisdom. That is why, when summarizing in few lines the time of teachings and heroisms of these paradigms, the noble objective of exposing to the new generations the work carried out by teachers such as Dr. Netptali Taquechel Tusiente is fulfilled. A historical review of the life and contributions of the aforementioned doctor was carried out, and the information was processed by obtaining data from interviews as well as from his employment and academic records as a primary source. The contributions of this internist were focused on the specialty of internal medicine as well as on his activity as a leader of the Ministry of Public Health in various settings, but the greatest of all was to be considered as a paradigmatic figure of public health. It is concluded that this Cuban doctor went from being a revolutionary young man and an outstanding student to a highly recognized professor in medical education and an unforgettable figure for all who knew him, with a deserved position among the greats in the history of Cuban medicine.

Effectiveness of a Training Program Based on Stress Management on NEDSA Staff and Line Staff.

Background: The purpose of present study was to determine the effectiveness of training program based on job stress management in NEDSA and line staff. Methods: The study method of this study was quantitative and quasi-experimental research Methods: From the statistical population (all employees of the NEDSA and line staff in 2020-2021), 30 of these people were selected by judgmental sampling method and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants were first matched based on age and education and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. First, pre-test was taken from both groups (Job Stress Questionnaire). The experimental group was presented with a job stress management training package and no protocol was presented in the control group. After the sessions, post-test was received from both groups (experimental and control). After two months, a follow-up test was performed. Results: The results were entered into SPSS-24 software and analyzed. The results of repeated measure showed high effectiveness of the job stress management package (researcher-made). The results showed that the job stress management training package showed 67.5% effectiveness and also the training effect of job stress management training was stable for two months (follow-up). Conclusion: Based on these results, Training program based on stress management can be effective in military staff.

[The historical case of discussion on sanitary anti-epidemic activities during period of revolutionary events of 1917 in Irkutsk].

The article presents analysis of historical case of discussion about organization of anti-epidemic measures needed because of one-time arrival of large number of wounded and killed in consequence of counter-revolutionary mutiny in Irkutsk during defense of the White House country-house in December 1917. The problem of burial of fallen soldiers and Red Army men was determined during extraordinary session of the City Duma of Irkutsk with further publication of open letter to the Irkutsk Presidium of the Soviets. The well-reasoned positions expressed by physicians and engineers against burial of the killed in common grave on the banks of the Angara River received no support from the revolutionary government. The chronology of the decision taking had political character.

[Ecological compensation strategy of the old revolutionary base areas along the route of Long March based on ecosystem service value evaluation]. / 基于生态系统服务价值评估的长征沿线革命老区生态补偿策略.

The conflict between ecological protection and socio-economic development in the old revolutionary base areas along the route of Long March can be addressed by ecological compensation. In this study, we collected 2018 data of land use, net primary productivity of vegetation, climate factors and so on. The ecosystem service value of 310 counties in the old revolutionary base areas was calculated using the data and modified equivalent factor. Then, the regional differentiated ecological compensation estimation method was applied to estimate the priority and amount of ecological compensation within the area. We further proposed the ecological compensation strategy adopted for the old revolutionary base areas along the route of Long March. The results showed that the total value of ecosystem services in the old revolutionary base areas along the route of Long March amounted to 2593.74 billion yuan in 2018. Forest services took the highest proportion (58.8%), followed by grassland and waters. The total amount of ecological compensation made for the old revolutionary base areas along the route of Long March reached 183.405 billion yuan. Compared with this amount, there was a large gap in the actual compensation funds available to the region. In addition, the total amount of ecological compensation accounted for only 0.04% of the aggregate GDP in this area, which put some strain on local fiscal resources and showed certain viability in ecological compensation. In 2018, totally 100 old revolutionary base areas along the route of Long March were designated as the priority areas for ecological compensation, consistent with the national key eco-function zone policy. However, there were deviations in the allocation of ecological compensation funds, with some priority areas receiving no compensation. As for the compensation strategy, it is necessary to put in place a diversified, market-oriented and comprehensive ecological compensation mechanism to increase the sources of ecological compensation funds at first. Then, efforts should be continued to optimize the spatial selection of ecological compensation in the old revolutionary base areas along the route of Long March and to improve the efficiency of regional ecological compensation mechanism.

Emergence of the Revolutionary Subject: Evolutionary Psychology and the Exaptive Tactics of the Everyday.

This article proposes an alternative view of the revolutionary subject. By building on insights from the critical streams of evolutionary psychology, it argues for the notion of revolutionary consciousness to be grounded in the categories of 'exaptive actorness' which are most notably manifested in everyday micropolitics. By emphasising the role of contingency, spontaneity, creativity, resourcefulness and, crucially, formal indeterminism and autonomy, exaptationism emerges as an irreducible and irrevocable enabling tactic of subsistence and subversion, as well as the very essence of the revolutionary act. The discussion will turn to the case of the Arab revolutions to demonstrate the everyday grammars of present-day popular uprisings.

Historia de la Ortopedia y Traumatología en la provincia de Matanzas / History of Orthopedics and Traumatology in Matanzas Province

Introducción: El presente trabajo aborda la historia de la especialidad de Ortopedia y Traumatología desde el momento de su aparición en la provincia de Matanzas en el período pre revolucionario, hasta la actualidad. Objetivos: Exponer las evidencias históricas que muestran el derrotero de esta especialidad, y las figuras que jugaron y juegan un papel importante en la formación de especialistas. Métodos: Se utilizó el método de revisión documental sobre el tema, que contempló los documentos editados de 1941 al 2020. Se confeccionó un cuestionario para recoger la información aportada por los testigos entrevistados. Se revisaron los artículos publicados en la revista Médica que se encuentran en la Biblioteca Gener del Monte, de Matanzas (ejemplares únicos), así como otras investigaciones sobre la historia de la medicina matancera. Conclusiones: El esfuerzo desarrollado por la provincia desde el punto de vista asistencial, docente e investigativo ha contribuido a la preservación de la historia de la Ortopedia matancera y de sus actores para las actuales y futuras generaciones(AU)

Introduction: The present work addresses the history of the specialty of Orthopedics and Traumatology from the moment of its appearance in Matanzas province during the pre-revolutionary period, to the present day. Objectives: To show the historical evidence the historical evidence that displays the course of this specialty, and the personalities who played and play important roles in the training specialists. Methods: The document review method on the subject was used, considering the documents published from 1941 to 2020. A questionnaire was made to collect the information provided by the interviewed witnesses. The articles published in the Medical Journal found in Gener del Monte Library in Matanzas (single copies) were reviewed, as well as other investigations on the history of medicine in Matanzas. Conclusions: The effort established by the province, in care, teaching and research has contributed to the preservation of the history of Matanzas Orthopedics and its players for current and future generations(AU)

Competing revolutionaries: Legitimacy and leadership in revolutionary situations.

When the Arab Spring gave way to demonstrations in Syria in 2011, the Kurds in the country were also full of hope. While they were going into the streets, the Kurdish political parties were debating what their people should do and offering competing visions for the future. Then in July 2012, the regime unexpectedly withdrew its forces from the Kurdish regions (Rojava). Suddenly, a revolutionary situation emerged in Rojava: a mobilized population and several political parties claiming leadership and offering competing political projects for a new society. Among these parties, only the Democratic Union Party (PYD) managed to move into the power vacuum and establish its control over large areas. Its rivals were unable to stop the rapid rise of this relatively young organization and fast erosion of their own base. How did the PYD manage to become the dominant organization even though it had rarely drawn attention before the civil war? This question raises the larger problem of how a revolutionary organization becomes the dominant one among competitors. Even though multiple organizations competing in a single revolution is a recurrent phenomenon, we still lack a comprehensive framework specifically focusing on this issue. In this paper, I argue for an approach based on legitimation: for people to follow a certain organization over others, they should see it as a legitimate leader. Bringing together the insights of the political and organizational legitimacy literatures, I identify three processes of legitimation for revolutionary organizations: ideological/normative congruence, effective organizational capacity, and accumulation of prestige. Drawing upon participant observation and 30 in-depth interviews with Kurdish individuals collected during fieldwork in Iraq, Germany, and the United States between 2016 and 2019, I demonstrate that the PYD has outperformed its contenders and managed to legitimate its leadership through these three processes.

Asunción Toledo del Rey, ejemplo de maestra y enfermera revolucionaria / Asunción Toledo del Rey, example of revolutionary teacher and nurse

Se tiene presente el principio martiano de que el elogio oportuno fomenta el mérito; por eso, esta semblanza es un homenaje a la profesora consultante Asunción Toledo del Rey, quien desde edad temprana se incorporó a las disímiles tareas asignadas por la Revolución; martiana, educadora por excelencia, ha transmitido durante más de cuatro décadas sus doctrinas de amor y sabiduría a distintas generaciones de estudiantes de Enfermería de Cuba y otros pueblos del mundo. Es objetivo de esta semblanza referir los aspectos más relevantes de su obra educativa y revolucionaria, apoyados en testimonios, revisión de documentos, entrevistas a familiares y compañeros, que, sin dudas, describen de modo fehaciente su trayectoria como estudiante, enfermera y profesora. Asunción Toledo del Rey constituye un referente teórico-práctico, un ejemplo a seguir por todas las generaciones de estudiantes de Enfermería que se forman integralmente en las universidades de las Ciencias Médicas cubanas(AU)

Bearing in mind the principle of José Martí that "timely praise encourages the merit" we present this biographical sketch as a tribute to the Consultant Professor Asunción Toledo del Rey who performed different tasks assigned by the Revolution since she was very young. She is a supporter of the ideas of José Martí and an educator par excellence that has conveyed her doctrines of love and wisdom to many generations of Nursing students in Cuba and other countries in the world for more than four decades. The aim of this biographical sketch is to highlight the most relevant aspects of her educational and revolutionary work, which is supported by evidences, document reviews and interviews to relatives and co-workers who, undoubtedly, irrefutably describe her career as a student, nurse and professor. Asunción Toledo del Rey is a theoretical and practical referent and an example to be followed by all generations of Nursing students who receive a comprehensive education and training in our Cuban universities of medical sciences(AU)

[The organization and activities of the Chief Board of State Health Care in Russia (September 1916 - February 1917)].

The article is devoted to the history of the organization in Russia of the Main Department of public health management in Russia - the world's first Ministry of Health that was organized resulting the activities of the Commission headed by the academician G. E. Rein. The article considers aspects of opposing to its organization by the democratic medical community which was concerned about bureaucratization of medical and sanitary activities and which disappeared with liquidation of this institution on the eve of the February Revolution. The role of academician G. E. Rein in the organization of the Main Department, as well as the fate of the activities of his Commission in preparing reforms in the field of health is demonstrated.

On "asking for a kind of revolution" in clinical psychoanalysis: Winnicott's concept of regression, care-cure, working within the realm of needs and creating new experiences / Sobre "pedir por um tipo de revolução" na Clínica psicanalítica: o conceito winnicottiano de refressão, cuidado-cura, trabalho no reino das necessidades e criação de novas experiências

Neste artigo, abordo o rompimento radical das ideias teórico-clínicas de Winnicott a partir do trabalho psicanalítico tradicional, introduzindo uma mudança revolucionária na psicanálise clínica - uma transição de "extensão" para "revolução científica" e "mudança de paradigma" (para a usar a terminologia de Thomas Kuhn em "A estrutura das revoluções científicas", 1962). Para mim, essas ideias revolucionárias de Winnicott são muito importantes, tanto prática quanto teoricamente, pois fornecem uma matriz formative e um modo de trabalho e transformação que a prática psicanalítica não oferece.

In this article, I will address the radical departure of Winnicott's theoretical-clinical ideas from traditional psychoanalytic work, introducing a revolutionary change in clinical psychoanalysis - a transition from "extension" to "scientific revolution" and "paradigm change or paradigm shift" (to use Thomas Kuhn's terminology of the "Structure of scientific revolution", 1962). For me, these revolutionary ideas of Winnicott are profoundly important, theoretically and practically, as they provide a formative matrix and a mode of work and transformation that conventional psychoanalytic work does not offer (Eshel, 2013a, 2016, 2017a, 2019a, 2019b).

Dr. Eduardo Sabas Alomá, profesor de la Escuela Cubana de Medicina

El Dr. Eduardo Sabas Alomá cursó la carrera de Medicina en la Universidad de La Habana y realizó estudios de postgrado en las universidades Harvard, Estados Unidos y San Marcos, Perú. Participó en actividades revolucionarias y políticas contra el gobierno del dictador Gerardo Machado que lo condujeron al exilio en los Estados Unidos, regresó a Cuba en 1937. Después del golpe de Estado de Batista en 1952, fue cesanteado por sus actividades contra el régimen. Profesor de Fisiología en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de La Habana y profesor de Bacteriología de la Escuela de Enfermeras, ubicada en el Hospital Universitario "Calixto García", también trabajó como médico en el propio hospital y en Maternidad Obrera. Al triunfo revolucionario, permaneció en el claustro de profesores de la Escuela de Medicina, mientras que la mayoría renunciaba y marchaba a los Estados Unidos alentados por la contrarrevolución. Fundador del Instituto de Ciencias Básicas y Preclínicas "Victoria de Girón". Profesor Titular de Fisiología.

Dr. Eduardo Sabas Alomá studied Medicine in the University of Havana and carried out postgraduate studies at Harvard University, the United States of America and at the University of San Marcos in Peru. He participated in revolutionary and political activities against the government ruled by the dictator Gerardo Machado that led him to the exile in the United States. He returned to Cuba in 1937. After Batista´s coup d´état in 1952, he was interrupted because of his activities against the regime. He was professor of Physiology in the Medical Faculty of the University of Havana and professor of Bacteriology in the Nursing School located in "Calixto García" University Hospital; he also worked as a doctor in this hospital and in "Maternidad Obrera" Hospital. After the triumph of the Revolution, he was member of the Medical School teaching staff while most of the doctors renounced their professional work and went to the United States of America encouraged by the counterrevolution. He was founder of the Higher Institute of Basic and Pre-Clinical Sciences "Victoria de Girón" and Full Professor of Physiology

Desigualdade social e subjetividade revolucionária: os desafios do trabalho da psicologia no CRAS / Social inequality and revolutionary subjectivity: the challenges of psychology work at the CRAS / Desigualdad social y subjetividad revolucionaria: los desafíos del trabajo de la psicología en el CRAS

Com a implantação do SUAS, a Assistência Social passou por importantes reformulações, as quais têm alterado não somente o padrão de funcionamento da política pública, mas também requerem novas formas de organização e trabalho, novos papéis e competências dos atores sociais nela envolvidos. Com isso, o profissional da Psicologia passa a ser requisitado para contribuir com seus conhecimentos e métodos de trabalho. Inserção que trouxe inquietações e desafios no exercício profissional para os psicólogos e psicólogas no campo da política de Assistência Social. Neste artigo, pretendemos refletir sobre a importância do trabalho da Psicologia no CRAS, tomando a subjetividade revolucionária como seu lócus específico de atuação no enfrentamento da desigualdade social. Para isso, buscamos os pressupostos teóricos da Psicologia sócio-histórica, por meio de conceitos como sofrimento éticopolítico e subjetividade revolucionária, elaborados por Bader Sawaia, que estuda o processo dialético exclusão-inclusão, inspirada nas teorias de Vigotski e Espinosa.

With the implementation of Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS - Portuguese acronym), the Social Assistance went through important reformulations, which have changed the operational standard of the public policy, and have been demanding new forms of organization and work, new roles and competence from participating social actors. On the top of that, Psychology workers have been required to contribute with their knowledge and working methods. An Insertion that brought concerns and challenges in the psychologists’ professional practice in the field of social assistance policy. In this article, we intend to bring into light the importance of the Psychology work at the SARC, taking the revolutionary subjectivity as its specific locus of action when coping with social inequality. With this in mind, we have turned to the theoretical assumptions of sociohistorical Psychology, through concepts such as ethical-political distress and revolutionary subjectivity, elaborated by Bader Sawaia who studies the dialectical exclusion-inclusion process, inspired by the theories from Vygotsky and Espinosa.

Con la implementación del SUAS, la Asistencia Social ha pasado por importantes reformulaciones que cambiaron no sólo la norma de funcionamiento de las políticas públicas, como también se requieren nuevas formas de organización y trabajo, nuevas funciones y competencias de actores sociales involucrados. Por lo tanto, se pide al profesional de la Psicología que contribuya con sus conocimientos y métodos de trabajo. Inserción que ha traído inquietudes y desafíos en la práctica profesional para el psicólogo en el campo de la política de Asistencia Social. En este artículo, tenemos la intención de reflexionar sobre la importancia del trabajo de la Psicología en el CRAS, tomando la subjetividad revolucionaria como su locus específico de acción para hacer frente a la desigualdad social. Así, buscamos los supuestos teóricos de la Psicología socio-histórica, a través de conceptos como el sufrimiento ético-político y la subjetividad revolucionaria, elaborados por Bader Sawaia, quien estudia el proceso dialéctico de exclusión e inclusión, inspirado en las teorías de Vygotsky y Espinosa.

Dr. Ángel Fernández Vila: Medicina y Revolución

Este trabajo refiere la historia del Dr. Ángel Fernández Vila, hombre que ha dedicado la vida al sacerdocio de la Medicina, además de su entrega incondicional a la Revolución. El acercamiento a su vida y obra se realizó a través de una entrevista realizada por la autora, con la que se logró que narrara los momentos más importantes de una larga trayectoria llena de logros y vivencias inolvidables. Desde su humilde origen en una Cuba sumida en la explotación, que contribuyó a liberar con su acción, hasta el quehacer después del triunfo de la Revolución que incluye su actividad como dirigente, militar, médico y profesor. Es por eso que el objetivo es valorar su vida y obra teniendo en cuenta la labor realizada. Es un ejemplo de consagración, valor, honradez, honor, entrega, humanismo y lealtad a la Revolución. El Dr. Fernández Vila tiene una brillante hoja de servicios y fecunda trayectoria revolucionaria, lo que lo hace distinguirse como combatiente en primera fila de la Revolución.

This paper is about the life story of Dr. Angel Fernández Vila, a humble and modest man who devoted his life to Medicine and gave himself totally to the work of the Revolution. An approach to the life and work if this outstanding doctor was achieved by an interview carried out by the author. He narrated the most important events of a long career full of unforgettable achievements and experiences, talked about his humble origin in a country which lived in the exploitation, and detailed the way he contributed to liberate it with his action and profession. After the triumph of the Revolution he worked as a leader, military man, medical doctor and professor; therefore, it is important to value his life and work considering his magnificent job. He is an example of dedication, values, honesty, honor, commitment, humanism and loyalty to the Revolution. Dr. Fernández has a distinguished record of service and a successful career and is a paradigm for all the health workers, what distinguishes himself as a combatant in the front line of the Revolution.

Alternancia política atípica en el municipio de Abasolo, Tamaulipas (1980-1983) / Atypical political alternation in the municipality of Abasolo, Tamaulipas (1980-1983)

RESUMEN El entrelazamiento de las convicciones ideológicas de la juventud del Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores (PST) en México y la experiencia victoriosa del reparto agrario con la fundación de los Nuevos Centros de Población Ejidal (NCPE), en el municipio de Abasolo, Tamaulipas, México, de los campesinos agrupados en Comités Ejecutivos Particulares Agrarios (CPEA), dieron lugar a la primera alternancia municipal de la historia contemporánea de Tamaulipas. El ayuntamiento fue reconocido constitucionalmente en 1983, siendo la única victoria electoral del PST en el estado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue documentar los antecedentes sobre la historia política y social del Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores (PST) de 1980 a 1983. El procedimiento de esta investigación fue histórica, con base en la triangulación de fuentes primarias y secundarias, siguiendo la premisa de que la política es la continuación de la guerra por otros medios. La historia del rompimiento de la hegemonía del Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), en Abasolo, fue recreada con archivos históricos y entrevistas orales de diferentes actores sociales de la época. El PST alcanzó el reconocimiento constitucional del ayuntamiento en 1983 por 21 días, por lo que se dio una alternancia municipal atípica. Esta alternancia, resultó ser atípica no sólo por el hecho de que un partido distinto y de reciente creación ganara las elecciones, sino por las condiciones en las que se eligió el candidato y se dio el proceso electoral municipal, así como el modo en que el presidente municipal concluyó el periodo constitucional. Dichos sucesos posibilitaron la lucha político-electoral entre el PST y el Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) en ese municipio.

ABSTRACT The interlacing between the ideological convictions of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) youth in Mexico, the victory of land distribution among the New Ejido Population Settlements (Nuevos Centros de Población Ejidal, NCPE), and the organization of farmers in Particular Executive Committees of Agriculture (Comités Ejecutivos Particulares Agrarios, CEPA), resulted in the first political alternation contemporary history of Tamaulipas, which took place in Abasolo municipality. The city council was constitutionally recognized in 1983, being the only electoral victory of the SWP in the state. The objective of this paper is to record the background of the political and social history of the SWP from 1980 to 1983. This was a historical research based on the triangulation of primary and secondary sources, following the assumption that politics is the prolongation of the war by other means. The history of the hegemony of the Institutional Revolutionary Party's (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI) breakdown in Abasaolo was recreated through historical archives and oral interviews with different social actors of the time. The SWP achieved constitutional recognition from the city council in 1983 during 21 days, representing an atypical political alternation in the municipality. This alternation was atypical not only because a different party was elected, but also due to the conditions in which the electing process was conducted, how the elected candidate was chosen, and the manner in which the city mayor concluded the constitutional period. These events made the political struggle between the SWP and the PRI possible in this municipality.

The challenges and opportunities of global neurosurgery in East Africa: the Neurosurgery Education and Development model.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the experience of a volunteering neurosurgeon during an 18-week stay at the Neurosurgery Education and Development (NED) Institute and to report the general situation regarding the development of neurosurgery in Zanzibar, identifying the challenges and opportunities and explaining the NED Foundation's model for safe practice and sustainability. METHODS: The NED Foundation deployed the volunteer neurosurgeon coordinator (NC) for an 18-week stay at the NED Institute at the Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar. The main roles of the NC were as follows: management of patients, reinforcement of weekly academic activities, coordination of international surgical camps, and identification of opportunities for improvement. The improvement opportunities were categorized as clinical, administrative, and sociocultural and were based on observations made by the NC as well as on interviews with local doctors, administrators, and government officials. RESULTS: During the 18-week period, the NC visited 460 patients and performed 85 surgical procedures. Four surgical camps were coordinated on-site. Academic activities were conducted weekly. The most significant challenges encountered were an intense workload, deficient infrastructure, lack of self-confidence among local physicians, deficiencies in technical support and repairs of broken equipment, and lack of guidelines. Through a series of interviews, the sociocultural factors influencing the NED Foundation's intervention were determined. Factors identified for success were the activity of neurosurgical societies in East Africa; structured pan-African neurosurgical training; the support of the Foundation for International Education in Neurological Surgery (FIENS) and the College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa (COSECSA); motivated personnel; and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar's willingness to collaborate with the NED Foundation. CONCLUSIONS: International collaboration programs should balance local challenges and opportunities in order to effectively promote the development of neurosurgery in East Africa. Support and endorsement should be sought to harness shared resources and experience. Determining the caregiving and educational objectives within the logistic, administrative, social, and cultural framework of the target hospital is paramount to success.

Between Party, People, and Profession: The Many Faces of the 'Doctor' during the Cultural Revolution.

During the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-76), Chairman Mao fundamentally reformed medicine so that rural people received medical care. His new medical model has been variously characterised as: revolutionary Maoist medicine, a revitalised form of Chinese medicine; and the final conquest by Western medicine. This paper finds that instead of Mao's vision of a new 'revolutionary medicine', there was a new medical synthesis that drew from the Maoist ideal and Western and Chinese traditions, but fundamentally differed from all of them. Maoist medicine's ultimate aim was doctors as peasant carers. However, rural people and local governments valued treatment expertise, causing divergence from this ideal. As a result, Western and elite Chinese medical doctors sent to the countryside for rehabilitation were preferable to barefoot doctors and received rural support. Initially Western-trained physicians belittled elite Chinese doctors, and both looked down on barefoot doctors and indigenous herbalists and acupuncturists. However, the levelling effect of terrible rural conditions made these diverse conceptions of the doctor closer during the Cultural Revolution. Thus, urban doctors and rural medical practitioners developed a symbiotic relationship: barefoot doctors provided political protection and local knowledge for urban doctors; urban doctors' provided expertise and a medical apprenticeship for barefoot doctors; and both counted on the local medical knowledge of indigenous healers. This fragile conceptual nexus had fallen apart by the end of the Maoist era (1976), but the evidence of new medical syntheses shows the diverse range of alliances that become possible under the rubric of 'revolutionary medicine'.

Historia de la salud en Colón. Etapa Revolucionaria / The history of public health in Colón. Revolucionary period

En artículos anteriores se había abordado la historia de la salud en la ciudad de Colón en la etapa colonial y en la etapa neocolonial. El presente contiene la tercera parte y final de la historia de la salud en el municipio. Su objetivo es dar a conocer los avances que ha alcanzado la municipalidad en el sector de la salud después del triunfo revolucionario (AU).

The history of the public health in the city of Colón during the colonial and neo-colonial period has been treated in previous articles. The current one covers the third and final part of the history of public health in the municipality. Its aim is to let people know about the advances achieved by the municipality in this sector after the revolutionary triumph (AU).