The Pedagogy of Pedagogues for Sexual Education in Riobamba, Ecuador: A Pilot Approach to Training Sexual Education Facilitators in a Latin American and Spanish Language Setting.

Educational efforts to reduce global rates of adolescent pregnancy vary widely with a significant deficiency found in the domain of sex education facilitator training. In this study, we sought to establish a pilot approach to comprehensive sex education facilitator training as applied in Riobamba, Ecuador. The approach was aligned with UNESCO recommendations for training facilitators using an adapted version of the U.S.-based Big Decisions curriculum. Four internationally recruited bilingual instructors led a six-day (27-hour) intensive training-of-facilitators programme with twenty trainees using the Big Decisions sex education curriculum. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted using various approaches: anonymised and pre/post-self-assessments, daily feedback surveys of self and instructors, and facilitation practice evaluations. Responses to anonymised surveys indicated improved self-perceived confidence in teaching each curriculum section. More objective pre- and post-teach-back evaluations showed improved ability to teach randomly assigned lessons as assessed by trainers. The pedagogy of facilitator training in comprehensive sex education seeks to combine evidence-informed and culturally appropriate approaches to training facilitators under unique local conditions using adapted assessment tools. This project revealed important culturally relevant insights that would be beneficial to the future training of comprehensive sex education facilitators working within culturally conservative communities, and Latin America in particular.

Uso de simuladores de miembro superior para aprendizaje de técnica de cateterización venosa periférica / Use of arm simulators for learning of peripheral venous cathetering technique

Introducción: El uso de simuladores para la enseñanza-aprendizaje de medicina es cada vez más común y actualmente forma parte de la formación médica. Objetivo: Elaborar un simulador y describir la percepción de estudiantes de medicina de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo de un simulador de cateterización venosa de miembro superior. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal, que incluyó 40 estudiantes de cuarto nivel del período académico 2019 quienes evaluaron el simulador. Resultados: El nivel de satisfacción de los estudiantes con el simulador fue del 85%. Los estudiantes consideraron que el simulador les permite aprender la técnica de cateterización venosa periférica previo al conocimiento teórico y de esta manera mejorar su aprendizaje. El 80% considera que los materiales usados fueron los adecuados. El 93% de los estudiantes refieren haber mejorado su seguridad y confianza. Conclusiones: El uso de simuladores en la enseñanza médica mejora la experiencia de aprendizaje de los estudiantes.

Biogenetic study of the emissions of species: Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus globulus Labill and Alnus acuminata in Riobamba canton, Ecuador.

Background: Air pollution is one of the biggest problems in the world, and it is generated by industrial production, vehicular flow and use of fossil fuels, leaving aside other important emission sources such as vegetation. The aim of this research is to quantify the emissions of natural volatile organic compounds produced by the forest species: Eucalyptus globulus L., Pinus radiata and Alnus acuminata in Riobamba, Ecuador. Methods: Identification of plant coverings in the years 2014 and 2017was performed using geographic information systems tools, complemented with the application of the Guenther model for the calculation of monoterpenes and other organic volatile compounds; thus, to analyze the relationship between meteorological variables and concentrations of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen dioxide per species. Results: Mathematical calculation of emissions in Riobamba showed that Eucalyptus globulus L. registered higher emissions in the years 2014-2017, followed by Pinus radiata and Alnus acuminata. These emissions are due to the vegetation cover covering each species. The analysis of volatile organic compounds in forest plantations in air is directly related to the emissions represented in the environment and correlated with the meteorological variables of temperature, global solar radiation and wind velocity. The proposed method manages to estimate concentrations of monoterpenes and volatile organic compounds for the two examined seasons, presenting the influence of the species introduced in this study such as Eucalyptus globulus L. and Pinus radiata, with a reduction in their emissions (less area found in the year 2017, with respect to 2014). However, the emission of Alnus acuminata can be quantified only in 2017, since in 2014 no records of this species were found. Conclusions: Volatile organic compound concentrations in the air are directly related to the emissions represented spatially and correlated with the meteorological variables of temperature, global solar radiation and wind velocity.

Características del trabajo infantil en Riobamba / Characteristics of child labor in Riobamba

Introducción: el trabajo infantil es un problema social frecuente en Ecuador, que tiene implicaciones sobre el bienestar de los niños y su familias. Objetivo: caracterizar el trabajo infantil en el mercado San Alfonso de Riobamba, provincia de Chimborazo, Ecuador desde un punto de vista socio-demográfico. Metodología: se aplicó una encuesta como técnica de investigación a 50 personas entre moradores y trabajadores del mercado San Alfonso de Riobamba. La encuesta fue aplicada por cinco encuestadores entrenados, un día sábado por ser el día de mayor afluencia de niños trabajadores, los datos fueron procesados a través de hojas de cálculo. Resultados: el 40% (20 encuestados), manifiesta que los niños trabajan para sustentar a la familia. El 74% (37 encuestados), respondió que los menores laboran como lustra botas. El 60% (30 de encuestados), indica que los menores que laboran en el mercado no se encuentran en compañía de sus padres y el 60% (30 encuestados) reconoce que los niños trabajan en jornadas de hasta 12 horas. Conclusiones: se identificó la existencia de trabajo infantil en el mercado San Alfonso de Riobamba, como mecanismo de contribución para el sustento familiar. Deberían adoptarse medidas para reducir este problema social.

Introduction: child labor is a frequent social problem in Ecuador, which has implications on the well-being of children and their families. Objective: to characterize child labor in San Alfonso market of Riobamba, Chimborazo, Ecuador from a socio-demographic point of view. Methodology: a survey applied to 50 people between residents and workers of the San Alfonso market of Riobamba. The survey was conducted by five trained interviewers, it was applied one Saturday as it the day of higher influx of working children. Data were processed using spreadsheets. Results: 40% (20 respondents) stated that children work to support their families. 74% (37 respondents) indicated that children work shining shoes. 60% (30 of respondents), indicated that children working in the market are not accompanied by their parents and 60% (30 respondents) said that children work at least 12 hours a day. Conclusions: The existence of child labor in San Alfonso market market was identified as a mechanism of family support. It is necessary to implement measures to avoid this social problem.

Fortalezas y debilidades para una lactancia materna exclusiva exitosa en madres que asisten al Hospital General Docente Riobamba, Ecuador / Strengths and weaknesses for successful exclusive breastfeeding in mothers attending the general teaching hospital of the city of Riobamba, Ecuador

Introducción: la leche materna es la mejor fuente alimentaria para el niño menor de seis meses, aporta los nutrientes para un crecimiento y desarrollo óptimo, sin embargo en las últimas décadas se han reportado una disminución. Objetivo: identificar las fortalezas y debilidades de una lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) exitosa, en madres que asisten al Hospital General Docente Riobamba (HGDR). Métodos: se investigó a 331 binomios madre ­ hijo de 6 a 24 meses de edad, en diseño observacional, descriptivo, transversal y mediante. Resultados: las madres son residentes de Riobamba, el 14% tienen trabajo estable, la mayoría son amas de casa o estudiantes, con edad promedio de 25 años y el 23% son solteras. El 72% ha mantenido LME, lo que difiere significativamente (p < 0.05) con lo reportado en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Alimentación y Nutrición (ENSANUT), 2011-2013. Además se observó que existe una disminución de LME en madres menores de 19 años. Son fortalezas, el apoyo de los profesionales de salud, la convicción de dar a su hijo/ja la mejor alimentación para evitar las enfermedades y tengan un crecimiento óptimo y el apoyo familiar. La principales debilidades son el ingreso de la madre al trabajo y la disminución en la producción de leche. Conclusión: hay necesidad de motivar, educar y brindar asesoría alimentaria nutricional para una LME exitosa en especial a madres menores de 19 años.

Introduction: breast milk is the best food source for the child under six months, it provides the nutrients for optimal growth and development, however in recent decades a decrease in breast-feeding has been reported. Objective: to identify the strengths and weaknesses of successful exclusive breastfeeding in mothers attending the Hospital General Docente Riobamba (HGDR). Methodology: We investigated 331 mother-child pairs from 6 to 24 months of age, in an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Results: regarding the profile of the mothers, they are residents of Riobamba, 14% have a stable job, most are housewives or students, with an average age of 25 years, 23% are single mothers. 72% of mothers have maintained exclusive breast-feeding, which significantly differs (p < 0.05) from that reported by the la Encuesta Nacional de Salud, Alimentación y Nutrición (ENSANUT), 2011-2013. It was also observed a decrease exclusive breast feeding in mothers under 19 years of age. Several strengths were observed: support provided by health professionals, personal conviction of giving the child the best nutrition to avoid illnesses and to ensure their optimal growth, and support provided by the couple and family. The main weaknesses were the mother's incorporacion to work and the decrease in milk production. Conclusion: there is need of motivation, education and food nutritional counseling for a successful exclusive breast-feeding, especially in mothers younger than 19 years old.

Pancreatitis aguda en el Hospital Provincial General Docente de Riobamba / Acute pancreatitis in the Hospital Provincial General Docente de Riobamba

La pancreatitis con sus variantes aguda y crónica es una enfermedad grave, cuya frecuencia ha ido incrementando al rededor del mundo, con las respectivas consecuencias sobre la calidad de vida del paciente, así como sobre su situación socioeconómica. La pancreatitis aguda (PA), constituye el problema sanitario más frecuente a nivel del sistema de salud y de hospitalización a nivel mundial. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la incidencia y prevalencia de PA en el Hospital Provincial General Docente (HPGD) de Riobamba durante el período comprendido entre 2014­2017. Por este motivo se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo observacional de corte transversal, con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: mujeres o hombres de todas las edades, diagnóstico de PA, encontrarse en hospitalización de cirugía y/o medicina interna y cumplir los criterios de PA. Se excluyeron los pacientes que no cumplieron los criterios de diagnóstico de PA y ambulatorios. Nuestros hallazgos demuestran que esta patología afecta con frecuencia las mujeres en relación con los hombres.

Pancreatitis and its variants acute and chronic is a serious disease, whose frequency has been increasing worldwide.It has a huge impact over the quality of life of patients, as well as their socio­economical status. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is the most frequent health problem in the health and hospitalization systen around the world. The objective of the present study was to determinate the incidence and prevalence of AP in the Hospital Provincial General Docente (HPGD)de Riobamba during the period between 2014­2017. In this way we performed an observational, retrospective, cross­sectional study, taking into account the following incluion criteria: women or men of all ages, with a diagnosis of AP, hospitalized in the service of surgery or internal medicine that meet the criteria of AP. Patients that did not meet the criteria of AP or attended outpatient services were excluded of the study. Our findings suggest that this pathology affects more often to women than to men.