Early infant male circumcision: Potential for changing adverse gender norms associated with traditional male circumcision among circumcising communities in Kenya.

Introduction: Traditional male circumcision (TMC) inculcates masculine-dominance norms in young men. Early infant male circumcision (EIMC) and medical male circumcision (MMC) can potentially minimise these adverse gender norms. We explored the perceptions about EIMC and MMC among communities practising TMC in Kenya.Method: We conducted focus group discussions with men and women and councils of elders, and key informant interviews with traditional circumcisers. Data were analysed using NVivo 10.Results: Most participants described MC as a rite of passage into adulthood, with the preferred age for MC to occur at 10 to 15 years old. Interestingly, awareness of the advantages of EIMC, especially among younger men and women, was high. Participants acknowledged that TMC reinforces hegemonic masculinity that undermines gender equality. Except among traditional circumcisers and some members of councils of elders, MMC and female providers were largely deemed acceptable.Conclusion: EIMC and MMC are slowly gaining acceptance, providing important tools to challenge adverse gender norms associated with TMC.

Repercussões sociais/culturais e psíquicas da linguagem escrita na aprendizagem do sujeito / Social/cultural and psychic repercussions of written language on the subject's learning

A linguagem escrita é uma ferramenta básica em nossa Cultura, pois ela permite resgatar e transmitir o patrimônio cultural através da História da Humanidade. Considera-se fundamental compreendê-la integralmente, levando em conta aspectos relacionados às quatro habilidades básicas: ler, escrever, falar e escutar, como fundamentado por Kenneth Goodman (1977) e Condemarin (1992). Aprender a ler e escrever é um "rito de passagem" que demanda experiências formais e informais, dentro e fora do contexto escolar. A produção da linguagem escrita abre espaço para a singularização, isto é, possibilita expressar e identificar-se aos valores e conceitos que contribuem para a formação individual e coletiva. Sendo considerada a "espinha dorsal da escolarização", muitas das queixas de Dificuldades de Aprendizagem podem ser relacionadas à sua fragilidade, tendo repercussões na constituição do sujeito aprendente. Este artigo tenta descrever a amplitude do que envolve a queixa escolar referente à produção de linguagem de maneira integral e integrada, apresentando enfoques teóricos que fundamentam a Psicopedagogia Dinâmica no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento da linguagem.

Written language is a basic tool in our Culture, as it allows to rescue and transmit cultural heritage through the history of humanity. It is considered fundamental to fully understand it, considering aspects related to the four basic skills: reading, writing, speaking, and listening, as founded by Kenneth Goodman (1977) and Mabel Condemarin (1992). Learning to read and write is a "rite of passage" that requires formal and not formal experiences, both within and outside the school context. The production of written language opens space for singularization, that is, it makes it possible to express and identify oneself to the values and concepts that contribute to individual and collective formation. Being considered the "backbone of schooling", many of the complaints of Learning Difficulties can be reactivated to its fragility, having repercussions on the constitution of the learning subject. This article tries to describe the breadth of what involves the school complaint regarding the production of language in an integral and integrated way, presenting important theoretical approaches to broaden this reflection. presenting theoretical approaches that underlie Dynamic Psychopedagogy regarding language development.

The transition from school to university in mathematics education research: new trends and ideas from a systematic literature review.

Investigating the transition between educational levels is one of the main themes for the future of mathematics education. In particular, the transition from secondary school to STEM degrees is problematic for the widespread students' difficulties and significant for the implications that it has on students' futures. Knowing and understanding the past is key to imagine the future of a research field. For this reason, this paper reports a systematic review of the literature on the secondary-tertiary transition in Mathematics Education from 2008 to 2021. We constructed two corpuses: one from the proceedings of three international conferences in mathematics education (PME, ICME, and INDRUM) and the other from peer reviewed research papers and book chapters returned by the databases ERIC and Google Scholar. A clear evolution in perspectives since 2008 emerges from the analysis of the two corpuses: the research focus changed from a purely cognitive to a more holistic one, including socio-cultural and - to a lesser extent - affective issues. To this end, a variety of research methods were used, and specific theoretical models were developed in the considered papers. The analysis also highlights a worrisome trend of underrepresentation: very little research comes from large geographical areas such as South America or Africa. We argue that this gap in representation is problematic as research on secondary tertiary transition concerns also consideration of socio-cultural and contextual factors.

[Protecting adolescents during migration, a difficult task for parents]. / Protéger les adolescents dans la migration, une fonction difficile pour les parents.

Going through adolescence during migration carries risks, especially when parents must discover their new world at the same time as passing on their values. Teenagers in search of their identity and creativity can endanger themselves as well as their family. A mixed approach is therefore necessary to give meaning to the passing on of traditions.

O olhar e a prova do estrangeiro / The gaze and the experience of the foreign

Resumo: O que poderia causar um sentimento de estranheza maior, ao ser humano, do que seu inconsciente que lhe mostra os limites de sua capacidade de ver e dizer? Esse artigo procura demonstrar que o estrangeiro não está apenas inscrito no olhar, um olhar que não se restringe ao visível, mas que se encontra no âmago do sujeito. Sua irrupção, a cada evento ocasional, inclusive ao mudar de país, confronta o sujeito com o que o divide e se torna um enigma para ele. Esse enigma representa uma verdadeira prova que mobiliza a subjetividade do indivíduo e a necessidade de um recurso singular para lidar com ele. Essa prova não revela necessariamente uma psicopatologia. Ela pode dar origem à inventividade, como mostram as experiências artísticas e iniciáticas. Para embasar a sua abordagem, a autora toma, como ponto de apoio e como horizonte, os conhecimentos da psicanálise, principalmente a contribuição freudiana.

ABSTRACT: What is more foreign to us than our own unconscious, showing us a limit to what can be seen and said? The author shows that not only is the foreign inscribed in the gaze, a gaze that cannot be reduced to the visible, but that it lies at the very heart of the human subject. Its irruption at various occasions, including when travelling between different countries, confronts us with what divides us and remains an enigma. This challenging experience mobilises our subjectivity, calling for a unique solution. Far from always being a sign of pathology, it can lead to inventive action, as shown by artistic and rite-of-passage experiences. The author's approach relies on what is transmitted to us by psychoanalysis, primarily highlighting the work of Freud.

The Rites of Passage Framework as a Matrix of Transgression Processes in the Life Course.

This work shows the contribution of concept of rites of passage and theory of liminality to the understanding of transformations in the course of a person's life. The structural-functional analysis of empirical studies of physical changes, changing roles in society, and key changes in the area of mental and physical health conducted from the perspective of these theories has allowed to identify the three fundamental processes that govern the attainment of transformation and transgression into a new phase of life. The aim of this paper is to set out the processes identified in the course of functional-structural analysis of chosen studies and they comprise: (1) preservation of the sequence of the life course; (2) liminality: deconstruction, integration, and transformation; and (3) performativity. These processes provide a structural framework for understanding life crises, thus facilitating their study as phases of dynamic transformations connected with the successive roles and tasks over the life course.

Experiencing menopause in the UK: The interrelated narratives of normality, distress, and transformation.

We investigated the experience and perspectives of menopause among 48 UK mothers through qualitative in-depth interviews. Interviews were analyzed thematically then explored using social science theories. Three interdependent narratives emerged: menopause as a normal, biological process, distinct from self and social transitions; menopause as struggle, an "idiom of distress" expressing upset, identity loss, shame, and social upheaval; and menopause as transformative and liberating, arising from biopsychic and relational changes. Some women followed a predictable "rite of passage" trajectory with transformation emerging from distress, but not all: Menopause arises from a complex interplay of personal predicament, somatic change, and sociocultural context.

A passagem do infans ao puer no sistema mundo Guarani / The passage from the infans to puer in the Guarani world system / El paso de lo infans a puer en el sistema mundo Guaraní

A educação Guarani está imbricada no sistema palavra-alma-mundo (Teko) onde a criança se desenvolve em busca de um modo de ser belo e bom. Estas características que levam os Guarani a compreender a passagem do infans ao puer estão relacionadas com a maturidade da palavra-alma divina, que amadurece dentro da criança. Quando esta começa a falar é entendido que a mesma alcançou o momento da imposição do nome. Marcar esta passagem com o batismo tem grande sentido para a comunidade, onde cada palavra é única e sagrada. Falar é um momento de grande festividade, e muito importante, pois das ambas celestes as divindades se apresentam através de cada criança. O nome é a alma e é a palavra que cria horizontes de mundos diversos, e a conexão com a liberdade de ser é fundamental para que amadureça esta força que jaz no interior da criança, como semente no nhemongarai. Este período do pré-natal até dois ou mais anos da criança é repleto de cuidados, que pressupõe um sistema mundo complexo, na permissão ao lúdico, e a experimentação das crianças como forma de compreensão profunda do processo psicomotor e do desenvolvimento cognitivo do infans até o puer.

The Guarani education is related in the system word-soul-world (Teko) where the child is in a development path of becoming being good and beauty. Those Guarani traits makes them understand the passage of the infans to the puer as related to the maturity of the divine word-soul, that is being natured inside the child. When it starts to speak, it's understood that the child achieved the moment for name imposition. That passage is marked by the baptism, and that has a great meaning for the community, where every word is unique and sacred. To speak is a moment of great festivity, and it is very important because from the heavenly the deities show themselves through each child, as the seed of nhemongarai. The period from the pre-birth until the first two years of life is full of caring for the child's needs, which can be assumed as a complex system that allowed the child to live the ludic and also to have life-experiences as a manner to build a profound comprehension of its own psicomotricity and cognitive development.

La educación Guaraní está integrada en el sistema palabra-alma-mundo (Teko) cuando el niño se desarrolla en busca del modo de ser bello y bueno. Estas características conducen a los guaraníes a la comprensión del paso del infans a puer están relacionados con la madurez de la divina palabra-alma, que madura en el niño. Cuando el niño comienza a hablar se entiende que se ha alcanzado el momento de la imposición de su nombre. Marcar la iniciación con el bautismo tiene un gran sentido de la comunidad, donde cada palabra es única y sagrada. Hablar es un momento de gran fiesta, y muy importante, porque desde las am-bas celestes las deidades se presentan en los niños. El nombre es el alma y es la palabra que crea horizontes de muchos mundos, y la conexión con la libertad de ser es fundamental para madurar esta fuerza que se encuentra dentro del niño, como semilla en el nhemongarai. Este período prenatal hasta los dos años o más que el niño está lleno de atención, lo que presupone un sistema complejo de mundo, el paso para la autonomía lúdica y la experimentación de los niños como una forma de conocimiento profundo del proceso de desarrollo psicomotor y cognitivo de los infans al puer.

[Growing up as a migrant, rites of passage in the Maghreb]. / Grandir en situation de migration, rituels de passage au Maghreb.

In a context of migration, some parents experience difficulties in passing on their culture and their knowledge, which makes it difficult to achieve reciprocal recognition and to establish a feeling of filiation and heritage. In this context, maintaining the rites of passage enables their symbolic effectiveness and creativity to be maintained. Circumcision, in particular, is a key stage of this process in the Maghreb.

Liminality as a conceptual frame for understanding the family caregiving rite of passage: an integrative review.

Family caregiving is a significant rite of passage experienced by family caregivers of individuals with protracted illness or injury. In an integrative review of 26 studies, we characterized family caregiving from the sociocultural perspective of liminality and explored associated psychosocial implications. Analysis of published evidence on this dynamic and formative transition produced a range of themes. While role ambiguity resolved for most, for others, uncertainty and suffering continued. The process of becoming a caregiver was transformative and can be viewed as a rebirth that is largely socially and culturally driven. The transition to family caregiving model produced by this review provides a holistic perspective on this phenomenon and draws attention to aspects of the experience previously underappreciated. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

O processo de alcoolização entre os Tenharim das aldeias do rio Marmelos, AM, Brasil / The process of development of alcoholism among the Tenharim people in villages along the Marmelos river, state of Amazonas / El proceso de alcoholización entre los Tenharim, indígenas de las aldeas del río Marmelos, Amazonas, Brasil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar esse processo de alcoolização nas aldeias do Marmelos utilizando o enfoque antropológico. A forma como os Tenharim bebem está relacionada, sobretudo, a um rito de passagem masculino e com regras bem definidas pelas famílias, com seus mecanismos de proteção e controle. Foi possível notar que a alcoolização vem sendo discutida pelos indígenas, mas, com diferenças quanto à definição como um problema ou não, fato que fragmenta as ações desenvolvidas contra a alcoolização problemática. A posição de liminaridade assumida pelos que consomem álcool demonstra a necessidade de fortalecimento social da comunidade.

The aim of this paper was to analyze the process of development of alcoholism in villages along the Marmelos river using an anthropological approach. The way in which the Tenharim people drink is related mainly to a rite of passage for males, with rules that are well defined by the families, with protection and control mechanisms. It could be seen that development of alcoholism has been discussed by these indigenous people, but with differences regarding whether it is defined as a problem. This breaks up the actions implemented against the development of problematic alcoholism. The position of liminality taken by those who consume alcohol demonstrates that there is a need for social fortification of the community.

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido el de analizar el proceso de alcoholización en las aldeas de los Marmelos utilizando como método el enfoque antropológico. La forma como los Tenharim toman la bebida alcohólica está relacionada principalmente a un rito del pasaje masculino y con normas bien definidas por las familias con sus mecanismos de protección y control. Fue posible constatar que la alcoholización está siendo investigada por los indígenas, pero con diferencias en la definición de que sea o no un problema, lo que fragmenta las acciones desarrolladas la problemática del alcoholismo. La posición liminar asumida por aquellos que consumen alcohol demuestra la necesidad de fortalecimiento social de la comunidad.

Uma reflexão sobre o impacto da pouca abrangência dos serviços públicos de saúde brasileiros na vida de crianças diagnosticadas com câncer / A reflection on the impact of the lack of comprehensiveness of Brazilian public health services in the lives of children diagnosed with cancer

INTRODUÇÃO: Os brasileiros diagnosticados com câncer tem disponível uma rede pública de saúde integral, universal e gratuita formada por unidades e centros de alta complexidade em oncologia que tem sido mantida e aperfeiçoada ao longo dos anos para tratara doença de forma cada vez mais eficaz. Entretanto, apesar de sua amplitude, o Sistema Público de Saúde brasileiro (SUS) ainda não consegue cobrir muitas localidades, principalmente nas regiões norte e nordeste do país. Percebemos no estado do Ceará (nordeste), por exemplo, que existe no sistema público tratamento completo de câncer em apenas três cidades. Este número tem se mantido desde a realização de nossa pesquisa realizada entre os anos de 2004 e 2005. Por seu caráter grave, crônico, mutilador e potencialmente letal, o câncer é uma doença capaz de trazer uma série de transformações na vida daqueles que recebem seu diagnóstico. O impacto de um câncer desestrutura a criança emocional e socialmente de forma a mudar as estruturas de suas relações. Além disso, em se tratando de localidades desprovidas de centros de tratamento especializado no sistema público de saúde, a criança é obrigada a se deslocar para grandes centros urbanos, intensificando o rompimento simbólico após o diagnóstico e ao longo do tratamento. A teoria do rito de passagem facilitou o entendimento dos processos de desconstrução das relações familiares, comunitárias, escolares e a construção de novos vínculos na casa de apoio e no hospital a partir do olhar da criança participante do processo ritual. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho analisa a trajetória de crianças de 7 a 12 anos em tratamento contra o câncer, institucionalizadas temporariamente em uma casa de apoio localizada em Fortaleza/Ceará/Brasil. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: A metodologia utilizada foi a etnografia, aliada a entrevistas semiestruturadas. RESULTADOS: Os dados da pesquisa foram apresentados primeiramente em 2005, através de um trabalho monográfico. CONCLUSÃO: Desde então, pouco mudou no interior do Ceará no tocante à oferta de tratamento do câncer infantil. Atualmente, trazemos uma releitura dos dados com novas discussões para o assunto, demonstrando principalmente que muitas das implicações do diagnóstico do câncer na vida das crianças ­desde a mudança na forma de comer até a completa transformação na estrutura familiar ­estão diretamente relacionadas à falta de um sistema público de saúde melhor distribuído nas regiões brasileiras.

INTRODUCTION: The Brazilians people diagnosed with cancer have available a complete public health, universal and free formed by units and centers of high complexity in oncology that has been maintained and improved over the years to treat disease in an ever more effective. However, despite its breadth, the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) still can not cover many localities, especially in the north and northeast. We realize the state of Ceará (Northeast), for example, that there is in the public thorough treatment of cancer injust three cities. This number has remained since the completion of our survey conducted between 2004 and 2005. Because it is severe, chronic, crippling and potentially deadly, cancer is a disease capable of bringing a series of transformations in the lives of those who receive their diagnosis. The impact of cancer disrupts the child emotionally and socially in order to change the structures of their relationships. Moreover, when it comes to places without treatment centers specializing in public health system, the child is forced to move to large urban centers, intensifying the symbolic break after diagnosis and during treatment. The theory of the rite of passage facilitated the understanding of the processes of deconstruction of family relationships, community, school and construction of new bonds in the house and support the hospital through the eyes of children participating in the ritual process. OBJECTIVE: This paper examines the trajectory of children 7-12 years in cancer treatment, institutionalized temporarily in a support house located in Fortaleza / Ceará / Brazil. The methodology used was ethnography, coupled with semi-structured interviews. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: The survey data were first presented in 2005 by a monograph. Since then, little has changed in the interior of Ceará regarding the provision of treatment of childhood cancer. CONCLUSION: Today, we bring a re-reading of the data with further discussion to the subject, showing mainly that many of the implications of a diagnosis of cancer in children's lives -from the change in the way of eating until the complete transformation in family structure -are directly related to lack of a public health system better distributed in the Brazilian regions.

Porque os alcoólicos são anônimos? Anonimato e identidade no tratamento do alcoolismo / Why are alcoholics anonymous? Anonymity and identity in treating alcoholism / ¿Por qué los alcohólicos son anónimos? Anonimato e identidad en el tratamiento del alcoholismo

Pretende-se contribuir para a compreensão do papel do anonimato no modelo terapêutico desenvolvido pela irmandade de Alcoólicos Anônimos (A.A.) para dar conta da "doença do alcoolismo". Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica na literatura produzida pela irmandade sobre o álcool e o alcoolismo, bem como uma pesquisa qualitativa em grupos de A.A. localizados na periferia da cidade de São Paulo - Brasil -, com realização de entrevistas e a observação de diversas atividades promovidas pelos seus membros. O modelo terapêutico de A.A. é concebido como um sistema cuja realidade simbólica é fundamental na representação do alcoolismo como uma "doença crônica e fatal" e, consequentemente, na construção da identidade de "doente alcoólico". Com efeito, o anonimato opera como um mecanismo simbólico fundamental no processo saúde-doença vivenciado dentro de A.A., ligando-se diretamente à fabricação da identidade do "doente alcoólico em recuperação" e, por essa via, à reconstrução subjetiva dos membros da irmandade.

The aim here was to contribute towards understanding the role of anonymity in the therapeutic model developed by the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) fellowship for caring for the "disease of alcoholism". A bibliographic search was conducted in the literature produced by AA on alcohol and alcoholism. A qualitative investigation was also carried out among AA groups located on the outskirts of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Interviews were held and several activities undertaken by its members were observed. AA's therapeutic model is conceived as a system in which symbolic reality is fundamental for representing alcoholism as a "chronic and fatal disease" and consequently for constructing the identity of "individuals with alcohol sickness". In fact, anonymity works as a fundamental symbolic mechanism in the healthdisease process experienced within AA. It links directly to constructing the identity of "individuals with alcohol sickness undergoing recovery" and consequently to subjectively reconstructing the fellowship's members.

Se pretende contribuir para la comprensión del papel del anonimato en el modelo terapéutico desarrollado por la hermandad de Alcohólicos Anónimos (A.A.) para dar cuenta de la "enfermedad del alcoholismo". Se ha realizado una investigación bibliográfica en la literatura producida por la hermandad sobre el alcohol y el alcoholismo, así como una pesquisa cualitativa en grupos de A.A. localizados en la periferia de la ciudad de São Paulo - Brasil - con realización de entrevistas y observación de diversas actividades promovidas por sus miembros. Se concibe el modelo terapéutico de A.A. como un sistema cuya realidad simbólica es fundamental en la representación del alcoholismo como una "enfermedad crónica y fatal" y consecuentemente en la construcción de la identidad "enfermo alcohólico". En efecto, el anonimato opera como un mecanismo simbólico fundamental en el proceso saludenfermedad vivenciado dentro de A.A. vinculándose directamente a la elaboración de la identidad del "enfermo alcohólico en recuperación" y, por esta vía, a la reconstrucción subjetiva de los miembros de la hermandad.

Beyond liminality: orphanhood and marginalisation in Botswana.

For children, the death of a parent initiates a rite of passage, a three-stage process: separation from their status as 'son' or 'daughter', a period of liminality with rituals of mourning, burial and interment, and finally re-aggregation into a re-formed social network with a new status as a 'child without parents'. Many orphans in Botswana are excluded from the funerals of their parents; they are structurally invisible. Sometimes, particularly in the case of young children, they are taken to another place, thus they are literally not seen. In the case of older children, some complete all three stages of the rite of passage and the transformation results in clear aggregation into a new status and role. Those children are often resilient and cope well with the trials of orphanhood. For others, liminality is prolonged and the orphans are not reincorporated into a new social network; they are marginalised and may seek 'belonging', 'acceptance' and 'membership' in alternative relationships and in socially unacceptable ways. This paper uses Van Gennep's concept of rite of passage as a framework for examining the coping strategies of orphans in Botswana, where some children demonstrate resilience as they emerge from liminality while others seem stuck in perpetual marginalisation.