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1.
Heliyon ; 9(6): e16302, 2023 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37251482

ABSTRACT

For decades there have been controversies related to the changes generated by oil palm plantations in the physicochemical properties of the soil, soil biota, and ecological interactions. Therefore, the present investigation evaluated root diameter and biomass at three ages of oil palm cultivation. Besides, we evaluated the effect of the ages on the physicochemical parameters of the soil in comparison with pasture plots. To know the diameter, fresh, and dry biomass of roots, soil sampling was carried out around the oil palm (3-, 5-, and 15-years-old) at distances of 1, 2, and 3 m from the trunk plant. Also, to know the changes in the properties of the soil, the sampling was carried out randomly in the same plots and the pasture plot (control). The results showed that both the diameter and the fresh and dry root biomass increased in 15-year-old plantations compared with 3- and 5-year-old. In addition, correlation analysis and principal component analysis indicated that the parameters evaluated are associated with the adult age of the oil palm. Also, the results of soil physicochemical showed that low soil fertility was associated with an increase in the age of the palm.

2.
Rev. Ciênc. Agrovet. (Online) ; 17(1): 12-22, 2018. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1488212

ABSTRACT

A cultura da soja apresenta alta plasticidade fenotípica da parte aérea, alterando a sua morfologia em função da densidade de plantas. No entanto, os efeitos da densidade no crescimento e distribuição de raízes no perfil do solo ainda não estão elucidados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de três densidades de plantas de soja sobre variáveis relacionadas ao crescimento de raízes, em diferentes camadas de solo e posições (linha e entrelinhas). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos na safra 2014/15, em Londrina/PR, um com a cultivar BRS 359 RR, e outro com a cultivar BMX Potência RR. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com três repetições e parcelas sub subdivididas. Nas parcelas, foram alocadas três densidades de plantas (150, 300 e 450 mil ha-¹); nas subparcelas, cinco camadas de solo (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 e 40-50 cm); e, nas sub subparcelas, três posições (linha, entrelinha à esquerda e entrelinha à direita). O aumento da densidade de plantas provoca a formação de raízes mais finas, com tendência de haver maior ocupação das entrelinhas e das camadas subsuperficiais do solo, mas a magnitude dessa resposta é dependente da cultivar.


The soybean plant has long been known to have a high phenotypic plasticity, altering shoot morphological traits in response to variations on plant density. However, plant density effects on soybean root growth and distribution in the soil profile are not elucidated. This paper aimed at evaluating the effects of three plant densities on soybean root growth at different soil layers and horizontal positions relative to the crop planting row. The study comprised two field experiments carried out during 2014/2015 growing season in Londrina, PR, Southern Brazil, one with the soybean cultivar BRS 359 RR, and other with the cultivar BMX Potência RR. Both experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design and split-split-plot arrangement, with three replications. In the main plots, three soybean seeding rates (150; 300; and 450 thousand seeds ha-1) were distributed; in the subplots, five soil layers (0-10; 10-20; 20-30; 30-40 and 40-50 cm depth); and, in the sub-subplots, three horizontal sampling positions (row; interrow on the left; and interrow on the right). Higher soybean plant densities led to thinner roots, with greater growth towards the crop interrows and deeper soil layers, but the cultivars can affect this behavior.


Subject(s)
24444 , Crops, Agricultural/growth & development , Plant Roots/anatomy & histology , Glycine max/growth & development , Plant Physiological Phenomena
3.
R. Ci. agrovet. ; 17(1): 12-22, 2018. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-734018

ABSTRACT

A cultura da soja apresenta alta plasticidade fenotípica da parte aérea, alterando a sua morfologia em função da densidade de plantas. No entanto, os efeitos da densidade no crescimento e distribuição de raízes no perfil do solo ainda não estão elucidados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de três densidades de plantas de soja sobre variáveis relacionadas ao crescimento de raízes, em diferentes camadas de solo e posições (linha e entrelinhas). Foram conduzidos dois experimentos na safra 2014/15, em Londrina/PR, um com a cultivar BRS 359 RR, e outro com a cultivar BMX Potência RR. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com três repetições e parcelas sub subdivididas. Nas parcelas, foram alocadas três densidades de plantas (150, 300 e 450 mil ha-¹); nas subparcelas, cinco camadas de solo (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 e 40-50 cm); e, nas sub subparcelas, três posições (linha, entrelinha à esquerda e entrelinha à direita). O aumento da densidade de plantas provoca a formação de raízes mais finas, com tendência de haver maior ocupação das entrelinhas e das camadas subsuperficiais do solo, mas a magnitude dessa resposta é dependente da cultivar.(AU)


The soybean plant has long been known to have a high phenotypic plasticity, altering shoot morphological traits in response to variations on plant density. However, plant density effects on soybean root growth and distribution in the soil profile are not elucidated. This paper aimed at evaluating the effects of three plant densities on soybean root growth at different soil layers and horizontal positions relative to the crop planting row. The study comprised two field experiments carried out during 2014/2015 growing season in Londrina, PR, Southern Brazil, one with the soybean cultivar BRS 359 RR, and other with the cultivar BMX Potência RR. Both experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design and split-split-plot arrangement, with three replications. In the main plots, three soybean seeding rates (150; 300; and 450 thousand seeds ha-1) were distributed; in the subplots, five soil layers (0-10; 10-20; 20-30; 30-40 and 40-50 cm depth); and, in the sub-subplots, three horizontal sampling positions (row; interrow on the left; and interrow on the right). Higher soybean plant densities led to thinner roots, with greater growth towards the crop interrows and deeper soil layers, but the cultivars can affect this behavior.(AU)


Subject(s)
Glycine max/growth & development , Plant Roots/anatomy & histology , 24444 , Crops, Agricultural/growth & development , Plant Physiological Phenomena
4.
Semina ciênc. agrar ; 35(supl.4): 2749-2766, 2014. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1499793

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the effect of grazing and its absence, and the nitrogen on the morphology ofroots of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) mixed with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.).The experimental design was a randomized block design in split-split, the main portion was studythe effects of grazing and its absence, in the subplots the nitrogen doses of 75 and 150 kg ha-1 and in the sub-subplots were at sampling period. There was used the cylinder method to collect the root,being measured the length, surface area, mean diameter and volume by image analysis system Win /MacRizho (4.1c). Determined the dry mass of roots and shoot, and estimated the density of the roottissue and shoot:root ratio. From these results we determined the rate of root growth relative (RGR),relative root expansion rate (RRER) and rate of accumulation of dry matter daily (RADM). In the firstperiod, was higher RGR, RRER, the second period there was a reduction of the same, probably dueto the period of drought and plant senescence. There was also reduced due to grazing RADM. Withgrazing, the length, surface area, mean diameter and root volume were higher, indicating that there wasgreater root growth of plants grazed compared to ungrazed. The systems studied had no effect on thedry weight of roots. There were found greater specific mass and shot:root ratio in the system withoutgrazing. There was no significant difference between the nitrogen studied. At mixed of black oat andryegrass, the grazing and nitrogen dose until 150 kg ha-1 little affect root growth. The nitrogen dosechanged a little the growth rates and expansion of the roots. On the other hand, the grazing favored thelength, area, volume and root diameter.


Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do pastejo e sua ausência e doses de nitrogênio (N) sobre a morfologia de raízes da mistura de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos cazualizados em parcelas subsubdivididas, na parcela principal foram estudados os efeitos do pastejo e de sua ausência, na subparcela as doses de N 75 e 150 kg ha-1 e as sub-subparcelas às épocas de amostragens. Foi utilizado o método do cilindro para coleta de raiz, sendo mensurados o comprimento, área superficial, diâmetro médio e volume radical pelo sistema de análise de imagem Win/MacRizho (4.1c). Determinou-se a massa seca radical e da parte aérea e estimou-se a massa específica do tecido radical e a relação parte aérea: raiz. A partir destes resultados se calculou a taxa de crescimento relativo de raiz (TCRR), taxa de expansão relativa de raiz (TERR) e taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca diária (TAMS). No primeiro período, ocorreu maior TCRR e TERR, no segundo período ocorreu redução dos mesmos, provavelmente devido ao déficit hídrico e senescência das plantas. Também houve redução da TAMS devido ao pastejo. Com pastejo, o comprimento, área da superfície, diâmetro médio e volume radical foram maiores, indicando que houve maior crescimento radical de plantas pastejadas em comparação às não pastejadas. Os sistemas estudados não tiveram efeito sobre a massa seca radical. Foi observado maior massa específica e relaçãoparte aérea: raiz no sistema sem pastejo. Não houve diferença significativa entre as doses de nitrogênioestudadas. Na mistura de aveia preta e azevém, o pastejo e doses de N até 150 kg ha-1 pouco afetamo crescimento radical. As doses de adubação nitrogenada alteraram pouco as taxas de crescimento eexpansão radical. Por outro lado, o pastejo favoreceu o comprimento, área, volume e diâmetro radical.


Subject(s)
Avena/growth & development , Lolium/growth & development , Nitrogen , Plant Roots/anatomy & histology , Plant Roots/growth & development
5.
Semina Ci. agr. ; 35(supl.4): 2749-2766, 2014. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-26470

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the effect of grazing and its absence, and the nitrogen on the morphology ofroots of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) mixed with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.).The experimental design was a randomized block design in split-split, the main portion was studythe effects of grazing and its absence, in the subplots the nitrogen doses of 75 and 150 kg ha-1 and in the sub-subplots were at sampling period. There was used the cylinder method to collect the root,being measured the length, surface area, mean diameter and volume by image analysis system Win /MacRizho (4.1c). Determined the dry mass of roots and shoot, and estimated the density of the roottissue and shoot:root ratio. From these results we determined the rate of root growth relative (RGR),relative root expansion rate (RRER) and rate of accumulation of dry matter daily (RADM). In the firstperiod, was higher RGR, RRER, the second period there was a reduction of the same, probably dueto the period of drought and plant senescence. There was also reduced due to grazing RADM. Withgrazing, the length, surface area, mean diameter and root volume were higher, indicating that there wasgreater root growth of plants grazed compared to ungrazed. The systems studied had no effect on thedry weight of roots. There were found greater specific mass and shot:root ratio in the system withoutgrazing. There was no significant difference between the nitrogen studied. At mixed of black oat andryegrass, the grazing and nitrogen dose until 150 kg ha-1 little affect root growth. The nitrogen dosechanged a little the growth rates and expansion of the roots. On the other hand, the grazing favored thelength, area, volume and root diameter.(AU)


Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do pastejo e sua ausência e doses de nitrogênio (N) sobre a morfologia de raízes da mistura de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos cazualizados em parcelas subsubdivididas, na parcela principal foram estudados os efeitos do pastejo e de sua ausência, na subparcela as doses de N 75 e 150 kg ha-1 e as sub-subparcelas às épocas de amostragens. Foi utilizado o método do cilindro para coleta de raiz, sendo mensurados o comprimento, área superficial, diâmetro médio e volume radical pelo sistema de análise de imagem Win/MacRizho (4.1c). Determinou-se a massa seca radical e da parte aérea e estimou-se a massa específica do tecido radical e a relação parte aérea: raiz. A partir destes resultados se calculou a taxa de crescimento relativo de raiz (TCRR), taxa de expansão relativa de raiz (TERR) e taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca diária (TAMS). No primeiro período, ocorreu maior TCRR e TERR, no segundo período ocorreu redução dos mesmos, provavelmente devido ao déficit hídrico e senescência das plantas. Também houve redução da TAMS devido ao pastejo. Com pastejo, o comprimento, área da superfície, diâmetro médio e volume radical foram maiores, indicando que houve maior crescimento radical de plantas pastejadas em comparação às não pastejadas. Os sistemas estudados não tiveram efeito sobre a massa seca radical. Foi observado maior massa específica e relaçãoparte aérea: raiz no sistema sem pastejo. Não houve diferença significativa entre as doses de nitrogênioestudadas. Na mistura de aveia preta e azevém, o pastejo e doses de N até 150 kg ha-1 pouco afetamo crescimento radical. As doses de adubação nitrogenada alteraram pouco as taxas de crescimento eexpansão radical. Por outro lado, o pastejo favoreceu o comprimento, área, volume e diâmetro radical.(AU)


Subject(s)
Avena/growth & development , Lolium/growth & development , Plant Roots/growth & development , Nitrogen , Plant Roots/anatomy & histology
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