Simultaneous treatment with cells and rosemary extract ameliorates 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in the hippocampus of mice.

In this study, we delved into the hippocampal region to understand the effects of adipose stem cells (ADSCs) and rosemary extract (RE). Our main objective was to explore how these substances influence spatial memory, neurotrophins, and changes in antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, we meticulously investigated the impact of dopamine deficiency, a notable characteristic linked with Parkinson's disease (PD), on memory impairment. This study comprised five groups of Wistar rats - all male, all selected randomly. We labeled two of these gatherings "lesion" (L) and "sham" (SH). Each got injections in the bilateral form with 6 µg - one group getting saline, while another got 6-OHDA. From couple weeks before the neurotoxin injection to 8 weeks later on, our lesion cohort was treated with rosemary at a dosage rate of 50 mg/kg body weight - let's call it RE for simplicity sake. Moreover, there is also this other lot, designated as cell-transplanted lesion group or catchy exercise (CE) as we prefer to interpret them; they had cell transplants conducted exactly 7 days after receiving their respective injections. Bringing up the rear, we got a group treated with both cell transplant and rosemary (CE+R). We performed spatial memory tests at 4 weeks, then again at 8. At the end of eighth week, the brains were extracted for q-PCR, enzymatic and immunohistochemical studies. Turning our gaze toward a comparison between the CE+R and CE groups versus the L group, we spot an intriguing drop in escape latency time. There is also more time spent in quadrants. Digging deeper into this matter, the CE+R bunch unveiled a clear surge when it comes to the expression of four genes, namely NGF, BDNF, NT3, and NT4! This was notable especially while comparing with both R and even other fellows from its very own broader group - CE. In a bit complex bit related to enzyme activity now, there is some good news as well for those in favor of potent antioxidants such as GPx or SOD. CE + R group, showed a significant increase of GPX and SOD enzymes, compared to the SH and L groups, and a significant decrease of MDA activity as compared to other treated groups. A significant decrease of escape latency and increase of time in quadrant were observed in the CE+R and CE groups compared to L group. What's more, the levels of MDA in the CE+R group plummeted significantly when set up against the SH group. Wrapping things up, a definite downscale was observed in the density of GFAP-positive cells throughout different regions located within the hippocampus; this decline presented itself not solely in treatment groups but gripped onto those falling under SH as well, especially when compared to its comrade - the L group. Using ADSCs and taking RE orally have shown promising results in improving memory issues linked with PD.

Effect of herbal antioxidants on the shear bond strength of composite resin to bleached enamel at different time intervals.

Background: Anterior tooth discolorations can be treated conservatively and noninvasively through bleaching to achieve the desired esthetic outcomes. However, bleaching along with composite resin is advisable for certain clinical cases for optimum results. However, shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to the bleached tooth gets significantly lowered. Before placing the composite restoration, the bleached enamel needs to be treated with antioxidant agents to increase its SBS. The study aims to evaluate and compare the effect of herbal antioxidants on SBS of composite resin to bleached enamel at different time intervals. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted single-rooted maxillary incisors postdecoronation, keeping their labial surfaces up were mounted in cold-cure acrylic resin. The samples were randomly divided into: Group I - unbleached; Group II - 10% pine bark extract for 10 min postbleaching; Group III - 10% pine bark extract for 20 min postbleaching; Group IV - application of 10% rosemary extract for 10 min postbleaching, Group V - application of 10% rosemary extract for 20 min postbleaching; Group VI - no application of antioxidant. 35% hydrogen peroxide was used for bleaching all the samples except those which served as negative control. Later composite cylinder 4 mm in diameter and length were built on prepared enamel. The maximum load at failure was recorded using the universal testing machine. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance and Tukey's t-test with significance level of P < 0.05. Results: Highest load was exhibited by Group I. Group V showed satisfactory shear strength followed by Groups IV, III, II, and VI. Conclusion: Both 10% rosemary and 10% pine bark extracts showed better results when applied for 20 min as compared to 10 min application. Increased duration of antioxidant application increases the SBS.

Synergistic rosemary extract with TBHQ and citric acid improves oxidative stability and shelf life of peanut.

Lipid oxidation often accompanies the processing and storage of peanuts, which causes a serious waste of peanut resources. To solve the problem of being prone to oxidation in peanut processing, a ternary complex antioxidant based on rosemary extract (RE) was constructed to investigate its effect on the oxidative and thermal stability of peanuts, and the inhibition of peanut oxidation by compound antioxidants was revealed by dynamic Arrhenius formula and complexation theory. The results showed that there was a synergistic effect between RE and Tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), and the antioxidant effects of RE and TBHQ were 4.86 and 1.45 times higher when used in combination than when used alone, respectively. In addition, RE-TBHQ-CA (citric acid) effectively inhibited primary and secondary oxidation of peanuts with a shelf life 8.7 times longer than that of control peanuts. This study provides a novel antioxidant compounding idea, which has a positive effect on improving the quality of peanut and other nut products, prolonging the shelf life and reducing the waste of resources. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Compounding a complex antioxidant that permits its use in peanuts. It was found that rosemary and TBHQ might have synergistic antioxidant effects. Meanwhile, this combination of RE-TBHQ-CA effectively inhibited the oxidation of peanut oils and prolonged the shelf life of peanuts. RE-TBHQ-CA is a highly efficient complex antioxidant that can reduce the amounts of antioxidants added while maintaining high antioxidant efficiency, which may be useful for the future preservation and storage of nut products as it positively affects the quality and shelf life of the product.

Rosemary extract and rosmarinic acid accelerate elastic fiber formation by increasing the expression of elastic fiber components in dermal fibroblasts.

Ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin photoaging is caused by qualitative and quantitative degradation of dermal extracellular matrix components such as collagen and elastic fibers. Elastic fibers are important for maintaining cutaneous elasticity, despite their small amount in the skin. Previously, microfibril-associated protein 4 (MFAP-4), which is downregulated in photoaging dermis, has been found to be essential for elastic fiber formation by interaction with both fibrillin-1 and elastin, which are core components of elastic fiber. In addition, enhanced cutaneous MFAP-4 expression in a human skin-xenografted murine photoaging model protects against UV-induced photodamage accompanied by the prevention of elastic fiber degradation and aggravated elasticity. We therefore hypothesized that the upregulation of MFAP-4 in dermal fibroblasts may more efficiently accelerate elastic fiber formation. We screened botanical extracts for MFAP-4 expression-promoting activity in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). We found that rosemary extract markedly promotes early microfibril formation and mature elastic fiber formation along with a significant upregulation of not only MFAP-4 but also fibrillin-1 and elastin in NHDFs. Furthermore, rosmarinic acid, which is abundant in rosemary extract, accelerated elastic fiber formation via upregulation of transforming growth factor ß-1. This was achieved by the induction of cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation, demonstrating that rosmarinic acid represents one of the active ingredients in rosemary extract. Based on the findings in this study, we conclude that rosemary extract and rosmarinic acid represent promising materials that exert a preventive or ameliorative effect on skin photoaging by accelerating elastic fiber formation.

Neuroprotective effects of rosemary extract on white matter of prefrontal cortex in old rats.

Objectives: During aging, cerebral structures undergo changes due to oxidative stress. The consumption of some plants seems to improve neurological health. For example, rosemary extract (RE) which is widely used as a flavoring food has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of RE on the changes related to the aging process in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats including young and old were purchased. Each group was divided into two subgroups: vehicle and rosemary (old vehicle (OV), old rosemary (OR), young vehicle (YV), and young rosemary (YR) groups). Then, we examined the number of intact neurons, myelin base protein (MBP), white matter (WM), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the PFC. Results: The results showed that in the old vehicle rats compared to the young group without treatment, except for the MDA level (which increased), other variables significantly decreased (P≤0.05). Additionally, RE consumption demonstrated a significant elevation of WMA, MBP intensity, number of intact neurons, and GPx activity level, while MDA levels significantly reduced in the treated old rats compared to the old vehicle group (P≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the OR and YV groups (P≥0.05). Conclusion: Overall, it seems that RE can protect and improve aging damages in the PFC due to its anti-oxidant properties. So, the use of RE can be a suitable strategy to prevent aging complications in the brain.

Growth performance, blood biochemistry, and mRNA expression of hepatic heat shock proteins of heat-stressed broilers in response to rosemary and oregano extracts.

The growing interest in countering the adverse effects of heat stress in poultry using phytogenic feed additives has garnered considerable attention in recent times, this research sought to examine the impact of rosemary leaves extract (RLE) and oregano leaves extract (OLE) on the growth performance, physiological responses, and hepatic mRNA expression of heat shock proteins in broiler chickens exposed to heat stress. A total of 150 male Indian River chicks, aged one day, were randomly allocated into five equally sized groups, each consisting of six replicates. The initial group was designated as the control and was provided with the basal diet. The second and third groups (R1 and R2) were administered the basal diet enriched with 50 and 100 mg/kg of rosemary leaves extract (RLE), respectively. The fourth and fifth groups (O1 and O2) were fed the basal diet supplemented with 50 and 100 mg/kg of oregano leaves extract (OLE), respectively. These chicks were reared in a controlled environmental chamber maintained at a temperature of 32±2 °C and relative humidity of 50 ± 5 %. Ferruginol was the leading component in RLE, whereas thymol was the prevalent constituent in OLE. RLE and OLE both have high DPPH• and ABTS•+ antioxidant potential. Among the experimental groups, the fourth group (O1) showed the heaviest live body weight and the lowest feed conversion ratio, indicating improved growth performance. There was a significant reduction in plasma total lipids and LDL-cholesterol levels within the R2 and O2 groups, respectively. Enhanced total antioxidant capacity and an improvement in the T3 hormone were observed in the R1 and R2 groups. In the second and fourth groups, the mRNA expression of hsp70 and 90A were both found to be significantly downregulated, respectively. In conclusion, the addition of 50 mg/kg of oregano leaves extract (OLE) to the diets of heat-stressed broilers resulted in improved hepatic heat shock proteins, along with certain physiological responses, ultimately contributing to enhanced growth performance.

The Effect of Plasma-Activated Water Combined with Rosemary Extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) on the Physicochemical Properties of Frankfurter Sausage during Storage.

This study investigated the impact of plasma-activated water (PAW) and rosemary extract on the bacterial inactivation and quality attributes of Frankfurter sausages during a 6-day storage period. The antibacterial activity, total phenol content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the rosemary extract were evaluated. The TPC of the rosemary extract was 89.45 mg gallic acid/g dry weight, while the TFC was 102.3 mg QE/g dry weight. Even at low concentrations, the rosemary extract effectively inhibited the growth of all the tested pathogens using the Well Diffusion Agar method (WDA). The sausages were treated with different concentrations of PAW and rosemary extract and stored for 1 and 6 days. Sample B (100% rosemary extract + PAW treatment) showed the greatest reduction in microbial load and was selected for further analysis. Throughout the storage period, Sample B exhibited no significant changes in pH, moisture content, textural parameters, or sensory evaluation compared to the control group. However, the hardness and color parameters (L*, a*) of Sample B decreased, while the TBARS value increased after 6 days of storage. The combination of PAW and rosemary extract, particularly Sample B, effectively inhibited bacterial growth in the Frankfurter sausages without compromising most quality attributes. Some changes in hardness, color, and lipid oxidation were observed over the extended storage period.

Oxidative Stability of Side-Streams from Cod Filleting-Effect of Antioxidant Dipping and Low-Temperature Storage.

Currently, side-streams (e.g., head, backbone, tail, and intestines) generated in the fish processing industry often end up as low-value products for feed applications or even as waste. In order to upcycle such side-streams, they need to be preserved to avoid oxidative degradation of the lipids between the generation point and the valorization plant. In the cod filleting industry, three main solid side-streams: viscera, heads, and backbones, are obtained. Hence, this study aimed to identify the most efficient antioxidant for preserving the cod side-streams using a dipping-based strategy prior to pre-valorization storage at low temperatures (ice and frozen storage). The dipping solutions evaluated contained: (i) a lipophilic rosemary extract (0.05% and 0.2% in 0.9% NaCl), (ii) Duralox MANC (a mixture of rosemary extract, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, and citric acid; 2% in 0.9% NaCl), and (iii) NaCl (0.9%) w/w solution. One group was not dipped. No dipping and dipping in NaCl were included as controls. The results showed a positive effect of dipping with solutions containing antioxidants as measured by peroxide value (PV), TBA-reactive substances (TBARS), and sensory profiling, e.g., rancid odor. Moreover, the oxidative stability increased with decreased storage temperature. The cod side-streams were in general most efficiently preserved by Duralox MANC, followed by the lipophilic rosemary extract (0.2%), compared to no dipping and dipping in NaCl solution and the lower concentration of the lipophilic rosemary extract (0.05%). The efficiency of the antioxidant treatments was independent of the side-stream fraction and storage temperature. Thus, using antioxidant dipping combined with low temperature storage is an efficient preservation method for maintaining the quality of the lipids in cod solid side-streams during their pre-valorization storage.

Supplementation with grape seed extract, onion peel extract, or rosemary extract in the diet alleviates growth inhibition, liver damage, and oxidative stress induced by diquat in Lohmann chicks.

The present study aimed to assess the impact of grape seed extract (GSE), onion peel extract (OPE), and rosemary extract (ROE) on Diquat-induced growth restriction and oxidative stress in Lohmann chicks. A total of 200 chicks were randomly assigned to 5 diets: the positive control (PC) group, the negative control (NC) group, GSE group, OPE group, and ROE group. During the first 7 d of trial, compared with NC and PC groups, the GSE group enhanced average daily feed intake (ADFI). From day 8-21, diquat injection resulted in reduced growth performance, increased platelet volume distribution width (PWD), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in chick serum; it also decreased total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB) concentration, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in chick serum; furthermore, it increased MDA concentration while decreasing GST activities in liver. The NC group exhibited lower average daily gain (ADG) than other groups. Compared with NC group, GSE group reduced ALT activities, MDA levels, and red cell distribution width (RDW), and PDW concentration; it also increased SOD, GST activities. The ROE group lowered ALT activities and MDA concentration. The OPE group decreased ALT activities, and MDA levels, RDW, and PDW concentration, and increased SOD activities of chicks. These results suggest that supplementing antioxidants in diets alleviated oxidative stress in chicks challenged by improving antioxidant capacity and liver function.

Antioxidant Efficacy of Rosemary Extract in Improving the Oxidative Stability of Rapeseed Oil during Storage.

Rapeseed oil is an important source of edible oil in the human diet and is also highly susceptible to oxidative deterioration. It has been demonstrated that rosemary extract (RE) can increase the oxidative stability of oils. In this work, the antioxidant capacity of rapeseed oil after the addition of RE during storage and the optimum addition of RE in rapeseed oil were investigated. Oxidative stability evaluation results demonstrate that the shelf life of rapeseed oil with the incorporation of 100 mg/kg of RE was equivalent to that with the addition of 50 mg/kg of tert-butyl hydroxyquinone (TBHQ). Storage test analysis results show that RE remarkably delayed the oxidation of rapeseed oil when the storage container was unsealed. The optimum amount of RE as an addition was 50-200 mg/kg under room temperature storage, while it was 150 mg/kg under Schaal oven storage. The antioxidant capacity of rapeseed oil with 50 mg/kg of RE added was remarkably higher than that with 50 mg/kg of TBHQ added after 20 d of storage, according to the Schaal oven test. Additionally, the addition of RE delayed the degradation of endogenous α-tocopherol in rapeseed oil. This study comprehensively evaluated the antioxidant properties of rapeseed oil when RE was added and it provides a new strategy for establishing healthy, nutritious, and safe oil preservation measures.

Development, characterization and use of rosemary essential oil loaded water-chestnut starch based nanoemulsion coatings for enhancing post-harvest quality of apples var. Golden delicious.

The study aimed at evaluating the influence of water-chestnut starch-based coatings loaded with rosemary essential oil (REO) at concentrations of 0.10%, 0.25% and 0.50% (w/v) on postharvest cold storage stability of apple var. Golden delicious for 120 days. Average droplet diameter of nanoemulsions was in range of 315-450 nm and it increased with increase in the REO concentration. Minimum weight loss was observed in fruits treated with coating material containing 0.50% REO. Samples coated with starch+0.50% REO exhibited highest firmness value of 68.22 ± 1.02 N under controlled atmosphere storage (CAS). Anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were retained in all samples coated with formulated emulsion. Antifungal assay against Pencillium expansum indicated that 0.50% REO had maximum antifungal activity. Increase in REO concentration from 0.10 to 0.50% in starch coating formulations resulted in reduced lesion diameter in coated samples under both the storage conditions. Lesion diameter (LD) was found highest in control (39.40 ± 0.20 mm) under ambient conditions. Coated fruit samples showed a significant (p≤0.05) reduction in LD under both the ambient and CAS conditions however, more pronounced effect was reported under CAS. Fruits coated with edible coatings enriched with different REO concentrations under CAS exhibited significantly (p≤0.05) lower chilling injury index (ST+0.50%REO < ST+0.25%REO<0.10%REO) compared to control.

Protection Function and Mechanism of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract on the Thermal Oxidative Stability of Vegetable Oils.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract (RE) is one of the most efficient natural antioxidants and can significantly inhibit oil oxidation during storage or heating. The present study determined the protective capacity and mechanism of RE on the thermal oxidative stability of different vegetable oils by adding RE (70% carnosic acid) to five types of vegetable oils (soybean oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, rice bran oil, and camellia oil) and measuring the physicochemical indices (fatty acid composition, tocopherol content, total phenolic content, and free radical scavenging capacity), induction period, and thermal oxidative kinetic parameters. The relationships between the antioxidant capacity and thermal stability parameters were determined. The results show that, compared with artificial antioxidants, RE significantly increased the free radical scavenging capacity, induction period, and activation energy (Ea) of thermal oxidation, decreasing the thermal oxidation reaction rate (k) of all vegetable oils, especially rice bran oil. A Spearman correlation analysis showed that the induction period (IP) and Ea showed a significant positive correlation, the combination of which effectively reflected the efficiency of antioxidants and explained the inhibition mechanism of RE towards oil thermal oxidation.

Effective Improvement of the Oxidative Stability of Acer truncatum Bunge Seed Oil, a New Woody Oil Food Resource, by Rosemary Extract.

Acer truncatum Bunge is a versatile, oil-producing, woody tree natively and widely distributed in northern China. In 2011, The People's Republic of China's Ministry of Health certified Acer truncatum seed oil (Aoil) as a new food resource. Unsaturated fatty acids account for up to 92% of the entire Aoil. When Aoil is processed or stored, it can easily oxidize. In this study, the effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract on the oxidation stability of Aoil were analysed from multiple angles. The results of radical scavenging ability, malondialdehyde, and free fatty acid reveal that rosemary crude extract (RCE), rosmarinic acid (RA), and carnosic acid (CA) can significantly inhibit the oxidation of Aoil, and CA has the best oxidative stability for Aoil among the tested components of the crude rosemary. The delayed oxidation ability of CA for Aoil was slightly weaker than that of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), but stronger than that of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and α-tocopherol (α-T), which was confirmed by microstructures, kinematic viscosity, Aoil weight change, and functional group. Additionally, CA-enriched Aoil had the smallest content of volatile lipid oxidation products. Moreover, lecithin-CA particles were added to enhance the oxidative stability of Aoil. These findings show that CA is a potent antioxidant, capable of successfully preventing Aoil oxidation.

Encapsulation of Rosemary Extracts using High Voltage Electrical Discharge in Calcium Alginate/Zein/Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Microparticles.

The increased demand for functional food with added health benefits is directing industrial procedures toward more sustainable production of naturally added bioactive compounds. The objective of this research was to investigate the potential of bioactive compounds from rosemary extract obtained using high-voltage electrical discharge as a green extraction method, for microencapsulation as a protective method for future application in functional food. Four types of microparticles were made via the ionic gelation method using alginate (Alg), zein (Z), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) biopolymers and were analyzed considering the physicochemical properties. The diameter of dry microparticles ranged from 651.29 to 1087.37 µm. The shape and morphology analysis of microparticles showed that the obtained microparticles were quite spherical with a granular surface. The high encapsulation efficiency was obtained with a loading capacity of polyphenols up to 11.31 ± 1.47 mg GAE/g (Alg/Z microparticles). The microencapsulation method showed protective effects for rosemary polyphenols against pH changes during digestion. Specifically, the addition of both zein and HPMC to calcium-alginate resulted in microparticles with a prolonged release for better availability of polyphenols in the intestine. This research background indicates that the release of rosemary extract is highly dependent on the initial biopolymer composition with high potential for further functional food applications.

Effects of rosemary extract supplementation in feed on growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemistry, antioxidant capacity, and immune function of meat ducks.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of diets supplemented with different levels of rosemary extract (RE) on the growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemistry, antioxidative capacity, and immunological capacity of Cherry Valley meat ducks. A total of 525 healthy Cherry Valley female meat ducks at 1 d of age were selected for this study. Ducks were randomly divided into 5 treatments with 7 replicates per treatment, and each replicate had 15 ducks. All replicates were randomly assigned to treatments. The study was designed as a dose response experiment. Treatment 1 (CON) was fed with the basal diet, and Treatment 2 to 5 (RE250, RE500, RE750, RE1000) were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 g/t RE, respectively. The whole experiment lasted 42 days with early stage (1-21 d) and late stage (22-42 d). Results showed that during 22 to 42 d, ducks that were fed over 500 g/t RE had significantly lower feed gain ratio than the ones in CON (P = 0.006). In addition, ducks in RE750 had significantly lower L* and a* in leg muscle compared with the ones in CON (P < 0.05). Besides, ducks that were fed between 250 and 750 g/t RE had significantly lower total protein level in serum compared with the ones in CON (P = 0.005). Ducks in RE250 and RE750 had significantly lower albumin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in serum compared with the ones in CON and RE1000 (P < 0.05), and significant quadratic relationships were noticed between albumin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and dietary RE level (P < 0.05). Moreover, ducks that were fed between 500 and 750 g/t RE had significantly higher levels of interleukin-2 in serum compared to the ones in CON and RE1000 (P = 0.003). Ducks in RE250 and RE750 had significantly higher levels of immunoglobulin G in serum compared to the ones in CON and RE1000 (P < 0.001). Ducks that were fed over 500 g/t RE had significantly higher levels of immunoglobulin A in serum compared to the ones in CON (P = 0.001). Finally, ducks that were fed between 500 and 750 g/t RE had significantly higher serum levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05) compared to the ones in CON. Ducks that were fed over 250 g/t RE had significantly lower serum level of malondialdehyde compared to the ones in CON (P = 0.020). Collectively, dietary supplementation of RE improved the growth performance and meat qualities of meat ducks during 22 to 42 d, which were possibly associated with the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of RE. Based on the serum antioxidative and immunological parameters, we suggested that 500 to 750 g/t was the optimal supplementation rate for RE in diets for meat ducks aged 22 to 42 d.

Dietary rosemary extract modulated gut microbiota and influenced the growth, meat quality, serum biochemistry, antioxidant, and immune capacities of broilers.

After the legislative ban on the utilization of antibiotics in animal feed, phytochemical substances gained increasing attention as alternatives to antibiotics because of their bioactivities and safety for animals. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of dietary rosemary extract (RE) on growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemistry, antioxidant and immune capacities, and gut microbiota composition of broilers. By exploring connections among RE, physiological characteristics of broilers, and key microbiota, we sought to provide evidence for the utilization of RE in poultry feed. A total of 280 1-d-old female AA broilers were randomly separated into five groups, and were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 mg/kg of RE, respectively. Results showed that with regard to growth performance, both 500 and 750 mg/kg RE reduced the broiler feed-to-gain ratio from 1 to 21 d (P = 0.018). Regarding meat quality, all compositions of dietary RE reduced cooking loss of breast muscle (P < 0.01), and 500 and 1,000 mg/kg RE reduced the cooking loss of thigh muscle (P = 0.045). Regarding serum biochemical indexes, 500 mg/kg RE reduced ALB, TCHO, HDL-C, and LDL-C, and 750 mg/kg RE reduced GLU, TP, ALB, UA, TG, TCHO, HDL-C, and LDL-C (P < 0.01). Regarding antioxidant and immune capacities, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 mg/kg RE increased T-AOC, GSH-Px, SOD, CAT, IL-2, IgA, IgG, and IgM levels (P < 0.01), and decreased serum MDA level (P < 0.01). RE at 750 mg/kg showed similar effects on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidative and immune capacities, but a better influence on serum biochemical indexes of broilers compared with 500 mg/kg. Further analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of 750 mg/kg dietary RE on the gut microbial composition of broilers, and the results showed that 750 mg/kg RE reduced the relative abundance of g_Lachnoclostridium, g_Escherichia_Shigella, and g_Marvinbryantia (P <0.05, LDA score >2), which were negatively correlated to antioxidative and immune-associated parameters (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 750 mg/kg dietary RE was shown to have certain beneficial effects on growth performance and meat quality, and hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects on broilers. Furthermore, dietary RE improved antioxidant and immune capacities, which was partially attributed to the reduced abundance of certain pathogenic bacteria in broilers.

In Vitro Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Ultrasonicated Ethanolic Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis and its Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles Against Eimeria tenella Oocysts of Chickens.

In this study, chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) were used as nanocarrier for ultrasonicated ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (UEERO) as a new nanoformulation against Eimeria tenella. Herein, CsNPs have been synthesized by ionic gelation method at pH 3 (CsNPs3) and pH 5 (CsNPs5), followed by characterization of morphology, size, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge, and loading efficiency of UEERO. An in vitro sporulation inhibition assay (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.62, 0.31, 0.15, 0.07, 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01 mg/ml normal saline solution) against E. tenella was conducted. Results showed that free CsNPs and UEERO-CsNPs3/5 were cubic- and spherical-shaped with positive charge and average size of ~ 150.8 nm (314.4 nm) and 151.7 nm (321.1 nm), respectively. The total loading efficiency using UV-vis spectrophotometer, was 80.05 at pH 5 and 64.39% at pH 3. The in vitro sporulation inhibition assay revealed that UEERO, CsNPs3/5, and UEERO-CsNPs3/5 showed a potential inhibitory effect on sporulation (%), distortion in wall (%), and sporocyst abnormality (%) in a dose-dependent manner. Accordingly, the concentration (10 mg/ml) showed the best efficacy after 24 h in UEERO, free CsNPs, and UEERO-CsNPs. Moreover, UEERO-CsNPs3 and UEERO-CsNPs5 had stopped the sporulation (%) after 72 h. Taken all together, UEERO-CsNPs3 and UEERO-CsNPs5 are best effective against E. tenella in a dose-dependent manner in terms of sporulation (%), distortion in wall (%), and sporocysts abnormality.

Phenolic diterpenes from Rosemary supercritical extract inhibit non-small cell lung cancer lipid metabolism and synergise with therapeutic drugs in the clinic.

Lung cancer is one of the most deadly and common cancers in the world. The molecular features of patient's tumours dictate the different therapeutic decisions, which combines targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Altered cellular metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Tumour cells reprogram their metabolism to adapt to their novel requirements of growth, proliferation, and survival. Together with the Warburg effect, the role of lipid metabolism alterations in cancer development and prognosis has been highlighted. Several lipid related genes have been shown to promote transformation and progression of cancer cells and have been proposed as biomarkers for prognosis. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of the regulation of lipid metabolism and the biological consequences in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been elucidated yet. There is an urgent necessity to develop multidisciplinary and complementary strategies to improve NSCLC patients´ well-being and treatment response. Nutrients can directly affect fundamental cellular processes and some diet-derived ingredients, bioactive natural compounds and natural extracts have been shown to inhibit the tumour growth in preclinical and clinical trials. Previously, we described a supercritical extract of rosemary (SFRE) (12 - 16% composition of phenolic diterpenes carnosic acid and carnosol) as a potential antitumoral agent in colon and breast cancer due to its effects on the inhibition of lipid metabolism and DNA synthesis, and in the reduction of resistance to 5-FluoroUracil (5-FU). Herein, we demonstrate SFRE inhibits NSCLC cell bioenergetics identifying several lipid metabolism implicated targets. Moreover, SFRE synergises with standard therapeutic drugs used in the clinic, such as cisplatin, pemetrexed and pembrolizumab to inhibit of cell viability of NSCLC cells. Importantly, the clinical relevance of SFRE as a complement in the treatment of NSCLC patients is suggested based on the results of a pilot clinical trial where SFRE formulated with bioactive lipids (PCT/ES2017/070263) diminishes metabolic and inflammatory targets in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), such as MAPK (p=0.04), NLRP3 (p=0.044), and SREBF1 (p=0.047), which may augment the immune antitumour function. Based on these results, SFRE merits further investigation as a co-adjuvant in the treatment of NSCLC. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT05080920.

FOXD1-mTOR Signaling Pathway on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Inhibition by Rosemary Extract (Invitro-Study).

BACKGROUND: FOXD1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma remains uncovered. The aim was to detect the anticancer effect of Rosemary Extract RE through the evaluation of FOXD1 gene expression in (OSCC) by quantitative PCR. METHODS: OSCC cell line was served as a control group. Moreover, the OSCC cell line (SCC-15) was treated with RE (OSCC/ RE group) at 24, 48, and 72 hs time intervals. We assessed the antioxidant activity of RE by evaluation of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. The cytotoxic effects of RE were examined by MTT assay. mTOR and LC3 I/II autophagy protein markers were assessed by western blot. Apoptosis activity was assessed. RESULTS: The study results were statistically assessed. Intergroup comparisons were analyzed, whereas intragroup comparisons were conducted utilizing one-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by multiple pairwise paired t-tests with Bonferroni correction revealed a significant increase of FOXD1 gene expression in the control OSCC group in comparison to the OSCC/RE group (p-value <0.001). A significant decrease of mTOR/LC3I/II proteins expression in the OSCC/RE group compared to the control OSCC group (p-value <0.001). CONCLUSION: FOXD1 can be considred a diagnostic biomarker for OSCC. RE inhibits autophagy of oral human cancer cells via mTOR/LC3I/II-dependent pathways and decrease caspase -3 apoptotic level.

Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Rosemary Extract Supplementation on Milk Production and Rumen Fermentation in High-Producing Dairy Cows.

Rosemary extract (RE) has been used as an antioxidant in cosmetics and food additives, indicating its potential as a feed additive to improve adaptation in high-producing dairy cows. Here, we investigated the effects of RE supplementation on lactation performance and rumen fermentation in high-producing dairy cows. Thirty multiparous cows were blocked into 15 groups based on milk production and were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 0 or 28 g/d of RE supplementation to the basic diet per cow. The experiment was conducted over a 74-day period, which included an initial two-week adaptation period. We observed significant increases in milk and milk lactose yields following RE supplementation. Somatic cell count tended to decrease by treatment. Additionally, superoxide dismutase concentration significantly increased and malonaldehyde level decreased after RE supplementation. Sequencing of 16S rRNA revealed that RE supplementation significantly affected the microbial composition and decreased the richness of the microbiota. Specifically, the abundance of the genus Prevotella was significantly decreased by RE supplementation and was correlated with volatile fatty acids in the Mantel test, whereas no significant correlation was found for other genera. Our findings provide fundamental information on the potential for RE as a feed additive for dairy cows to improve antioxidant status and enhance propionate generation.