Biosynthesis of TiO2 nano particles by using Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaf extracts and its application for crystal dye degradation under sunlight.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared through Rosmarinus-officinalis leaf extracts at 90 and 200°C. In this research, the degradations of methylene blues by using TiO2 nanoparticles Sun light radiations were studied. The synthesized materials were characterized using XRDs, UV-Vis, PL, SEM, TEM, EDS and XPS. The results displayed that bio-synthesis temperatures intrude the shapes and sizes of TiO2 nanoparticles. For TiO2-90, micrographs show separable crystalline with irregular morphologies and agglomerate cubic particles. For the other TiO2-200 sample, SEM and TEM micro-imaging shows crumbly agglomerated cubic structures. The XRD shows that the intense peaks observed at angles of 25.37°, 37.19°, 47.81° and 53.89° confirming a highly crystalline oriented as (004), (200), and (105) planes respectively. The optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized were conveyed by PL and UV-Vis. The energy band gap calculated was 3.0 eV for both samples; that indicates heating temperature didn't influence the band gap of the samples. The elemental composition Ti and O2 is shown by EDS and XPS. Photo-catalytic experiments discovered that TiO2-90 nanoparticles were well-organized in photo-degradations of MB, likened to TiO2-200. The great activities of TiO2-90 were because of better physicochemical characteristics associated with TiO2-200 effectively degrading MB under photo-light. Photo-degradations of dye under sunlight as plentifully obtainable energy sources by TiO2, synthesized by simpler techniques, can be hopeful to grow an eco-friendly and economical process.

The Aromatic Scents of Four Plants in Learning and Memory of Drosophila melanogaster.

Introduction: Folkloric claims have surrounded essential oils, including their enhancement of learning and memory through inhalational exposure. Few studies in humans have shown a benefit in cognition, albeit incremental. However, this benefit may not be entirely attributable to the essential oil aroma but may be confounded by psychological associations. We investigated rosemary, peppermint, lemon, and coffee aromas in a learning and memory model of Drosophila melanogaster to eliminate this confounder. Methods: We screened for concentrations of the four treatments that are non-stimulatory for altered locomotory behavior in the flies. At these concentrations, we determined if they were chemoneutral (i.e., neither chemoattractant nor chemorepellent) to the flies. Learning and memory of the flies exposed to these aromas were determined using an Aversive Phototaxis Suppression (APS) assay. Results: The aromas of rosemary, peppermint, and lemon that did not elicit altered mobility in the flies were from dilute essential oil solutions that ranged from 0.2 to 0.5% v/v; whereas for the aroma in coffee, it was at a higher concentration of 7.5% m/v. At these concentrations, the aromas used were found to be chemoneutral towards the flies. We observed no improvement in both learning and memory in the four aromas tested. While a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in learning was observed when flies were treated with the aromas of rosemary, peppermint, and coffee, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in memory was only observed in the peppermint aroma treatment. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that in the absence of psychological association, the four aromas do not enhance learning and memory.

In Vitro Virucidal Activity of Different Essential Oils against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Used as Surrogate of Human Hepatitis C Virus.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major hepatotropic virus that affects humans with increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes abortion, calf mortality and poor reproductive performance in cattle. Due the difficulties of in vitro cultivation for HCV, BVDV has been used as surrogate for in vitro assessment of the efficacy of antivirals. Essential oils (EOs) display antiviral and virucidal activity on several viral pathogens. In this study, the virucidal activity of five EOs, Salvia officinalis L. EO (SEO), Melissa officinalis L. EO (MEO), Citrus lemon EO (LEO), Rosmarinus officinalis L. EO (REO) and Thymus vulgaris L. EO (TEO) against BVDV was evaluated in vitro at different concentrations for several time contacts. MEO and LEO were able to considerably inactivate BVDV with a time- and dose-dependent fashion. MEO and LEO at the highest concentrations decreased viral titer by 2.00 and 2.25 log10 TCID50/50 µL at 8 h contact time, respectively. SEO, REO and TEO displayed mild virucidal activity at the highest concentrations for 8 h contact times. In this study, the virucidal efficacies of MEO and LEO against BVDV were observed regardless of compound concentration and contact time. Further studies are needed to confirm the potential use of MEO and LEO as surface disinfectants.

Evaluation of the mechanistic basis for the antibacterial activity of ursolic acid against Staphylococcus aureus.

The antibiotics are generally regarded as the first choice approach to treat dairy mastitis, targeting the public health problems associated with the food safety and the emergence of antibioticresistant bacteria. The objective of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of ursolic acid (UA) when used to treat Staphylococcus aureus and other isolates associated with bovine mastitis and to clarify the mechanistic basis for these effects. The bacteriostatic properties of UA extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis L. at four different purity levels were assessed by calculating minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, while the synergistic effects of combining 98% UA with antibiotics were evaluated by measuring the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Changes in biofilm formation and the growth curves of the clinical isolates were assessed to clarify the bacteriostatic effect of UA. Furthermore, the cell wall integrity, protein synthesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were assessed to determine the antibacterial mechanism of UA treatment. Ultimately, UA was revealed to exhibit robust activity against Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (ATCC27957), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC13813), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC29212), and Streptococcus mutans (ATCC25175). However, it did not affect Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The MIC values of UA preparations that were 98, 50, 30, and 10% pure against S. aureus were 39, 312, 625, and 625 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the corresponding MIC for E. coli was >5,000 µg/mL. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of 98% UA when used to treat three clinical S. aureus isolates (S4, S5, and S6) were 78, 78, and 156 µg/mL, respectively. Levels of biofilm formation for clinical S. aureus isolates decreased with increasing 98% UA concentrations. Above the MIC dose, UA treatment resulted in the dissolution of bacterial cell walls and membranes, with cells becoming irregularly shaped and exhibiting markedly impaired intracellular protein synthesis. S. aureus treated with 98% UA was able to rapidly promote intracellular ROS biogenesis. Together, these data highlight the promising utility of UA as a compound that can be used together with other antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by S. aureus.

Unraveling the multi-faceted role of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and diosmetin in managing gut motility.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) is a popular herb with reported effectiveness against diarrhea, anxiety and constipation, albeit with limited pharmacological evidence. AIM OF THE STUDY: The current study was aimed at evaluating the therapeutic potential, possible pharmacological mechanisms of action and active constituents of hydro-ethanolic extract of rosemary (Rs.Cr), as potential anti-diarrheal, laxative and anxiolytic agent. METHOD: Rs.Cr was analyzed through reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Laxative, antidiarrheal, and anxiolytic activities were assessed using in vivo models. Spasmogenic and spasmolytic mechanisms were studied on isolated guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum tissues, respectively. Possible role of diosmetin, one of the active constituents of Rs.Cr was also evaluated. RESULTS: RP-HPLC analysis revealed presence of diosmetin, rutin and apigenin in Rs.Cr. Laxative effect was seen at low doses, which was partially reversed in atropinized mice. The spasmogenic mechanism was mediated by cholinergic and histaminergic receptors stimulation. At higher doses, antidiarrheal activity was evident, with reduction in gastrointestinal motility and secretions using charcoal meal and enteropooling assays, respectively. Rs.Cr also showed dose-dependent anxiolytic effect. The antispasmodic mechanisms were mediated by anti-muscarinic and K+ channel opening-like effect (predominant KATP-dependent). Diosmetin exhibited antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities, but spasmogenic effect was not seen. CONCLUSION: Rosemary leaves have dual antidiarrheal and laxative effects, and as well as anxiolytic activity. In addition, the possible modulation of muscarinic and histaminergic receptors, and KATP channels show it as potential herb to be explored for irritable bowel syndrome. Diosmetin is possibly one of its constituents that contributes to its antidiarrheal activity.

Impact of Nanoencapsulated Rosemary Essential Oil as a Novel Feed Additive on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality and Gene Expression of Broiler Chicken.

This study evaluated the effect of free and nanoencapsulated rosemary essential oil (REO) as an antibiotic alternative in broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and gene expression. Four hundred twenty day-old commercial broiler chicks (VENCOBB) were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments, each having four replicates of fifteen chicks. The dietary treatments comprised control (CON) fed a basal diet only, AB (basal diet + 10 mg enramycin/kg), CS (basal diet + 150 mg chitosan nanoparticles/kg), REOF100 and REOF200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg free REO/kg, respectively), and REON100 and REON200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg nanoencapsulated REO/kg, respectively). Overall (7-42 d), REON200 showed the highest (p < 0.001) body weight gain (1899 g/bird) and CON had the lowest gain (1742 g/bird), while the CS, REOF100 and REOF200 groups had a similar gain, but lower than that of the AB and REON100 groups. Feed intake was not affected by dietary treatments. Overall, the feed efficiency increased (p = 0.001) by 8.47% in the REON200 group and 6.21% in the AB and REON100 groups compared with the CON. Supplementation of REO improved (p < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility, with the highest values in REON100 and REON200. Ether extract, crude fiber, calcium and phosphorus digestibility values showed no difference among the groups. The dressing, breast, thigh % increased (p < 0.05) and abdominal fat % decreased (p < 0.001) more in the REON200 group than with other treatments and CON. In breast meat quality, water holding capacity and extract reserve volume increased (p < 0.05) while drip loss and cholesterol content decreased (p < 0.05) in REON100 and REON200. No change was observed in the breast meat color among dietary treatments and CON. The REON100 and REON200 groups had reduced (p < 0.05) meat lipid peroxidation as depicted by the decreased levels of TBARS, free fatty acids and peroxide value compared to other treatments and CON. The expression of the Mucin 2, PepT1 and IL-10 genes was upregulated (p < 0.001) and TNF-α downregulated (p < 0.001) by dietary addition of REO particularly in the nanoencapsulated form compared with the CON. In conclusion, nanoencapsulated REO, especially at 200 mg/kg diet, showed promising results as an antibiotic alternative in improving the performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and upregulation of growth and anti-inflammatory genes.

Metabolic profiling reveals the nutraceutical effect of Gongolaria abies-marina and Rosmarinus officinalis extracts in a type 1 diabetes animal model.

Nutraceuticals have gained increasing interest, prompting the need to investigate plant extracts for their beneficial properties and potential side effects. This study aimed to assess the nutraceutical effects of environmentally clean extracts from Rosmarinus officinalis and Gongolaria abies-marina (formerly Cystoseira abies-marina (Phaeophyceae)) on the metabolic profile of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. We conducted untargeted LC-QTOF-MS metabolic profiling on six groups of rats: three diabetic groups receiving either a placebo, R. officinalis, or G. abies-marina extracts, and three corresponding control groups. The metabolic analysis revealed significant alterations in the levels of various glycerophospholipids, sterol lipids, and fatty acyls. Both extracts influenced the metabolic profile, partially mitigating diabetes-induced changes. Notably, G. abies-marina extract had a more pronounced impact on the animals' metabolic profiles compared to R. officinalis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that environmentally clean extracts from R. officinalis and G. abies-marina possess nutraceutical potential, as they were able to modulate the metabolic profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. G. abies-marina extract exhibited a more substantial effect on metabolic alterations induced by diabetes compared to R. officinalis. These results warrant further exploration of these plant extracts for their potential in managing diabetes-related metabolic disturbances.

Chitosan Coating with Rosemary Extract Increases Shelf Life and Reduces Water Losses from Beef.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of films based on chitosan and rosemary extract on the physicochemical, microbiological, and oxidative characteristics of beef. Refrigerated steaks of Longissimus dorsi were distributed in a factorial arrangement (4 × 4) into four treatments consisting of four edible films (control; chitosan; chitosan + 4% rosemary extract; and chitosan + 8% rosemary extract) and four days of aging (0, 2, 4, and 8 days). Incorporating 4% or 8% rosemary extract into the chitosan film improved the characteristics of the films in terms of moisture absorption and elasticity. The edible coatings with chitosan and rosemary extract and the different days of aging increased the tenderness and decreased the lipid oxidation of beef. In addition, the chitosan films containing rosemary extract increased the water-holding capacity and decreased the cooking losses of beef. The films containing 4% and 8% rosemary extract decreased the development of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria and Staphylococcus ssp. in beef. We recommend incorporating 4% rosemary extract into chitosan-based coatings to preserve the quality of refrigerated beef.

Alzheimer's disease: In silico study of rosemary diterpenes activities.

The global surge in Alzheimer's disease poses a significant public health concern. In response, we study the efficacy of carnosic acid and related abietane-type diterpenes extracted from rosemary as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Our analyses, using in silico techniques, encompassed all the compounds within this extract. Through molecular docking, we explored how these compounds interact with the active site of the AChE protein. The docking scores, ranging from -5.560 Kcal/mol to -7.270 Kcal/mol, indicate robust binding affinities. Assessment of the ADME/T (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) properties and pharmacokinetics of these compounds reveal favorable profiles for all the tested substances. These encouraging results suggest the potential of these compounds as candidates for further development to prevent and/or treat Alzheimer's disease. Among these compounds, we find rosmanol as the most likely candidate for further research and clinical trials to validate their efficacy.

Composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Artemisia monosperma L. leaf essential oils and methanolic extracts from plants grown in normal and saline habitats in Egypt.

The present work aimed to investigate the effect of salinity in natural habitats in Egypt on the main secondary metabolites of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Artemisia monosperma L. plants compared to plants grown at normal conditions. Plants grown under salinity were collected from Egyptian Western Coastal region habitats irrigated with underground water. Results showed that salinity increased the essential oil percentage of R. officinalis L. by 52.7% and A. monosperma L by 0.29% in addition to the total phenolics and flavonoids content in dry leaves compared to control plants. GC/MS analysis of rosemary essential oils revealed that salinity decreased the amount of some major oil monoterpenes component as verbenone, with a slight effect on 1,8 cineole and increased Camphor, endo- Boreneol, and linalool in addition to the appearance of new specific components such as Chrysanthenone monoterpene ketone and Caryophyllene sesquiterpene, while, in the case of Artemisia, the GC/MS showed that Artemisia ketone, Camphor, ß -phellandrene monoterpenes andα-Bisabolol sesquiterpenewere the major oil components; salinity decreased Camphor and ß -phellandrene content and increased artemisia ketone and α-Bisabolol oil content. About 11 new oil constituents were detected such as ( +)-2-Bornanone and Sesquisabinene hydrate. Mineral ions (N, K+, Ca+2, P, and Mg+2) uptake by R. officinalis and A. monosperma decreased in plants grown under salinity, while Na content increased compared to corresponding controls. Results demonstrated that both plants could tolerate the high salinity level in natural Western Coastal region soil which promoted more production of valuable secondary metabolites. The antimicrobial effect of R. officinalis L. and A. monosperma L. leaf methanolic extracts, results showed that R. officinalis extracts had an inhibitory response against all tested gram-positive and negative bacteria, in addition to the yeast (Candida albicans), whereas there was no any inhibitory effect concerning A. monosperma L extract on the tested species.

Improvement of growth and biochemical constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis by fermented Spirulina maxima biofertilizer.

Delayed growth period and nature of woody stems are challenges for the urgent economic needs of rosemary plant culturing in the winter season. Different concentrations of biofertilizer initiated from Spirulina maxima, marine Lactobacillus plantarum, molasses and industrial organic waste (IOW) were subjected to freshly cut cuttings of the Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) plant to study the impact of this biofertilizer on the growth performance of the plant. The present work explored the potential of this biofertilizer in concentrations of 0.5%-1% and achieved a significant impact on the growth parameters and biochemical constituents of R. officinalis, a 27-day-old plant. The development of adventitious roots was earlier within one week, particularly at 0.5% and 1%. It can be concluded that the application of this biofertilizer at the lower concentrations enhanced the production of bioactive substances such as phytohormones (auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellins), carbohydrates, and vitamins; moreover, through controlling a range of physiological and biochemical processes, it can promote the intake of nutrients. Thus, this biofertilizer (Spirulina maxima, marine Lactobacillus plantarum, molasses and IOW) at a concentration of 1% is the recommended dose for application to agriculture sustainability.

Anticancer Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis Leaf Extract on KB Cell Lines.

Background The value and use of medicinal plants, including the widespread cultivation of Rosmarinus officinalis, have increased rapidly. R. officinalis, a medicinal plant native to the Mediterranean, has received attention for its potential therapeutic benefits. This study evaluates R. officinalis anticancer activity using human epithelial carcinoma (KB) cell lines derived from nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma. The KB cell line is known for its increased sensitivity to specific chemotherapeutic agents (CA), making it a useful model in cancer research. The impact of R. officinalis is assessed using comprehensive analyses of cell viability and gene expression. Aim This study aims to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of R. officinalis on KB cell lines. Materials and methods The R. officinalis leaf extract was separated and used to treat KB cell lines. The cell viability of treated KB cells was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to analyze the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) and tumor-inducing metalloproteins (TIMP-1) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) genes. The statistical analysis was performed. Results This study analyzes the anticancer properties of R. officinalis on KB cell lines. The results show that increasing the concentration of rosemary extract reduces cell viability in malignant cells. Furthermore, the R. officinalis effect on the apoptotic signaling system is demonstrated by a decrease in MMP-9 and TIMP-1 mRNA expressions, as observed by RT-PCR analysis. Conclusion Patients looking for natural anticancer treatments may benefit from biogenically prepared anticancer drugs. The current research focuses on R. officinalis as a potential alternative to chemically synthesized anticancer drugs.

Evaluation of larvicidal potential of Eritrean medicinal plants against Aedes aegypti.

Larvicidal activity of three Eritrean medicinal plants was evaluated against Aedes aegypti by conducting the bioassay using WHO methods. Efficacy of the plant extracts of O. hadiense, R. officinalis and C. spinarum was evaluated against 3rd instar Aedes aegypti larvae and mortality was recorded. LC50 and LC90 of the various plant extracts were also calculated using probit analysis. The morphological analysis of treated larvae was also performed. Extracts of O. hadiense, C. spinarium and R. officinalis were prepared using different solvents viz chloroform, 70% ethanol and water. Of the screened extracts, the chloroform extracts of O. hadiense exhibited the highest larvicidal activities and has the minimum LC50 and LC90 (24 mg/ml and 198.411 mg/ml respectively). Chloroform extract of C. spinarium exhibited the least larvicidal activity with maximum LC50 and LC90 (736.883 mg/ml and 1188.699 mg/ml respectively). Microscopic analysis confirmed the changes in the Aedes aegypti larvae caused by various plants extracts. An accumulation of dark pigmentation was observed in abdominal region and in the anal papillae after contact and also showed major structural damage such as destruction of the gut.

Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy of Ultrasonicated Rosmarinus officinalis Ethanolic Extract and its Chitosan-Loaded Nanoparticles Against Eimeria tenella Infected Broiler Chickens.

PURPOSE: The in vivo efficacy of ultrasonicated Rosmarinus officinalis ethanolic extract (UROEE) and its chitosan-loaded nanoparticles (UROEE-CsNPs) was investigated as a dietary prophylactic agent and as a therapeutic treatment against Eimeria tenella infected broiler chickens. METHODS: Chickens were infected with 4 × 104 E. tenella oocysts at 21 days old for primary infection and with 8 × 104 oocysts at 35 days old for secondary infection. Eleven experimental groups were conducted. Dietary addition of 100 mg/kg UROEE and 20 mg/kg for CsNPs as well as UROEE-CsNPs were included for prophylactic groups from day 1 to 42. The same doses were used for therapeutic treatment groups for 5 constitutive days. Oocyst output in feces was counted. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were conducted. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as IFN-γ, IL-1ß and IL-6 as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines as IL-10 and TGF-ß4 was analyzed using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. RESULTS: The results showed an efficacy of UROEE, CsNPs and UROEE-CsNPs in reduction of oocyst excretion and improving the cecal tissue architecture. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes protein expression were reduced. E. tenella infection lead to upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines as IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokines as TGF-ß4 following primary infection, while their expression was downregulated following secondary infection. CONCLUSION: The dietary prophylactic additives and therapeutic treatments with UROEE, CsNPs and UROEE-CsNPs could decrease the inflammatory response to E. tenella as indicated by oocyst output reduction, histopathological improvements, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells protein expression reduction as well as reducing mRNA expression levels of the tested cytokines following primary and secondary infections. Consequently, these results will help to develop better-combating strategies for the control and prevention of coccidiosis on poultry farms as a dietary prophylactic agent or as a therapeutic treatment.

Abietane diterpenoids with anti-neuroinflammation activity from Rosmarinus officinalis.

A total of 12 abietane diterpenoids were isolated and identified from Rosmarinus officinalis in which 6 ones were undescribed compounds. Their structures were illuminated by the HRESIMS, NMR, and ECD methods and named as rosmarinusin Q-V (1-6). It worthy mentioned that rosmarinusin Q was a novel abietane diterpenoid with 6/6/5 skeleton whose C ring was an α,ß-unsaturated five-element ketone. All the compounds and four compounds (13-16) reported in our previous paper were evaluated their anti-neuroinflammatory activities on the LPS-induced BV2 cells. Compounds 5, 8, 9, 11, and 15 displayed significant anti-neuroinflammatory activity at the concentration of 10, 20, and 40 µM respectively. These results confirmed that R. officinalis contained abundant abietane diterpenoids and these compounds showed potential values of anti-neuroinflammation which could be developed as neuroprotective agents for the treatment of nerve damage caused by inflammation.

Chemical Variability and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaf Essential Oil from Algerian Sahara.

The chemical composition of 71 oil samples from the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L., harvested in three provinces: Naâma (Western Algeria), Béchar and Adrar (Algerian Sahara), was investigated by GC-FID, GC/MS and 13CNMR. In total, 52 compounds were identified accounting for 88.8 % to 99.9 % of the total composition. The chemical composition of the oils was largely dominated by monoterpenes, with 1,8-cineole (9.7-70.2 %), camphor (0.3-31.0 %) being the major compounds followed by borneol (0.3-21.0 %), α-pinene (4.5-14.5 %), ß-pinene (0.1-12.0 %), linalool (0.7-9.9 %) and verbenone (up to 11.1 %) which was present only in the samples harvested in Adrar. All compositions (71 samples) were submitted to statistical analysis. Combination of hierarchical clustering dendrogram and principal component analysis suggested the existence of three groups (one of these being subdivided into two sub-groups) which were distinguished on the basis of 1,8-cineole, camphor and verbenone contents. Four essential oil samples, containing 1,8-cineole and/or camphor as main components, exhibited anti-inflammatory activity against lipoxygenase, with IC50 values in the range 93 to 155 µg/mL.

Oviposition Deterrent Activity of Some Wild Plants for Adult Females of Chrysomya albiceps with Medical and Veterinary Importance.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> <i>Chrysomya albiceps</i> is widely spread worldwide, causing myiasis in both humans and animals and playing a mechanical role in the spreading of helminths, viruses and bacteria. Searching for new and safe alternative control methods is very important to eliminate the transmission of pathogens. This study aims to determine the oviposition-deterrent activity of <i>Juniperus procera</i>, <i>Artemisia absinthium</i>, <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> and <i>Hypoestes forskaolii</i> wild plants against adult <i>Chrysomya albiceps</i>. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The effect of plant extracts from <i>Juniperus procera</i>, <i>Artemisia absinthium</i>, <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> and <i>Hypoestes forskaolii</i> plants were tested against adult females of <i>Chrysomya albiceps</i> for oviposition deterrent or repellency. These extracts resulted in oviposition deterrent efficacy for adult females of <i>C. albiceps</i> based on the plant type, plant part (leaves or stems), extract type (methanol, acetone and petroleum ether) and tested dose. <b>Results:</b> The highest anti-oviposition activity against <i>C. albiceps</i> females presented from <i>A. absinthium</i> stems acetone extract at a dose of 1 mg cm² by 100 %, while at 0.5 mg cm² recorded remarkable repellency by 86.7% as compared with the control treatment. According to the dose-response relationship, <i>A. absinthium</i> methanol and acetone extracts were ED₅₀ values of 0.85, 0.319 mg cm² (leaves) and 1.88, 0.576 mg cm² (stems), followed by <i>J. procera</i> methanol extract by 0.983 mg cm² (leaves) and 0.98 mg cm² (stems), respectively achieved highest oviposition deterrent efficiency as compared with other extracts. <b>Conclusion:</b> The high repellency activities of these extracts can be utilized to stop <i>C. albiceps</i> flies from laying eggs on wounds and transmitting myiasis diseases to humans and animals and could potentially replace pesticides used in the future control programs of flies.

Rosemary: Unrevealing an old aromatic crop as a new source of promising functional food additive-A review.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is one of the most famous spice plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family as a remarkably beautiful horticultural plant and economically agricultural crop. The essential oil of rosemary has been enthusiastically welcome in the whole world for hundreds of years. Now, it is wildly prevailing as a promising functional food additive for human health. More importantly, due to its significant aroma, food, and nutritional value, rosemary also plays an essential role in the food/feed additive and food packaging industries. Modern industrial development and fundamental scientific research have extensively revealed its unique phytochemical constituents with biologically meaningful activities, which closely related to diverse human health functions. In this review, we provide a comprehensively systematic perspective on rosemary by summarizing the structures of various pharmacological and nutritional components, biologically functional activities and their molecular regulatory networks required in food developments, and the recent advances in their applications in the food industry. Finally, the temporary limitations and future research trends regarding the development of rosemary components are also discussed and prospected. Hence, the review covering the fundamental research advances and developing prospects of rosemary is a desirable demand to facilitate their better understanding, and it will also serve as a reference to provide many insights for the future promotion of the research and development of functional foods related to rosemary.

Deciphering Neuroprotective Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (syn. Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.) through Preclinical and Clinical Studies.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (RO, rosemary) is a well-known medicinal, aromatic, and culinary herb with traditional use in European folk medicine against memory deficits and neurodegenerative disorders. This review highlights the different neuroprotective activities of RO investigated in both preclinical and clinical studies, as well as in silico molecular docking of bioactive compounds found in RO. The neuroprotective effect of RO was searched through databases including PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Clinical Trials using the keywords "Rosmarinus officinalis, rosemary, neuroprotective effect, memory, cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease." RO, which is rich in secondary metabolites that have memory-enhancing potential, has displayed neuroprotection through different molecular mechanisms such as inhibition of cholinesterase, modulation of dopaminergic and oxytocinergic systems, mediation of oxidative and inflammatory proteins, involved in neuropathic pain, among others. RO extracts exhibited antidepressant and anxiolytic activities. Also, the plant has shown efficacy in scopolamine-, lipopolysaccharide-, AlCl3-, and H2O2-induced amnesia as well as amyloid-beta- and ibotenic acid-induced neurotoxicity and chronic constriction injury-related oxidative stress memory and cognitive impairments in animal models. A few clinical studies available supported the neuroprotective effects of RO and its constituents. However, more clinical studies are needed to confirm results from preclinical studies further and should include not only placebo-controlled studies but also studies including positive controls using approved drugs. Many studies underlined that constituents of RO may have the potential for developing drug candidates against Alzheimer's disease that possess high bioavailability, low toxicity, and enhanced penetration to CNS, as revealed from the experimental and molecular docking analysis.

Biogenic zinc selenide nanoparticles fabricated using Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract with potential biological activity.

Zinc selenide nanoparticles (ZnSe) are semiconductor metals of zinc and selenium. ZnSe NPs are advantageous for biomedical and bio-imaging applications due to their low toxicity. ZnSe NPs can be used as a therapeutic agent by synthesizing those using biologically safe methods. As a novel facet of these NPs, plant-based ZnSe NPs were fabricated from an aqueous extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (RO extract). Physiochemical analyses such as UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy, SEM-EDX and TEM Imaging, XRD and DLS-Zeta potential analyses confirmed the biological fabrication of RO-ZnSe NPs. Additionally, Ro-ZnSe NPs were investigated for their bioactivity. There was an apparent peak in the UV-visible spectrum at 398 nm to confirm the presence of ZnSe NPs. FTIR analysis confirmed RO-extract participation in ZnSe NPs synthesis by identifying putative functional groups associated with biomolecules. TEM and SEM analyses revealed that RO-ZnSe NPs have spherical shapes in the range of 90-100 nm. According to XRD and EDX analysis, RO-ZnSe NPs had a crystallite size of 42.13 nm and contain Se and Zn (1:2 ratio). These NPs demonstrated approximately 90.6% antioxidant and antibacterial activity against a range of bacterial strains at 100 µg/ml. Antibiofilm activity was greatest against Candida glabrata and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 100 g/ml. Accordingly, the IC50 values for anticancer activity against HTB-9, SW742, and HF cell lines were 14.16, 8.03, and 35.35 g/ml, respectively. In light of the multiple applications for ZnSe NPs, our research indicates they may be an excellent option for biological and therapeutic purposes in treating cancers and infections. Therefore, additional research is required to determine their efficacy.