ABSTRACT
Soil harbours enormous biodiversity, essential for maintaining environmental and human health. However, soil can also be a reservoir of various parasitic pathogens, such as soil-transmitted helminths (STH). We evaluated the presence of STH (e.g., hookworms, roundworms and whipworms) in soil samples collected at twenty points within the perimeter of Campus do Vale (a university campus belonging to the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS), during 2022 winter season. Considering the One Health perspective, human, animal and environment-related data from each sampling point were collected. All soil samples showed nematode larvae, representing natural components of soil biodiversity. Considering STH eggs, 35% (n = 7) of soil samples showed hookworm eggs (e.g., from Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale), 10% (n = 2) showed roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) eggs, and 5% (n = 1) showed whipworm (Trichuris trichiura-like) eggs. Of note, 10% of the sampling points showed the presence of rhabditiform hookworm larvae, 5% showed Strongyloides stercoralis rhabditiform larvae and 5% had the presence of filariform hookworm larvae, indicating a risk of human percutaneous infection. The significant people circulation in Campus do Vale, in association with other environment-related factors, help to explain the prevalence of STH observed in this study.
ABSTRACT
Comparative studies of parasites in sympatric bird species have been generally scarce. Parasitic infection/transmission can be spread in a number of ways that suggests possible direct and indirect, horizontal transmission between avian hosts. In order to determine whether two sympatric icterids from Central and Southern Chile share their parasite fauna (ecto- and endoparasites), we examined parasites of 27 Shiny Cowbirds, Molothrus bonariensis, and 28 Austral Blackbirds, Curaeus curaeus, including individuals captured in the wild and carcasses. We found that Shiny Cowbirds were infected with the chewing lice Brueelia bonariensis, Philopterus sp. 1, the feather mites Amerodectes molothrus, Proctophyllodes spp. (species 1 and 2), and the helminths Mediorhynchus papillosus, Plagiorhynchus sp., Dispharynx nasuta and Tetrameres paucispina, while Austral Blackbirds had the chewing lice Myrsidea sp., Philopterus sp. 2, the feather mites Proctophyllodes sp. 3, Amerodectes sp., and three helminths: Anonchotaenia sp., Capillaria sp. and M. papillosus. The flea Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) cteniopus was found only on the Austral Blackbird. The only parasite species shared by both icterids was the acanthocephalan M. papillosus, possibly due to their feeding on the same intermediate insect hosts. With the exception of B. bonariensis and Philopterus sp. 1 found on the Shiny Cowbird, all species reported in this study represent new parasite-host associations and new records of parasite diversity in Chile.(AU)
Estudos comparativos de parasitas em espécies de aves simpátricas são escassos. A infecção/transmissão de parasitas pode acontecer de diversas maneiras, incluindo possível transmissão direta, indireta ou horizontal entre as aves hospedeiras. Com o objetivo de determinar se dois icterídeos simpátricos do centro e sul do Chile compartilham a sua fauna parasitária (ecto- e endoparasitas), foram examinados os parasitas de 27 chupins Molothrus bonariensis e 28 pássaros-pretos-austral Curaeus curaeus, incluindo indivíduos capturados com rede de neblina e em carcaças. Nos chupins analisados, foram encontrados os piolhos de penas Brueelia bonariensis, Philopterus sp. 1, os ácaros Amerodectes molothrus, Proctophyllodes spp. (espécie 1 e 2), e os helmintos Mediorhynchus papillosus, Plagiorhynchus sp., Dispharynx nasuta e Tetrameres paucispina. Em contraste, os pássaros-pretos-austral estavam infectados com os piolhos Myrsidea sp., Philopterus sp. 2, os ácaros Proctophyllodes sp. 3, Amerodectes sp., e os helmintos Anonchotaenia sp., Capillaria sp. e M. papillosus. Adicionalmente, um espécime de pássaro-preto-austral estava parasitado pela pulga Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) cteniopus. A única espécie de parasita que foi encontrada nas duas espécies de aves foi o acantocéfalo M. papillosus, possivelmente devido ao fato de que ambas as aves se alimentam dos insetos que são os hospedeiros intermediários deste parasita. Exceto os registros de B. bonariensis e Philopterus sp. 1 encontrados no chupim, todas as espécies reportadas neste estudo correspondem à novas associações de parasita/hospedeiro e novos registros para a diversidade parasitológica do Chile.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Passeriformes/parasitology , ParasitesABSTRACT
Abstract Comparative studies of parasites in sympatric bird species have been generally scarce. Parasitic infection/transmission can be spread in a number of ways that suggests possible direct and indirect, horizontal transmission between avian hosts. In order to determine whether two sympatric icterids from Central and Southern Chile share their parasite fauna (ecto- and endoparasites), we examined parasites of 27 Shiny Cowbirds, Molothrus bonariensis, and 28 Austral Blackbirds, Curaeus curaeus, including individuals captured in the wild and carcasses. We found that Shiny Cowbirds were infected with the chewing lice Brueelia bonariensis, Philopterus sp. 1, the feather mites Amerodectes molothrus, Proctophyllodes spp. (species 1 and 2), and the helminths Mediorhynchus papillosus, Plagiorhynchus sp., Dispharynx nasuta and Tetrameres paucispina, while Austral Blackbirds had the chewing lice Myrsidea sp., Philopterus sp. 2, the feather mites Proctophyllodes sp. 3, Amerodectes sp., and three helminths: Anonchotaenia sp., Capillaria sp. and M. papillosus. The flea Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) cteniopus was found only on the Austral Blackbird. The only parasite species shared by both icterids was the acanthocephalan M. papillosus, possibly due to their feeding on the same intermediate insect hosts. With the exception of B. bonariensis and Philopterus sp. 1 found on the Shiny Cowbird, all species reported in this study represent new parasite-host associations and new records of parasite diversity in Chile.
Resumo Estudos comparativos de parasitas em espécies de aves simpátricas são escassos. A infecção/transmissão de parasitas pode acontecer de diversas maneiras, incluindo possível transmissão direta, indireta ou horizontal entre as aves hospedeiras. Com o objetivo de determinar se dois icterídeos simpátricos do centro e sul do Chile compartilham a sua fauna parasitária (ecto- e endoparasitas), foram examinados os parasitas de 27 chupins Molothrus bonariensis e 28 pássaros-pretos-austral Curaeus curaeus, incluindo indivíduos capturados com rede de neblina e em carcaças. Nos chupins analisados, foram encontrados os piolhos de penas Brueelia bonariensis, Philopterus sp. 1, os ácaros Amerodectes molothrus, Proctophyllodes spp. (espécie 1 e 2), e os helmintos Mediorhynchus papillosus, Plagiorhynchus sp., Dispharynx nasuta e Tetrameres paucispina. Em contraste, os pássaros-pretos-austral estavam infectados com os piolhos Myrsidea sp., Philopterus sp. 2, os ácaros Proctophyllodes sp. 3, Amerodectes sp., e os helmintos Anonchotaenia sp., Capillaria sp. e M. papillosus. Adicionalmente, um espécime de pássaro-preto-austral estava parasitado pela pulga Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) cteniopus. A única espécie de parasita que foi encontrada nas duas espécies de aves foi o acantocéfalo M. papillosus, possivelmente devido ao fato de que ambas as aves se alimentam dos insetos que são os hospedeiros intermediários deste parasita. Exceto os registros de B. bonariensis e Philopterus sp. 1 encontrados no chupim, todas as espécies reportadas neste estudo correspondem à novas associações de parasita/hospedeiro e novos registros para a diversidade parasitológica do Chile.
Subject(s)
Animals , Parasites/classification , Parasites/physiology , Passeriformes/parasitology , Host-Parasite Interactions , Chile , Host Specificity , Helminths/physiology , Mites/physiologyABSTRACT
We report here the complete genome sequence of a bipartite virus, herein denoted WLPRV/human/BRA/TO-34/201, from a sample collected in 2015 from a two-year-old child in Brazil presenting acute gastroenteritis. The virus has 98-99% identity (segments 2 and 1, respectively) with the Wuhan large pig roundworm virus (unclassified RNA virus) that was recently discovered in the stomachs of pigs from China. This is the first report of a Wuhan large pig roundworm virus detected in human specimens, and the second genome described worldwide. However, the generation of more sequence data and further functional studies are required to fully understand the ecology, epidemiology, and evolution of this new unclassified virus.
Subject(s)
Gastroenteritis/virology , Genome, Viral , RNA Viruses/genetics , Animals , Ascaris/virology , Brazil , Child, Preschool , Feces/virology , Female , Humans , Phylogeny , RNA Viruses/classification , RNA Viruses/isolation & purification , Whole Genome SequencingABSTRACT
Ascariosis is a parasitic disease caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, a large geohelmint endemic in our country. At present, ascariosis is a rare infection in Chile. We present a case of an adult, resident of the Villa Alemana municipality, Valparaiso Region, who spontaneously expelled two juvenile nematodes by mouth. We review the manifestations produced by the larval and adult stages of this parasite including their diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiological considerations.
La ascariosis es una parasitosis provocada por Ascaris lumbricoides, el geo-helminto de mayor tamaño que afecta al ser humano en nuestro país. En Chile, la ascariosis es una infección poco frecuente en la actualidad. Se presenta el caso de un adulto residente en la comuna de Villa Alemana, Región de Valparaíso, que eliminó en forma espontánea dos ejemplares del nemátodo en estado juvenil por vía oral. Se revisan las manifestaciones producidas por este parásito en la fase larvaria y adulta, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y algunas consideraciones epidemiológicas.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Female , Humans , Ascaris lumbricoides , Ascariasis/diagnosis , Mouth/parasitology , Antinematodal Agents/therapeutic use , Ascariasis/drug therapy , Ascariasis/parasitology , Ascaris lumbricoides/anatomy & histology , Mebendazole/therapeutic useABSTRACT
La ascariosis es frecuente en la población infantil a nivel mundial, porque no requiere factores territoriales y/o ambientales especiales, la ascariosis hepática es la complicación menos frecuente de la infección parasitaria por este geohelminto intestinal. Sin embargo, el cuadro de ascariosis biliar complicada con abscesos hepáticos se observa en zonas endémicas en nuestra América Latina, donde debe ser un diagnóstico a considerar en pacientes con sintomatología biliar obstructiva, principalmente en niños, ya que por el tamaño pequeño de sus órganos tienen mayor probabilidad de desarrollar un síndrome obstructivo y, consecuentemente diversas complicaciones. La migración de los parásitos puede causar peritonitis después de penetrar la pared abdominal y obstrucción coledociana con los consiguientes cólicos biliares, colangitis o pancreatitis. Este nematodo tiene la habilidad de entrar en ductos, como la vía biliar intra y extrahepática, y al morir dentro de la misma provoca serias complicaciones como obstrucción, colangitis y abscesos secundarios. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una niña de 2 años y 10 meses de edad con antecedente de geofagia, desnutrición proteico-calórica crónica grado II y nivel socioeconómico bajo, que se presentó con historia de eliminación de gusanos redondos por la boca y el recto, distensión abdominal, dolor abdominal, vómitos y fiebre diaria no cuantificada, de dos semanas de evolución. Se realizó ultrasonido abdominal donde se encontró imágenes hipoecogénicas de estructura tubular, que a la presión del transductor se repliegan en forma de "C" o en herradura. La paciente desarrolló distensión abdominal, caracterizada por tensión y dolor abdominal intenso. Discusión: La ascariosis hepatobiliar, aunque rara, se reporta de forma común en países endémicos y tiene una alta morbi-mortalidad si no se diagnostica y se instaura el manejo adecuado tempranamente. Es imperativo que los médicos paceños conozcan esta parasitosis para que con un adecuado manejo contribuyan a disminuir la mortalidad, principalmente infantil, por esta causa. Es necesario implementar medidas de prevención y control eficaces para las geohelmintiasis en La Paz.
The ascariosis is common among children worldwide, because it does not require special territorial and/or environmental factors, the liver ascariosis is the least frequent complication of parasitic infection by the intestinal geohelminto. However, table of biliary ascariosis complicated with liver abscesses is observed in areas endemic in our Latin America, where it must be a diagnosis to be considered in patients with biliary obstructive, mainly in children symptoms, since by the small size of their bodies they are more likely to develop an obstructive syndrome and, as a result various complications. The migration of parasites can cause peritonitis after penetrating the abdominal wall and blockage coledociana attendant Biliary colic, cholangitis or pancreatitis. This nematode has the ability to enterinto pipeline, as a biliary intra and extrahepática, and to die within the same causes serious complications such as obstruction and cholangitis secondary abscesses. Clinical case. The case of a girl of 2 years and 10 months of age with antecedent of geophagy, proteico-calórica chronic malnutrition grade II and socioeconomic level low, which was presented with history of elimination of round worms by the mouth and rectum, abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, vomiting and daily fever not quantified, two weeks of evolution. Abdominal ultrasound found images hipoecogénicas of tubular structure, that the pressure of the transducer is self-replicate "C-shaped or Horseshoe took place. The patient developed abdominal distention, characterized by tension and intense abdominal pain. Discussion: Ascariosis Hepatobiliary, although rare, reports in common form in endemic countries and has a high morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and establishing appropriate early management. It is imperative that boasts doctors are aware of this parasitosis that with proper management contribute to decrease mainly child mortality from this cause. It is necessary to implement prevention and control measures effective for the geohelmintiasis in La Paz.