[Urbanization, urban growth, and migration in Latin America]. / Urbanizacion, crecimiento urbano y migraciones en America Latina.

PIP: The author investigates current patterns of rural-urban and intra-urban population movements in Latin America, and considers their relation to past trends and possible future movements. Sections are included on urbanization levels and trends by country; rural and urban dynamics by country; urban population structure and population dynamics in major cities; and the diversity of migratory movements.^ieng

[Rural emigration in the inter-Andean valleys of Bolivia]. / L'emigration rurale dans les vallees inter-andines de Bolivie.

"Inscribed within an ancient national tradition, rural emigration in the interandean valleys of Bolivia is gaining importance. The country's contemporary crises and the immigration policies of the host countries maintain the flux trend towards Argentina while enabling new destination targets: the United States, and more recently Israel and Japan. In these Bolivian lands, the emigration derived income provides the driving force of family economies and triggers development of the local territory. At the same time, emigration induces a process of socio-economic differentiation in peasant communities which weakens the food-system and increases family nutritional risks in the populations marginal to this migration system. In addition to these mutations there is a strong sociocultural destructuring which affects community-cohesion in local societies." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

[The population situation in the Arequipa region]. / Situacion poblacional en la region Arequipa.

"The author presents an informative synthesis of...recent data about the Arequipa region [of Peru. The study]...highlights rapid demographic growth (3.1%), explained by high rates of fertility and migration. There is also data about age structure, fertility and mortality. The region shows a high degree of urbanization (75%) and a great dispersion of the rural population." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Utilization of maternal health-care services in Peru: the role of women's education.

This article explores the hypothesis that formal education of women influences the use of maternal health-care services in Peru, net of the mother's childhood place of residence, household socioeconomic status and access to health-care services. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis; both cross-sectional and fixed-effects logit models yield quantitatively important and statistically reliable estimates of the positive effect of maternal schooling on the use of prenatal care and delivery assistance. In addition, large differentials were found in the utilization of maternal health-care services by place of residence, suggesting that much greater efforts on the part of the government are required if modern maternal health-care services are to reach women in rural areas.

PIP: The hypothesis that maternal education influences use of maternal health care services in Peru was analyzed by 4 logistic regression models, using data from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey of September-December 1986. Peru has one of the highest child-mortality rates in the region, with extreme variation across regions of the country, ranging from 34/1000 in Lima to 110/1000 in the Andean mountains. The conceptual framework for this study was the health-seeking model of Kroger who proposed that utilization depends on predisposing factors including education, characteristics of the illness, and of the health-care system. This study analyzed 1925 births, the last births to 4999 ever-married women in the 5 years before the survey. The 2 dependent variables were sources of prenatal care and assistance at delivery. 60.1% of the women had formal prenatal care, and 54.9% had formal delivery assistance for their last birth. The bivariate effects of maternal schooling were strongly associated with use of health care, with relative odds of 47.47 for delivery assistance, and 25.37 for prenatal care. Controlling for the woman's childhood background in Model 2 reduced the odds to 13.6 and 19.69, respectively. In model 3 access to care reduced relative odds to 8.33 for prenatal care and 10.70 for delivery assistance. Taking into account the household socioeconomic status in Model 4 reduced significance of the results. The results indicated that maternal education has a profound effect on seeking medical care, but in Peru the lack of access to care in the outlying rural areas supersedes maternal education.

Impacts of social research on policy formulation: lessons from the Brazilian experience in the population field.

PIP: Numerous changes in population growth and distribution patterns and significant social transformations have occurred in Brazil and 20 years of impressive population research have analyzed these changes. Quality demographic data have existed since 1940, and, since the early 1970s, the data base has expanded greatly. Yet Brazil has never set a distinct population policy nor employed population specialists to formulate the nation's views in population policy. This intimates that the interests and peculiarities of the predominant styles of development and of the dominant interest groups in any given time period filters any influence of population research. Hence, contrary to popular belief, Brazilian government planners determining programs and projects do not necessarily incorporate the results of demographic research into their decision making. Therefore, it is wrong to judge the quality of any population research, or of any social research, based on its confirmed influence, or lack of influence, on social policies and on planning in general. In addition, population researchers have different methodological outlooks, value orientations, and /or ideological commitments so the definition of scientific growth cannot be universally recognized. Nevertheless, in the long run, major advances in population policy can be attributed to a true increase in academic interest in population, and different interest groups have access to an improved data base and to the large amount of information available on demographic trends with which to discuss population problems and make adequate appraisals. In the short run, however, population research does not make a significant impact on population policy.^ieng

Push factors and pre-1970 migration to southwest Parana, Brazil.

PIP: Migration to the southwestern part of Parana state, Brazil, in the period before 1970 is analyzed. The author concludes that this migration primarily involved those engaged in agriculture in the rural areas. (summary in POR)^ieng

[Determinants of the rural exodus: the importance of place of origin factors, Chile, 1965-1970]. / Determinantes del exodo rural: importancia de factores del lugar de origen, Chile, 1965-70

PIP: Trends in rural-urban migration in Chile during the period 1965-1970 are analyzed, with a focus on the impact of the combination of structural factors and socioeconomic processes in rural areas. Factors of population retention and expulsion are examined in terms of agrarian structure, the process of agrarian reform, urbanization of the countryside, and the availability of basic social services. Rural-urban migration rates in the central and southern areas of the country are compared, and migration rates of males and females are examined.^ieng

[Demographic systems in Brazil in the nineteenth century]. / Sistemas demograficos no Brasil do seculo XIX

PIP: An analysis of the process of urbanization in Brazil in the nineteenth century is presented. The relationship between population trends in rural and urban areas is also examined.^ieng

Urbanization and rural labor supply: a historical study of Bogota, Colombia since 1920.

PIP: The author examines how social and economic changes in rural Colombia have affected urban growth in Bogota in the 1920s and 1930s with growth after 1958. Data from both official statistics and published studies are used.^ieng

[Agrarian structure and the mobility of the labor force in major areas of population flight and attraction: Brazil, 1970]. / Estrutura fundiaria e mobilidade da forca de trabalho nas principais areas de evasao e atracao populacionais: Brasil 1970

PIP: Using data from the 1970 census of farming, the authors examine characteristics of the agricultural structure that act as push-pull factors in rural areas of Brazil. The relationship between the distribution of property and the spatial distribution of the labor force is analyzed, with a focus on resulting trends in migration^ieng