Taxonomic and faunistic study of four almost unknown Brazilian Meloidae (Coleoptera)

ABSTRACT The Brazilian fauna of Meloidae is poorly studied, even though it includes more than 160 species. In this paper, we aimed at widening the knowledge on four species of blister beetles from this country. Specifically, we defined the uncertain range of Tetraonyx angulicollis, as extended in south-eastern Brazil rather than in Mexico, and implemented the description of the species with figures. We studied the taxonomy and distribution of three almost unknown species of Nemognatha from Brazil, São Paulo State, providing descriptions and figures of sexual characters and colour variability of N. beauregardi, to which is probably referable as a junior synonym of N. plaumanni, of N. rufoscutellaris and of N. cfr. gounellei. Moreover, we assigned these three species to the subgenus Pauronemognatha, recently recorded from South America.

Marine and coastal biodiversity studies, 60 years of research funding from FAPESP, what we have learned and future challenges / Estudos de biodiversidade marinha e costeira, 60 anos de financiamento à pesquisa da FAPESP, o que aprendemos e desafios futuros

Abstract In this study we survey and analyze 300 projects related to marine biodiversity funded by FAPESP from 1972 to 2021, of which 46 were nested in the BIOTA Program. From a unique project in the 1970's, the number gradually increased until 2009, when BIOTA promoted a call on marine biodiversity, which led to a boost in the number of funded projects in the subsequent years. The geographical range of the projects expanded over the years and, from studies based on the coast of São Paulo State, the focus gradually shifted to broader areas of the Brazilian coast, then to other areas of the Atlantic, and eventually became global. The majority of projects focused on coastal benthic organisms living on hard-bottom. In terms of taxa, six groups accounted for about 60% of the projects (viz. Crustacea, Actinopterygii, Mollusca, Chondrichthyes, Cnidaria, and Rhodophyta), but it is observed an increase in the number of groups studied over the decades. The 300 projects refer to a set of 82 different topics, of which the top five are taxonomy, phylogeny, community, "omics", and pollution. The analyses show a long-standing effort in marine biodiversity surveys, with ongoing updated approaches regarding scope and methods. Research on strategic areas is discussed, including deep-sea and marine microbiota. Climate change and the increasing pressure of human activity on the ocean, including pollution, acidification and invasive species, are among the main challenges for the future. Projects producing and using basic research data in an integrative and transdisciplinary way offer multiple perspectives in understanding changes in ecosystem functioning and, consequently, are essential to support public policies for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity at different scales. UNESCO's Decade of Ocean (starting 2021) is a window of opportunity to strengthen marine research, to promote national and international collaboration, to build up networks involving the public and private sector, but particularly to draw society's attention to the importance of knowing marine environments and using ocean resources in a sustainable way. The advancement of ocean literacy is one of the main legacies for future generations promoted by integrated research programs such as BIOTA-FAPESP.

Resumo Neste estudo levantamos e analisamos 300 projetos relacionados à biodiversidade marinha financiados pela FAPESP entre 1972 a 2021, dos quais 46 foram realizados no Programa BIOTA. De um projeto único na década de 1970, o número foi aumentando gradativamente até 2009, quando o BIOTA promoveu uma chamada sobre biodiversidade marinha, o que impulsionou o número de projetos financiados nos anos seguintes. A abrangência geográfica dos projetos se expandiu ao longo dos anos e, a partir de estudos baseados no litoral do Estado de São Paulo, o foco gradualmente se deslocou para áreas mais amplas da costa brasileira, depois para outras áreas do Atlântico, e acabou se tornando global. A maioria dos projetos se concentrou em organismos costeiros, bentônicos, em substrato consolidado. Em termos de táxons, seis grupos responderam por cerca de 60% dos projetos (Crustacea, Actinopterygii, Mollusca, Chondrichthyes, Cnidaria e Rhodophyta), mas observa-se um aumento no número de grupos estudados ao longo das décadas. Os 300 projetos referem-se a um conjunto de 82 temas diferentes, dos quais os cinco principais são taxonomia, filogenia, comunidade, "ômicas" e poluição. As análises mostram um esforço de longa data em pesquisas de biodiversidade marinha, com abordagens atualizadas em relação ao escopo e métodos. A pesquisa em áreas estratégicas é discutida, incluindo os estudos sobre a microbiota marinha e em águas profundas. As mudanças climáticas e a crescente pressão da atividade humana sobre o oceano, incluindo poluição, acidificação e espécies invasoras, estão entre os principais desafios para o futuro. Projetos de produção e uso de dados de pesquisa básica de forma integrada e transdisciplinar oferecem múltiplas perspectivas de compreensão das mudanças no funcionamento dos ecossistemas e, consequentemente, são essenciais para subsidiar políticas públicas de conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade marinha em diferentes escalas. A Década do Oceano da UNESCO (a partir de 2021) é uma janela de oportunidade para fortalecer a pesquisa marinha, promover a colaboração nacional e internacional, construir redes envolvendo os setores público e privado, mas principalmente para chamar a atenção da sociedade para a importância de conhecer os ambientes marinhos e utilizar os recursos oceânicos de forma sustentável. O avanço da "alfabetização" oceânica é um dos principais legados para as gerações futuras promovidos por programas integrados de pesquisa como o BIOTA-FAPESP.

Fatores associados ao nível de segurança alimentar e nutricional no município e estado de São Paulo e no Brasil: uma análise dos resultados obtidos pela escala brasileira de insegurança alimentar / Food and nutritional security level associated factors in the city and state of São Paulo and in Brazil: an analysis of obtained results from the Brazilian food insecurity scale

A falta de segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN) consiste em um fenômeno multifatorial, que pode afetar o estado nutricional do indivíduo por ela acometido de diversas maneiras e em qualquer faixa etária. A falta de SAN pode desencadear tanto desnutrição, como obesidade e assim favorecer o aumento da prevalência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, o que diminui a qualidade de vida e se constitui um importante problema de saúde pública. Objetivo: Analisar e comparar a força da associação dos fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos à segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN) no Brasil e áreas geográficas selecionadas. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, transversal e analítico, que utilizou como base os microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF/IBGE), realizada nos anos de 2017-2018, envolvendo 757 famílias residentes no município de São Paulo (MSP), 3.406 famílias do estado de São Paulo (ESP) e 49.365 famílias do Brasil. Utilizou-se a técnica de regressão logística multinomial, do tipo ordinal, para o processamento do modelo de associação entre o nível de SAN (nSAN) e as variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e clínicas, utilizando o módulo survey do Stata versão 14. Adotouse o nível de significância estatística de 5% e o odds ratio proporcional para descrever as associações. Resultados: A grande maioria dos indivíduos de referência dos domicílios componentes da amostra é do sexo masculino, adulta, com obesidade, sem seguro saúde e que não fazem nenhum tipo de dieta, variando as características de raça/cor e escolaridade entre as três localidades analisadas. Para as três localidades estudadas, encontrou-se proporções elevadas da população com segurança alimentar e nutricional garantida (acima de 59%). As associações encontradas demonstraram que as famílias com pessoas de referência do sexo feminino apresentam maior chance de piora do nSAN, bem como aquelas com menores níveis de saneamento básico e estratos de renda mais pobres, para os quais a chance de piora do nSAN em relação aos estratos de renda mais ricos se eleva em até 12 vezes. Ser de raça branca foi fator protetor à IAN, bem como ter idade mais avançada e mais anos de escolaridade. Conclusão: As características sociodemográficas sexo, raçacor, idade e escolaridade, e socioeconômicas, renda e presença de saneamento básico, apresentam importante associação ao nível de SAN das famílias, quando este é analisado por meio da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). Entretanto, faz-se necessária a construção de um instrumento que avalie todas as dimensões da SAN

Lack of food and nutrition security (FNS) is a multifactorial phenomenon, which can impact the nutritional status of individual affected by it in different ways and in any age group. The lack of FNS can trigger both malnutrition and obesity and thus favor the prevalence increase of chronic non-communicable diseases, which reduces lifes quality and constitutes an important public health problem. Objective: To analyze and compare the strength of association of socioeconomic and demographic factors with FNS in Brazil and selected geographical areas. Methodology: Ecological, crosssectional, and analytical study, which used the microdata of the Research as a basis Family Budget (POF / IBGE), carried out in 2017-2018, involving 757 families residing in São Paulo city (SPC), 3,406 families from São Paulo state (SPS) and 49,365 families from Brazil. Multinomial logistic regression technique, of the ordinal type, was used to process the association model between the FNS level (FNSl) and the demographic, socioeconomic and clinical variables, using the survey module of Stata version 14. It was adopted statistical significance of 5% and proportional odds ratio to describe the associations. Results: Most reference individuals in the sample's households are male, adult, obese, without health insurance and who do not follow any type of diet, varying the characteristics of race / color and education between the three locations analyzed. For the three locations studied, high proportions of the population were found with guaranteed FNS (above 59%). Associations found showed that families headed by female individuals are more likely to worsen FNSl, as well as those with lower levels of basic sanitation and poorer income strata, for which the chance of worsening FNSl in relation to strata wealthier income rises to 12 times. Being white was a protective factor for food insecurity, as well as being older and with more years of schooling. Conclusion: Sociodemographic characteristics of sex, race-color, age and education, and socioeconomic, income and presence of basic sanitation, present important association at the FNSl of families, when this is analyzed through the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). However, it is necessary to build an instrument that assesses all dimensions of the FNS

A new species of Macrothrix (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Macrothricidae) from the Neotropics with description of the marthae-group.

Publications of the last three decades demonstrated the existence of some compact species groups within the Macrothrix Baird genus (Cladocera: Macrothricidae). Many species were included in hirsuticornis-group, laticornis-group, rosea-triserialis-group and paulensis-group, but not in Macrothrix marthae group. It has a peculiar set of morphological traits not observed in any other species, so far. Studying material from Ribeira de Iguape River, Brazil, we found some individuals that resemble M. marthae, which represent a new species described herein. Macrothrix lourdesae sp. nov shares with M. marthae similar morphology of Inner Distal Lobe setae and the same modifications on the fourth and fifth limbs. The main difference between them is related to the number of setae in the exopodite of the third limb. Observing the high number of morphological traits shared, it is possible to indicate that M. lourdesae sp. nov and M. marthae form a separate species group within the genus.

An estimate of wild mammal roadkill in São Paulo state, Brazil.

Roadkill estimates for different species and species groups are available for many countries and regions. However, there is a lack of information from tropical countries, including from Latin America. In this study, we analyzed medium and large-sized mammal roadkill data from 18 toll road companies (TRC) in São Paulo State (6,580 km of monitored toll roads), Brazil. We extrapolated these roadkill numbers to the entire system of major paved roads in the State (36,503 km). The TRC collected mammal-road- mortality data both before (2-lanes) and after (4-lanes) road reconstruction. We used the "before" data from the TRC to estimate annual mammal-road-mortality along 2-lane roads that remained public roads. Combined with the data for the new 4-lane highways, this allowed us to estimate annual mammal road mortality for all the paved roads in the State. During 10 years of roadkill monitoring along toll roads, a total of 37,744 roadkilled mammals were recorded, representing a total of 32 medium to large-sized mammal species (average number of roadkilled individuals/year = 3,774 ± 1,159; min = 1,932; max = 5,369; 0.6 individuals roadkilled/km/year). Most roadkilled species were common generalists, but there were also relatively high roadkill numbers of threatened and endangered species (4.3% of the data), which is a serious conservation concern. Most of the roadkill was reported occurred during the nocturnal period (66%, n = 14,189) and in the rainy months (October-March) (55%, n = 15,318). Reported mammal roadkill tended to increase between 2009 and 2014 (R2 = 0.614; p = 0.065), with an average increase of 313.5 individuals/year. Extrapolation of the results to the entire São Paulo State, resulted in an average estimate of 39,605 medium and large-sized mammals roadkilled per year. Our estimates of the number of roadkilled individuals can be used as one of the input parameters in population viability analyses to understand the extinction or extirpation risk, especially for threatened and endangered species.

Use of an Integrated Geochemical and Ecotoxicological Approach to Evaluate Sediment Metal Contamination in Three Protected Estuarine Areas Along the Coast of São Paulo State, Brazil.

We compared sediment quality in estuaries at three locations along the coast of São Paulo State, Brazil, using geochemical analyses and whole sediment toxicity tests, during the southern summer and winter of 2013. Each locality is afforded a distinct degree of legal protection, and exhibits a different level of metal pollution: overall, Rio Diana (RD, the most polluted, a Permanent Protection Area) > Rio Itapanhaú (RI, intermediate contamination, an Environmental Protection Area) > Rio Picinguaba (RP, pristine, a State Park). Chronic sediment toxicity tests evaluated reproductive rates of the copepod Nitokra sp. RI sediments showed the highest metal concentrations and toxicity in both seasons. Metal concentrations at RD were low but toxic in summer. RP sediments were not contaminated, suggesting effective legal protection from pollution at this locality. RI and RD, although provided some legal protection, showed clear signs of environmental degradation, emphasizing the need for more effective pollution control.

New records of avian nasal mites (Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae) to southeastern Brazil

The avian nasal mites are a group of Mesostigmata, belonging to the family Rhinonyssidae, Trouessart, 1895, obligate endoparasites of the respiratory system of birds. In Brazil, seven of the eight genera of this family have been recorded. After examining the Acarological Collection of the Instituto Butantan, the species Rallinyssus gallinulae Fain, 1960 and Rhinoecius bisetosus Strandtmann, 1952 were identified from Gallinula galeata (Lichtenstein, 1818) (Gruiformes: Rallidae) and an unidentified owl, respectively. In this study, we are recording for the first time R. gallinulae from Brazil (Rio de Janeiro State), while R. bisetosus is recorded for the second time to this country (São Paulo State), however from a different specific locality.

A profilaxia e o tratamento das enfermidades do oeste paulista: o Serviço Sanitário e o tracoma no princípio do século XX / Prophylaxis and treatment of diseases in western São Paulo state: the Sanitation Service and trachoma in the early twentieth century

Resumo Em 1906, Emílio Ribas reorganizou o Serviço Sanitário e centralizou na capital os serviços de saúde pública do estado de São Paulo. Nesse projeto, a campanha de combate ao tracoma, uma enfermidade oftálmica, foi implantada. Este artigo analisa essa campanha que atendeu os enfermos das propriedades rurais em um processo que antecedeu ao Código Sanitário Rural de 1917. O material empírico foi composto por relatórios governamentais, decretos, periódicos médicos e jornais. Concluímos que Ribas, ao criar uma estrutura que unificou os esforços dos distritos sanitários com as equipes de atendimento das Comissões do Tracoma, buscou formar um complexo aparato para combater as enfermidades presentes tanto nas áreas urbanas quanto na zona rural.

Abstract In 1906, Emílio Ribas reorganized the Sanitation Service and centralized São Paulo state public health services in the state capital. A campaign to combat trachoma, an ophthalmic disease, was implemented as part of this project. This article analyzes this campaign, which provided care for the sick living on rural properties in a process that predated the 1917 Rural Sanitary Code. The empirical data was obtained from government reports, decrees, medical journals and newspapers. We conclude that Ribas, by creating an organization that integrated the efforts of the sanitary districts and the Trachoma Commission medical teams, sought to form a complex apparatus to combat the diseases present in both urban areas and the countryside.

Modelo para elaboração de políticas de preservação digital de documentos de arquivo por instituições de ensino superior: o caso da Unesp / Model for the elaboration of policies for the digital preservation of records by higher education institutions: the case of Unesp / Modelo para la elaboración de políticas de preservación digital de documentos de archivo por instituciones de educación superior: el caso de la Unesp

Um dos desafios das mudanças e evoluções das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) em corporações é a preservação das informações digitais. Entre as corporações com grande geração de informações digitais estão as universidades. Neste artigo, é apresentada uma estratégia para se elaborar uma política de preservação digital no bojo de uma política arquivística direcionada para a manutenção da autenticidade dos documentos de arquivo. O objetivo é expor um modelo para elaboração de políticas de preservação digital de documentos de arquivo por instituições de ensino superior (IES), com os elementos que devem compô-las, a partir da literatura estudada e da política elaborada e aprovada na Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp). São apresentados os conceitos relacionados à política arquivística para a preservação digital de documentos de arquivo, sua definição, seus aspectos e elementos. Concluiu-se que o modelo pode ser adaptado para outros objetos digitais, bem como para outras instituições.

One of the challenges of the changes and evolutions of the information and communication technology (ICT) in corporations is the preservation of digital information. The universities are among the corporations with a large generation of digital information. This article presents a strategy for the elaboration of a digital preservation policy, in the context of an archival policy which is aimed at maintaining the authenticity of archival documents. The objective of this article is to present a model so that the higher education institutions could making policies for the digital preservation of their archival documents, showing the elements that must compose each one, based on the studied literature and on the policy elaborated in Unesp and which was officially approved by that institution. Concepts related to archival policy for the digital preservation of archival documents, their definition, aspects and elements are presented here. It was concluded that the model can be adapted for other digital objects, as well as for other institutions.

Uno de los desafíos de los cambios y la evolución de las TIC en las corporaciones es la preservación de informaciones digitales. Entre las corporaciones con una gran generación de información digital se encuentran las universidades. En este artículo, se presenta una estrategia para elaborar una política de preservación digital, en medio de una política de archivo dirigida a mantener la autenticidad de los documentos de archivo. El objetivo del artículo es presentar un modelo para la elaboración de políticas de preservación digital de documentos de archivo por instituciones de enseñanza superior, con los elementos que deben componerlas, basado en la literatura estudiada y en la política desarrollada y aprobada en la Unesp. Se presentan conceptos relacionados con la política de archivo para la preservación digital de documentos de archivo, su definición, aspectos y elementos. Se concluyó que este modelo puede adaptarse para otros objetos digitales, así como para otras instituciones.

Fluorescence emission spectra of target chloroplast metabolites (flavonoids, carotenoids, lipofuscins, pheophytins) as biomarkers of air pollutants and seasonal tropical climate.

Chloroplasts have luminescent metabolites-chlorophyll being the most known one-whose fluorescence emission may be a useful tool to assess the physiological status of the plant. Some antioxidants (flavonoids and carotenoids), and byproducts of membrane rupture (lipofuscins) and chlorophyll degradation (pheophytins), are chloroplasts' fluorescent metabolites directly involved in plant response to environmental stressors and pollutants and may act as a biomarker of stress. Here we hypothesized that climatic variations and air pollutants induce alterations in the emission profile of chloroplasts' fluorescent metabolites in Tillandsia usneoides (Bromeliaceae). To test this hypothesis, an active biomonitoring study was performed during 2 years in five polluted sites located at the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (São Paulo State, Brazil), aiming to identify target chloroplasts' fluorescent metabolites acting as biomarkers of environmental stress. In situ identification and quantification of the intensity of the fluorescence emission from target metabolites (flavonoids, carotenoids, lipofuscins, and pheophytins) were performed by the observation of fresh leaf sections under confocal laser scanning microscopy. Changes in the profile of fluorescence emission were correlated with local climate and air pollution data. The fluorescence emissions of flavonoids and carotenoids varied seasonally, with significant influence of rainfall and NO2. Our results expand the use of T. usneoides as a bioindicator by using alterations in the fluorescence emission profile of chloroplast metabolites. This application may be especially interesting for NO2 biomonitoring.

New record of Cheyletiella parasitivorax (Mégnin, 1878) (Trombidiformes: Cheyletidae) from Brazil with an illustrated key to species for the genus / Novo registro de Cheyletiella parasitivorax (Mégnin, 1878) (Trombidiformes: Cheyletidae) para o Brasil, com uma chave ilustrada das espécies deste gênero

The cheyletid mites that parasitize mammals have been neglected for a long time in Brazil, although they can be common on pets and cause injury to their hosts. Recently, Cheyletiella parasitivorax was found parasitizing a rabbit in Brazil which represents a new host and distribution record for the mite species. An illustrated dichotomous key for the identification of the species in this genus and data from the literature are provided.

New record of Cheyletiella parasitivorax (Mégnin, 1878) (Trombidiformes: Cheyletidae) from Brazil with an illustrated key to species for the genus / Novo registro de Cheyletiella parasitivorax (Mégnin, 1878) (Trombidiformes: Cheyletidae) para o Brasil, com uma chave ilustrada das espécies deste gênero

Abstract The cheyletid mites that parasitize mammals have been neglected for a long time in Brazil, although they can be common on pets and cause injury to their hosts. Recently, Cheyletiella parasitivorax was found parasitizing a rabbit in Brazil which represents a new host and distribution record for the mite species. An illustrated dichotomous key for the identification of the species in this genus and data from the literature are provided.

Resumo Os ácaros da família Cheyletidae que parasitam mamíferos são negligenciados há muito tempo no Brasil, embora eles sejam comuns em animais domésticos. Considerando as dificuldades morfológicas para diagnosticar as espécies dessa família que infestam mamíferos, este estudo refere-se a uma nova ocorrência de Cheyletiella parasitivorax incluindo os poucos registros de literatura. Além disso, também está sendo apresentada uma chave dicotômica ilustrada para identificação de espécies desse gênero.

Avaliação espacial e temporal de aspectos sanitários de reservatórios com captação de água para abastecimento em SP com ênfase em cianobactérias e cianotoxinas / Spatial and temporal assessment of sanitary aspects of public water supply reservoirs in SP, Brazil, with emphasis on cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins

RESUMO A presença de cianobactérias e cianotoxinas em reservatórios no estado de São Paulo constitui um desafio para produção de água potável. Sete reservatórios utilizados para abastecimento público, monitorados pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), foram analisados em relação a cianobactérias, microcistina e indicadores de contaminação fecal entre 2011 e 2015. Calcularam-se porcentagens de não conformidade com padrões de qualidade. Os resultados evidenciaram a presença de cianobactérias e microcistina (máximo de 22,4 g.L-1), além de conflitos com os padrões da Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005 (BRASIL, 2005), o que reforça a importância de investimentos em coleta e tratamento de esgotos sanitários. É discutida a necessidade de maior integração entre as leis e resoluções que versam sobre qualidade da água, além do melhor planejamento dos recursos hídricos, com foco em metas progressivas de melhoria da qualidade da água.

ABSTRACT The occurrence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in reservoirs in São Paulo State is a challenge to the production of drinking water. Seven reservoirs used for public supply and monitored by CETESB, were analyzed regarding cyanobacteria, microcystin and indicators of fecal contamination between 2011-2015. The percentages of non-compliance with water quality standards were calculated. Results highlighted the presence of cyanobacteria and microcystin (maximum of 22.4 µg/L), as well as conflicts with the standards provided by CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005 (BRASIL, 2005), which reinforces the importance of investments in sanitary sewage collection and treatment. The need for greater integration between laws and resolutions on issues related to water quality were also discussed, as well as better planning of water resources, focusing on progressive goals for water quality improvement.

Association between the Occurrence of Primary Hypothyroidism and the Exposure of the Population Near to Industrial Pollutants in São Paulo State, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Environmental agents interfere with thyroid function at multiple levels. This study was to investigate the association between pollutant concentrations and the primary hypothyroidism (PH) occurrence odds in residents living in the Capuava Petrochemical Complex (CPC) influence area. METHODS: This area was evaluated with the combination of the AERMOD dispersion model with the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) meteorological model (2016). The concentration of atmospheric pollutants were analyzed in 2017 using meteorological data on the period from 2005 to 2009, correlating this data with the research done in 2003 to 2005. A home-based questionnaire was applied to evaluate 2004 residents, of both sexes, aged from 8 to 72 years, based on their proximity to the industrial areas; were select residents with PH. RESULTS: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations presented the highest correlations between the PH odds and pollutant concentrations. CONCLUSION: Air pollution associated with the presence of the CPC is an important environmental factor contributing to the development of PH in the nearby population. As the first study showing this association in Brazil, research should be continued to better understand the mechanisms and to find ways to compensate for or remedy to avoid health impacts in future populations.

Williamsia aurantiacus sp. nov. a novel actinobacterium producer of antimicrobial compounds isolated from the marine sponge.

An antibiotic-producing actinobacterium, designated isolate B375T, was isolated from marine sponge Glodia corticostylifera collected from Praia Guaecá, São Paulo, Brazil (23°49S; 45°25W), and its taxonomic position established using data from a polyphasic study. The organism showed a combination of morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Williamsia. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain B375T was most closely related to Williamsia serinedens DSM 45037T and Williamsia spongiae DSM 46676T and having 99.43% and 98.65% similarities, respectively, but was distinguished from these strains by a low level of DNA-DNA relatedness (53.2-63.2%) and discriminatory phenotypic properties. Chemotaxonomic investigations revealed the presence of cell-wall chemotype IV and N-glycolated muramic acid residues present in the wall cells. The cells contained C16:0 (23.3%), C18:0 10-methyl (23.2%) and C18:1 ω9c (21.6%) as the major cellular fatty acids. The strain B375T inhibited growing of Staphylococcus aureus and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides strains and was considered a producer of antimicrobial compounds. Based on the data obtained, the isolate B375T (= CBMAI 1090T = DSM 46677T) should, therefore, be classified as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Williamsia, for which the name Williamsia aurantiacus sp. nov. is proposed.

Unfolding additional massive cutback effects of the Native Vegetation Protection Law on Legal Reserves, Brazil / Revelando reduções adicionais de Reserva Legal da Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa, Brasil

Abstract: The Native Vegetation Protection Law - 2012 - (NVPL) is the main Brazilian regulation for protecting native vegetation (NV) on private land. The NVPL, currently in the implementation phase, reduced Legal Reserves (LR) requirements compared to its previous version, the 1965's Forest Act (FA), through several legal mechanisms. Among them, Article 68 (Art.68) exempts landholders from LR obligations if NV was converted without offending the legislation in place at the time of the conversion. The technical implementation of Art. 68 is controversial and its effects are still unknown. We developed a model to estimate the effects of Art.68 on LR using São Paulo State (Brazil) as case study. We analyzed former environmental laws to identify key periods in which NV preservation requirements had changed. After, we searched for past spatial data on NV cover with sufficient accuracy for each legal benchmark. Combining legal benchmarks with spatial data, we created two scenarios for Art.68 effects, plus a baseline scenario. The first scenario considered a single legal benchmark, the 1965's FA (scenario "1965"), while the other included the 1989 Cerrado's protection Federal Law as a second benchmark (scenario "1965/89"). The baseline scenario did not include Art.68 effects. Scenario "1965" reduced LR deficits in 49% compared to the baseline scenario, waiving landholders from restoration or offsetting needs in 423 thousand hectares (kha) of NV. Scenario "1965/89" waved 507 kha of NV from restoration needs and represented a 59% reduction in LR deficit compared to the baseline scenario. The LR reduction by scenario "1965/89" assumed particular importance considering that the additional cutback was concentrated on Cerrado, an already very fragmented and impacted region. Together with reductions from other NVPL rules, the additional effects of Art. 68 unfolded great concerns about the role of LR as a tool for NV preservation on private land, threating governmental restoration commitments, and pointing that conservation command and control approaches should be complemented with incentive policies to achieve the desired and committed standards.

Resumo: A Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa - 2012 - (LPVN) é a principal lei brasileira para proteção da vegetação nativa (VN) em terras privadas. A LPVN, atualmente em fase de implementação, reduziu os requerimentos de Reserva Legal (RL) presentes no Código Florestal (CF) de 1965 através de uma série de mecanismos legais. Entre eles, o Artigo 68 (Art.68) elimina a obrigação de recomposição ou restauração da VN convertida sem violação da lei vigente à época da conversão. O Art.68 é um dos mais controversos mecanismos da LPVN e cujos efeitos ainda não são conhecidos. Nós desenvolvemos um modelo para estimar os efeitos do Art.68 utilizando o estado de São Paulo, Brasil, como estudo de caso. Para isso, levantamos marcos legais nos quais os requerimentos mínimos de preservação da VN foram alterados. Em seguida, levantamos a existência de dados espaciais da cobertura de VN com a precisão necessária para cada marco legal. Combinando os marcos legais com os dados espaciais encontrados, criamos dois cenários incluindo os efeitos do Art.68 e um cenário linha de base para controlar tais efeitos. O primeiro cenário considerou apenas um marco legal, o CF de 1965 (cenário "1965"), enquanto o segundo incluiu a Lei Federal de proteção ao Cerrado de 1989 (cenário "1965/89"). O cenário "1965" reduz os déficits de RL em 49% quando comparado ao cenário de base, dispensando os proprietários de terra da obrigação de restaurar ou recompor 423 mil hectares (kha) de VN. O cenário "1989/65" dispensa da obrigação de restauração ou recomposição 507 kha de VN, representando uma redução de 59% do déficit de RL em comparação ao cenário base. A redução apresentada pelo cenário "1965/89" assume grande importância uma vez que se concentra em áreas de Cerrado, bioma já extremamente fragmentado e impactado. Em conjunto com as reduções promovidas por outros Artigos da LPVN, estes efeitos revelam grande preocupação sobre o papel das RL como uma ferramenta para a conservação de VN em terras privadas, ameaçando compromissos governamentais de restauração e indicando que estratégias de comando e controle deverão ser complementadas por políticas de incentivo para atingir os objetivos de conservação desejados.

Molecular detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in phlebotomine sandflies from a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in northwestern of São Paulo State, Brazil.

This study identified the natural infection rate of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in Lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies collected in a neighborhood around a kennel, in Dracena, northwestern of São Paulo state. This region is highly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Insects were captured during 2-3 nights monthly for 11 months (January-November 2012) using 10 automatic light traps around a kennel in a transition between periurban and urban neighborhood. Capture aimed the determination of the minimal infection rate (MIR) on the area. A total of 1690 Lu. longipalpis were captured during the studied period. Out of them, 292 (17.25%) were females and were grouped in 165 pools containing 1 to five insects for DNA extraction and PCR analysis. Positive results for L. (L) infantum in conventional PCR and real time PCR were shown in 7.28% (12/165) and 4.85% (8/165) of the analysis respectively. These data confirm that Lu. longipalpis captured in the study area were infected by L. (L.) infantum. The MIR of sandflies during the 11 months of captures was 4.10% for female the total of 292 female sandflies collected. A high DNA concentration of L. (L.) infantum was detected on sandflies especially in kennel, chicken coop and neighboring houses, where higher abundance of hosts for blood source were present.

"Era urgente e indispensável agir": o tracoma em São Paulo no início do século XX / "It was urgent and indispensable to act": the trachoma in São Paulo in the early twentieth century

Resumo No início do século XX o tracoma, enfermidade oftálmica contagiosa, tornou-se endêmica no interior do estado de São Paulo. Em 1906, mediante a infecção de quase 40% da população rural examinada, o governo estadual implantou 25 postos de tratamento em diversos municípios. Foi uma campanha audaciosa, dispendendo recursos com equipes médicas, transporte e medicação. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar por que o Serviço Sanitário interviu sobre o tracoma, num período em que as ações profiláticas estavam restritas às áreas urbanas. O recorte temporal se inicia em 1898, quando o primeiro artigo médico foi publicado, e termina em 1906, com a formação dos postos tracomatosos. Como fontes, foram utilizados relatórios governamentais, revistas médicas, teses e jornais. Concluímos que a pressão exercida por médicos e imprensa, concomitante à proteção do setor agroexportador, influenciaram a implantação das comissões.

Abstract At the beginning of the 20th century, trachoma, a contagious ophthalmic disease, became endemic in the interior of the state of São Paulo. In 1906, through the infection of almost 40% of the rural population examined, the state government implemented 25 treatment stations in several municipalities. It was an audacious campaign, spending resources with medical staff, transportation and medication. This research aimed to analyze why the Health Service intervened on trachoma in a period in which prophylactic actions were restricted to urban areas. The temporal cut begins in 1898, when the first medical article was published, and ends in 1906, with the formation of trachomatous posts. As sources, government reports, medical journals, theses and journals were used. We conclude that the pressure exerted by doctors and the press, concomitant to the protection of the agroexport sector, influenced the implementation of the commissions.

Políticas públicas de esporte educacional em São Paulo: impactos dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016 / Public policies for educational sport in São Paulo: impacts of the 2016 Olympic Games / Políticas públicas de deporte educacional en São Paulo: impactos de los Juegos Olímpicos de 2016

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar e analisar as políticas públicas de esporte educacional organizadas pela Secretaria de Esporte, Lazer e Juventude do Estado de São Paulo (SELJ), considerando o possível impacto da realização dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016. Foi utilizada como ferramenta de coleta de informações e análise a triangulação de dados, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, diário de campo e pesquisa documental. A realização dos Jogos Olímpicos no País provocou o acirramento de novos discursos de legitimação da pirâmide esportiva como base das políticas de esporte educacional em São Paulo. Também foi notado o caráter imediatista e o incremento de discursos e algumas ações para o segmento(AU)

This study looked into and analyzed the public policies for educational sports organized by the Department of Sports, Leisure and Youth of São Paulo (SELJ), considering the possible impact of the 2016 Olympic Games. As data collection and analysis methodology, data triangulation was performed through semi-structured interviews, field diary, and documentary research. The Olympic Games in Brazil intensified new discourses to legitimize the sports pyramid as a basis for educational sports policies in São Paulo. The immediatist character and the increase of discourses and some actions for the segment were also observed(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar y analizar las políticas públicas de deporte educacional organizadas por la Secretaría de Deportes, Ocio y Juventud del estado de São Paulo (SELJ), considerando el posible impacto de la realización de los Juegos Olímpicos de 2016. Como metodología de recolección y análisis de datos se realizó la triangulación de datos mediante entrevista semiestructurada, diario de campo e investigación documental. La realización de los Juegos Olímpicos en el país provocó la intensificación de nuevos discursos para legitimar la pirámide deportiva como base de las políticas de deporte educacional en São Paulo. También se observó el carácter inmediatista y el aumento de los discursos y algunas acciones para ese segmento(AU)

Dogs and Opossums Positive for Vaccinia Virus during Outbreak Affecting Cattle and Humans, São Paulo State, Brazil.

During a vaccinia virus (VACV) outbreak in São Paulo State, Brazil, blood samples were collected from cows, humans, other domestic animals, and wild mammals. Samples from 3 dogs and 3 opossums were positive for VACV by PCR. Results of gene sequencing yielded major questions regarding other mammalian species acting as reservoirs of VACV.