ABSTRACT
Chocolate is a widely consumed product with high levels of polyphenols; unfortunately, it is reduced during the process. Adding other components allows for counteracting the polyphenols lost during chocolate processing and reducing the content of unsaturated fatty acids, affecting its physical properties. This study identified the conching time, concentration of sauco by-products, and levels of sacha inchi oil to produce enriched dark chocolates. For this study, sauco by-products in percentages of 2, 6 and 10%, sacha inchi oil in levels of 1, 3, and 5%, and three conching times of 16, 20, and 24 h were added to 75% dark chocolates, and the process conditions were optimized through the response surface methodology (RSM). The physicochemical properties of the dark chocolates were studied, observing that the sauco by-product, sacha inchi oil, and conching time significantly affected (p < 0.05) the variables of antioxidant activity, total phenol content, rheology, hardness, and particle size. The R2 correlation of the factors declared against the variables indicated the model's reliability as it was close to 1. The results suggest that incorporating sauco by-products allows for obtaining chocolates with good chemical properties; however, high percentages of sacha inchi oil and shorter conching time cause a negative effect on the chocolate affecting the physical properties.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Con el objetivo de disminuir los costos de alimentación en cunicultura, se evaluó la inclusión de sauco oreado y ensilado sobre el desempeño productivo y económico de conejos en fase de engorde. Fueron seleccionados 27 conejos (cruce entre Chinchilla, Californiano y Nueva Zelanda), con peso inicial promedio de 1467,6 ± 271,1g. Éstos, se dividieron y se asignaron al azar en cada uno de los tres tratamientos, control (100% concentrado), ensilaje (85% concentrado + 15% ensilaje de sauco) y oreado (88% concentrado + 12% sauco oreado). Durante 28 días, se evaluó consumo, ganancia de peso, factor de conversión alimenticia (FCA), índice viscerosomático y rendimiento en canal, para, lo cual, se realizó un análisis de varianza en un diseño completo al azar. Se calculó el margen bruto de ingreso parcial (MBIP), a través de un análisis de presupuesto parcial para la venta del producto, en pie y en canal. El grupo que recibió el sauco ensilado expresó una mayor ganancia de peso (1040,4 ± 75,2g) y un mayor consumo (12,5 ± 0,3kg MS/jaula), respecto al grupo control (P˂0,05); en contraste, en el FAC, no se observó diferencia entre estos dos grupos (P˂0,05). En los parámetros productivos restantes no se observaron diferencias estadísticas (P>0,05). La elaboración del ensilaje presentó el mayor costo por concepto de alimentación, pero, a la vez, generó el mayor MBIP, para la venta en pie (13%) y en canal (9%). El ensilaje de sauco puede ser considerado como una alternativa de alimentación, mejorando los parámetros productivos y el MBIP.
ABSTRACT In order to reduce the feeding costs in cuniculture, the inclusion of wilted and silaged elder was evaluated on the productive and economic performance of rabbits in the fatting phase. 27 rabbits (crosses between Chinchilla, Californian and New Zealand) were selected with an average initial weight of 1467,6 ± 271,1g. They were divided and randomly distributed in each of three treatments, control (100% balanced feed), silage (85% balanced feed + 15% elder silage) and wilted (88% balanced feed + 12% wilted elder). During 28 days, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass yield and viscerosomatic index were evaluated and analyzed through a variance analysis in a complete random design. Gross margin of partial income (GMPI) was calculated through a partial budget analysis for the sale of the product in vivo and carcass. The group that received the silage showed greater weight gain (1040.4 ± 75.2g) and higher intake (12.5 ± 0.3kg MS / cage), than control group (P˂0,05), but FCR was not different between these groups (P˂0.05). No statistical differences were observed in the remaining productive parameters (P>0,05). Silage diet presented the highest cost, but at the same time it produced the highest GMPI, for sale in vivo (13%) and carcass (9%). Silage elder can be considered as a feeding alternative, improving the productive parameters and the GMPI.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de la monografía consistió en la caracterización fármaco-toxicológica de Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis (L) R Bolli, planta tradicional cubana con actividad antiinflamatoria, entre otras. Se presentan aspectos farmacológicos como composición fitoquímica, propiedades atribuidas popularmente y comprobadas científicamente, posología, reacciones adversas, advertencias, interacciones, toxicidad, precauciones y contraindicaciones. Se concluye que con la monografía fármaco-toxicológica de esta planta medicinal, se dispone de una completa información, como documentación indispensable para actualizar las bases de datos nacionales e internacionales al respecto, con vistas a desarrollar nuevos fitofármacos, en especial antiinflamatorios con bajo potencial de efectos adversos
The objective of the monograph was the pharmacological and toxicological characterization of Sambucus nigra subspecies canadensis(L) R Bolli, a Cuban traditional plant with anti-inflammatory action, among others. Several pharmacological aspects such as phytochemical composition; scientifically tested properties attributed by the population; posology; adverse reactions; warnings; interactions; toxicity; precautions and counterindications were presented. It was concluded that the pharmaceutical and toxicological monograph of this plant provides full information as indispensable documentation to update national and international databases, with a view to developing new pharmaceuticals, particularly anti-inflammatory drugs with low adverse effect potential