Conflictos éticos en un contexto de gestión pública: objeción de conciencia y aborto en la red sanitaria pública española

En este artículo se sostiene, en primer lugar, que (1) la persistencia a nivel internacional de debates éticos en torno al estatus moral del nasciturus y (2) el tradicional compromiso deontológico de los profesionales sanitarios con la salud, tanto de la embarazada como del hijo que espera, dotan de pleno sentido y vigencia al derecho a la objeción de conciencia de dichos profesionales. Sin embargo, donde el aborto legal se configura como prestación sanitaria, surge entonces la dificultad de gestionar esa prestación y, al tiempo, el conflicto moral que expresa la objeción de conciencia. Si en una institución sanitaria pública la objeción es generalizada, se plantea una disyuntiva con implicaciones éticas entre derivar a las gestantes a otras instituciones o aplicar estrategias de integración de personal a nivel de servicio de salud. En el caso de España, se ha aprobado este año una reforma de la Ley Orgánica de salud sexual y reproductiva y de la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo (LOSSRIVE), que manifiesta una voluntad más taxativa de que la objeción de conciencia no impida el acceso al aborto en las instituciones sanitarias públicas, estableciéndose previsiones específicas al efecto. A partir de los trabajos parlamentarios identificamos los principales puntos de discrepancia política que remiten a dispares posiciones de fondo sobre el aborto y afectan al propio planteamiento de la reforma, así como a otros elementos no siempre novedosos -algunos de ellos ya estaban en la LOSSRIVE o se venían aplicando a nivel autonómico con el plácet del Constitucional.

This article argues, first, that (1) the persistence at the international level of ethical debates on the moral status of nasciturus and (2) the traditional ethical commitment of health professionals to the health of both the pregnant woman and the unborn child, give full sense and validity to the right to conscientious objection of these professionals. However, where legal abortion is configured as a health care service, the difficulty of managing this service and, at the same time, the moral conflict expressed by conscientious objection arises. If, in a public health institution, objection is widespread, there is a dilemma with ethical implications between referring pregnant women to other institutions or implementing staff integration strategies at the health service level. In the case of Spain, a reform of the Organic Law on Sexual and Reproductive Health and the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy (LOSSRIVE) was approved this year, which shows a more stringent willingness that conscientious objection does not prevent access to abortion in public health institutions, establishing specific provisions to that effect. Based on the parliamentary work, we identified the main points of political discrepancy, which remit to different basic positions on abortion and affect the very approach of the reform, as well as other not always new elements -some of them were already in the LOSSRIVE or were already being applied at the regional level with the approval of the Constitutional Court.

Este artigo argumenta, em primeiro lugar, que (1) a persistência, em nível internacional, de debates éticos sobre o status moral do nascituro e (2) o tradicional compromisso deontológico dos profissionais de saúde com a saúde da gestante e do filho que ela espera, dão pleno sentido e vigência ao direito à objeção de consciência desses profissionais. Entretanto, quando o aborto legal é configurado como um serviço de saúde, surge a dificuldade de gerir esse serviço e, ao mesmo tempo, gerir o conflito moral expresso pela objeção de consciência. Se, em uma instituição de saúde pública, a objeção for generalizada, haverá uma escolha com implicações éticas entre encaminhar as gestantes a outras instituições ou aplicar estratégias de integração de pessoal no nível do serviço de saúde. No caso da Espanha, foi aprovada este ano uma reforma da Lei Orgânica de Saúde Sexual e Reprodutiva e a Interrupção Voluntária da Gravidez (LOSSRIVE) que expressa uma vontade mais constrangedora de garantir que a objeção de consciência não impeça o acesso ao aborto em instituições públicas de saúde, estabelecendo disposições específicas para esse fim. Com base no trabalho parlamentar, identificamos os principais pontos de discrepância política, que remetem a diferentes posições de fundo sobre aborto e afetam a própria aproximação da reforma, assim como outros elementos que nem sempre são novos -alguns deles já estavam no LOSSRIVE ou já estavam sendo aplicados em nível regional com a aprovação do Tribunal Constitucional-.

Queridos Residentes, Cuidaos: una Guía Para Sobrevivir a la Psicología Clínica / Dear Trainees, Take Care of Yourselves: A Guide to Surviving Clinical Psychology

La residencia en psicología clínica es un proceso que pondrá al límite la capacidad de adaptación de los residentes,especialmente si no gozan de la supervisión y el soporte institucional adecuados. Conscientes de esta situación, estetrabajo pretende normalizar la complejidad que supone formarse como psicólogo clínico en España, poniendo unénfasis especial en los primeros pasos como residente en el Sistema Nacional de Salud y en los desafíos personalesque ello implica. Asimismo, persigue incrementar la sensibilidad sobre la necesidad de medidas que permitan a losresidentes sobrevivir a la psicología clínica. Por ende, se discute el estado del arte sobre el concepto de autocuidadodentro del campo de la psicología clínica y la psicoterapia desde la perspectiva de que especialistas mejor formadospodrán mejorar el Sistema Nacional de Salud y la atención a la salud mental de los más vulnerables.(AU)

The training system in clinical psychology in Spain is a process that will test the adaptability of trainees to thelimit, especially if they do not have adequate supervision and institutional support. Aware of this issue, this paperaims to normalize the complexity of training as a clinical psychologist in Spain, placing special emphasis on thefirst steps as a trainee in the National Health System and on the personal challenges involved. Moreover, it seeksto increase sensitivity and awareness about the importance of establishing measures that enable trainees to surviveclinical psychology. Therefore, the state of the art on the topic of self-care within the field of clinical psychologyand psychotherapy is discussed from the perspective that better trained specialists will improve the National HealthSystem and mental health care for the most vulnerable people.(AU)

[What determines public-private choice in Spanish healthcare?] / ¿Qué determina la elección público-privada en la sanidad española?

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze, which individual characteristics (sociodemographic, attitudinal and political factors) mediates in the choice in Spain in 2022, of a private versus public health care alternative for family doctor, doctor specialist, hospital admissions and emergencies. METHODS: Using the health barometers of the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), we carried out four logistic regressions (then, average marginal effects [AMEs]) whose dependent variables are the preference for a private choice of family doctor versus a public one, the preference for a private choice of doctor specialist versus a public one; the preference for a private choice of hospital admission versus a public one and the preference for a private choice of emergency admission versus a public one. The dependent variables are binary (1=private; 0=public). The sample consisted of more than 4,500 individuals older than 18years old distributed representatively throughout Spain. RESULTS: The probability of choosing private rather than public is correlated with the age of the individual: those over 50years are less likely to opt for a private alternative (P<.01), as well as by ideology and satisfaction with the way that the national health system (NHS) works. Patients with a conservative ideology are more likely to choose private options (P<.01) and individuals with greater satisfaction with the NHS are less likely to choose private ones (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Satisfaction with the NHS and patient ideology are the most relevant factors for private versus public choice.

Cesarean rate in selected hospital network of private sector: A retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: In Spain over the last two decades, cesarean section (CS) rates have increased from 15 to 25% in the Public Health Sector and from 28 to 38% in the private sector. There are multiples causes for this rise, which are often unclear. The aim of our study is to collect and analyze all the CS rates data from a hospital network of the 42 Quirónsalud Hospitals (private sector) and to assess its distribution regarding the different types of hospitals and patient characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational retrospective study between 2017 and 2018 was performed. Hospitals are classified into three groups: large hospitals (11), medium hospitals (17) and small hospitals (14). The cesarean section rate was measured by patient categorization into three groups: total deliveries, low risk cesarean sections and low risk cesarean sections without previous cesarean delivery. RESULTS: We analyzed 62,685 deliveries: 42,987 were vaginal deliveries (68.6%) and 19,698 CS (31.4%). The mean age for the total number of deliveries was 34.18 years old, whilst the mean age for the low-risk group was 34.12. Of the 19,698 CS, 18.36% (3618) were in high-risk population and 81.63% (16,080) in low risk population. 69.54% (11,183) of the low-risk CS were in patients without a previous CS. CONCLUSIONS: The overall rate of CS in the Quirónsalud group is slightly higher than the one from the Public Healthcare. The older maternal age as well as the hospital resources involved in the delivery attendance can explain this difference.

Las medidas gubernativas en la crisis sanitaria de 1803-1805 / Governamental measures in the health crisis of 1803-1805

La crisis de producción de 1803-1805 fue acompañada de muchos casos de fiebres palúdicas agravadas por la pobreza del mundo rural. Este trabajo intenta una aproximación a las medidas de alivio de pobres y enfermos mediante el análisis de los expedientes de petición de socorro presentados al Consejo de Castilla. El gobierno actuó sobre una línea doble; por un lado la ayuda a los enfermos con provisiones de quina y el recurso a la sopa económica, y por otro la promoción de trabajos públicos para dar trabajo a los jornaleros desocupados. Los poderes locales descubren las pésimas condiciones higiénicas de sus pueblos y se emprenden obras de construcción de fuentes y drenaje de aguas estancadas. El resultado global fue muy limitado debido a la escasez de fondos disponibles porque todo el peso de la financiación recaía sobre los ayuntamientos. Al llevar a cabo las obras precisas los pueblos se empobrecían ulteriormente dado que debían recurrir a la venta de comunales o a empréstitos que más tarde habrían de reembolsar.(AU)

The production crisis of 1803-1805 ushered in many cases of malaria fevers, exacerbated by the poverty of the rural world. This paper aims at approaching the measures of relief for the poor and the sick by analysing the requests for help files addressed to the Consejo de Castilla.The government acted following a twofold line: on the one hand to relieve the sick by supplying quinine and resorting to the sopa económica, and on the other by promoting public works in order to employ the unemployed day labourers. Local authorities suddenly realized their villages’ dreadful hygienic situations and started a campaign of building fountains and draining stagnant waters. The overall result was very limited owing to the scarcity of funds available, because the whole economic burden was to lay on the village councils. Carrying out these works the villages subsequently became poorer because they had to resort to selling community property or to loans that would have been repaid later.(AU)

Transformaciones necesarias y cómo construirlas para contribuir a elevar el nivel de desarrollo humano en la región desde la gerencia de sistemas de salud

La OMS define la calidad como "el grado en el que los servicios de salud prestados a personas y poblaciones aumentan la probabilidad de lograr los resultados sanitarios deseados y son coherentes con los conocimientos profesionales del momento" 1. Así, se entiende la calidad desde las normas ISO 9000 como el grado en el que un conjunto de características inherentes cumple con la necesidad o expectativa establecida, generalmente implícita y obligatoria 2,3. El concepto de calidad en la atención médica más utilizado es el que definió Avedis Donabedian: "el tipo de atención que maximiza el bienestar del paciente, después de tener en cuenta el balance de pérdidas y ganancias esperadas, contemplando el proceso de atención en todas sus partes" 4. Se pretende, entonces, relacionar de manera reflexiva, cuáles han sido los avances de la normativa colombiana a lo largo de los últimos 25 años, para incentivar las trasformaciones necesarias y cómo debemos, en conjunto, el colectivo de trabajadores del área de la salud, construir para contribuir a elevar el nivel de desarrollo humano en la región desde la gerencia de sistemas de salud. El texto quiere invitar al lector a hacer una aproximación de manera general al SOCG (Sistema Obligatorio de Garantía de la Calidad) desde la gerencia de sistemas de salud y evidenciar cómo ha sido su evolución a lo largo de los últimos 25 años, así como plantear estrategias administrativas y gerenciales de marketing, las cuales se evidencian como fallos del mercado con desarrollos inapropiados y cómo el gobierno colombiano, a través de la Resolución 429 de 2016 5, plantea hasta ahora un paradigma con necesidades prontas de implementación.

The World Health Organization defines quality as "the extent to which heal- th care services provided to individuals and patient populations improve desired health outcomes" 1. That way, it is seen through the ISO 9000 regulations as the rate in which a set of attached characteristics meets an es- tablished need or expectation, one that would be implicit and mandatory 2,3. The most used concept of quality in medical attention is the one defined by Avedis Donabedian: "it's the kind of attention that maximizes patients' well-being, once the balance of gains and losses is taken into account, so the process can be observed from all possible dimensions" 4. Thus, our objec- tive is to describe and reflect about the progress of Colombian legislation during the last 25 years, in order to boost the necessary transformations and the way we must, as a whole team of workers of the health area, contribute to elevate the level of human development in the region from health area systems. The text invites the reader to approach from the management of health systems the Mandatory Quality Assurance System. That way, it is possible to prove its evolutive process along the last 25 years and plan marketing strategies and show how the Colombian government, through the Resolution 429 of 2016 5 poses a new paradigm with urgent needs of implementation, given that previous strategies are presented as failures in the market, with inappropriate developments.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde define a qualidade como "o grau no qual os serviços de saúde prestados a pessoas e populações aumentam a probabilidade de atingir os resultados sanitários desejados e são coerentes com os conhecimentos profissionais do momento" 1. Assim, entende-se a qualidade sob as normas ISO 9000 como o grau em que um conjunto de características inerentes cumpre com a necessidade ou expectativa estabelecida, geralmente implícita e obrigatória 2,3. O conceito de qualidade no atendimento médico mais utilizado é o que definiu Avedis Donabedian: "o tipo de atendimento que maximiza o bem-estar do paciente, depois de considerar o balanço de perdas e ganhos esperados, contemplando o processo de atencão em todas as suas partes" 4. Portanto, pretende-se relacionar, de maneira reflexiva, quais têm sido os avanços da normativa colombiana ao longo dos últimos 25 anos, para incentivar as transformações necessárias e como, em conjunto, o coletivo de trabalhadores da área da saúde deve construí-las para contribuir a aumentar o nível de desenvolvimento humano na região a partir da gerência de sistemas de saúde. Este texto pretende convidar o leitor a se aproximar, de maneira geral, do Sistema Obrigatório de Garantia da Qualidade a partir da gerência de sistemas de saúde e evidenciar como foi sua evolução nos últimos 25 anos, bem como propor estratégias administrativas e gerenciais de marketing, as quais são identificadas como falhas do mercado com desenvolvimento inapropriado, e como o governo colombiano, por meio da Resolução 429 de 2016 5, apresenta, até o momento, um paradigma com necessidades urgentes de implantação.

Use of healthcare resources and costs of acute cardioembolic stroke management in the Region of Madrid: The CODICE Study.

INTRODUCTION: Stroke is the main cause of admission to Neurology departments and cardioembolic stroke (CS) is one of the most common subtypes of stroke. METHODS: A multicentre prospective observational study was performed in 5 Neurology departments in public hospitals in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The objective was to estimate the use of healthcare resources and costs of acute CS management. Patients with acute CS at<48h from onset were recruited. Patients' socio-demographic, clinical, and healthcare resource use data were collected during hospitalisation and at discharge up to 30 days after admission, including data for rehabilitation treatment after discharge. RESULTS: During an 8-month recruitment period, 128 patients were recruited: mean age, 75.3±11.25; 46.9% women; mortality rate, 4.7%. All patients met the CS diagnostic criteria established by GEENCV-SEN, based on medical history or diagnostic tests. Fifty per cent of the patients had a history of atrial fibrillation and 18.8% presented other major cardioembolic sources. Non-valvular atrial fibrillation was the most frequent cause of CS (33.6%). Data for healthcare resource use, given a mean total hospital stay of 10.3±9.3 days, are as follows: rehabilitation therapy during hospital stay (46.9%, mean 4.5 days) and after discharge (56.3%, mean 26.8 days), complications (32%), specific interventions (19.5%), and laboratory and diagnostic tests (100%). Head CT (98.4%), duplex ultrasound of supra-aortic trunks (87.5%), and electrocardiogram (85.9%) were the most frequently performed diagnostic procedures. Average total cost per patient during acute-phase management and rehabilitation was €13,139. Hospital stay (45.0%) and rehabilitation at discharge (29.2%) accounted for the largest part of resources used. CONCLUSIONS: Acute CS management in the Region of Madrid resulted consumes large amounts of resources (€13,139), mainly due to hospital stays and rehabilitation.

Rheumatology assistance care in Catalonia (Spain): year 2012.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the current state of Rheumatology in Catalonia (Spain) and to update information regarding previous studies STUDY DESIGN: observational, descriptive and transversal. SAMPLE: Physicians practicing rheumatology in the public system of Catalonia. An epidemiological questionnaire was sent to all rheumatologists. The results were compared with previously published studies. RESULTS: Information was obtained on 130 rheumatologists (62 men/68 women, mean age 47±9 years). Seventy five (57.7%) physicians worked at a hospital, 5 (3.8%) in primary care and 50 (38.5%) in both. Seven (11.9%) hospitals had no rheumatologist. Eight hospitals were accredited by the National Commission to develop a training program in Rheumatology. The number of residents accredited by each hospital was variable. CONCLUSIONS: The number of rheumatologists in the public health sector in Catalonia has increased 4.8% during the last seven years, unlike the 2005 study in which there was an increase of 40% over the previous eight years. There were 7 hospitals without a rheumatologist.

Panorama actual de las políticas de bienestar y la reforma psiquiátrica en España / The present scene of welfare policies and psychiatric reform in Spain

El artículo analiza la situación de la reforma psiquiátrica después de tres décadas de desarrollo en España. Se pregunta por los logros y fracasos; por el grado de implantación del modelo comunitario y de salud pública que inspiraron en su origen el proceso. Trata de explicar el por qué de las insuficiencias asistenciales, normativas y formativas. Las fortalezas, el gran desarrollo de recursos alternativos, y la pérdida de hegemonía del Hospital psiquiátrico; y las amenazas: los cambios producidos en la gestión de los servicios sociales y sanitarios, la creciente privatización de los servicios, la precarización teórica y los cambios en la demanda de la población.

The paper analyzes the situation of psychiatric reform after three decades of development in Spain. The achievements and failures are reviewed and the degree of implementation of the community model and public health, that originally inspired the process, is examinated. It tries to explain the reasons for care, policies and training deficiencies. The strengths are: the great development of alternative resources, and the loss of hegemony of the Psychiatric Hospital; and the threats: the changes in the management of the social and health services, the increasing privatization of services, the theoretical impoverishment and the changes in the demand of the population.

Panorama actual de las políticas de bienestar y la reforma psiquiátrica en España / The present scene of welfare policies and psychiatric reform in Spain

El artículo analiza la situación de la reforma psiquiátrica después de tres décadas de desarrollo en España. Se pregunta por los logros y fracasos; por el grado de implantación del modelo comunitario y de salud pública que inspiraron en su origen el proceso. Trata de explicar el por qué de las insuficiencias asistenciales, normativas y formativas. Las fortalezas, el gran desarrollo de recursos alternativos, y la pérdida de hegemonía del Hospital psiquiátrico; y las amenazas: los cambios producidos en la gestión de los servicios sociales y sanitarios, la creciente privatización de los servicios, la precarización teórica y los cambios en la demanda de la población.(AU)

The paper analyzes the situation of psychiatric reform after three decades of development in Spain. The achievements and failures are reviewed and the degree of implementation of the community model and public health, that originally inspired the process, is examinated. It tries to explain the reasons for care, policies and training deficiencies. The strengths are: the great development of alternative resources, and the loss of hegemony of the Psychiatric Hospital; and the threats: the changes in the management of the social and health services, the increasing privatization of services, the theoretical impoverishment and the changes in the demand of the population.(AU)

La promoción de la salud y la prevención de enfermedades como actividades propias de la labor de los psicólogos / A promoção da saúde e a prevenção de doenças como atividades pertinentes à intervenção dos psicólogos / Health promotion and disease prevention. The role of the psychologist in public health

La sociedad actual presenta nuevos perfiles biológicos, conductuales y epidemiológicos. Todo ello conlleva la necesidad de rediseñar prácticas y asistencias para priorizar la promoción de la salud y la prevención de enfermedades. La asistencia psicológica a nivel primario representa un intento de responder a tal demanda, sin embargo, el modelo psicológico predominante es el de la psicología clínica que evidencia el carácter curativo desbordando el preventivo. La psicología de la salud propone un soporte epistemológico y práctico para las intervenciones psicológicas más allá de la clínica. A partir de esto, proponemos en este artículo presentar y explicar algunas nociones sobre promoción de la salud, prevención de enfermedades, enseñar la compatibilidad de las acciones de salud con el trabajo del psicólogo en salud pública en los distintos niveles de atención, y proponer una guía de actividades del psicólogo en los niveles primario, secundario y terciario de asistencia en salud(AU)

Modern-day societies present with new biological, behavioral and epidemiological profiles, implying the need to redesign care practices and activities and prioritize health promotion and disease prevention. Psychological care at the primary care level represents an attempt to respond to this need. However, the predominant psychological model is clinical psychology, focusing on cure rather than prevention. Health psychology proposes epistemological and practical support for psychological interventions beyond the clinical setting. Based on this approach, this article presents and explains some ideas in health promotion and disease prevention, showing the compatibility between health actions and the work of the psychologist in public health at the different care levels, proposing guidelines for the activities of the psychologist in primary, secondary and tertiary care(AU)

As sociedades atuais apresentam novos perfis biológicos, comportamentais e epidemiológicos. Tal fato implica na necessidade de se redesenhar práticas de assistência à saúde, em que se priorize a prevenção de enfermidades e a promoção de saúde. A assistência psicológica de nível primário representa uma tentativa de responder a essa demanda. Entretanto, o modelo clínico predominante enfatiza o caráter curativo sobre o preventivo. Na psicologia da saúde encontramos o suporte epistemológico e prático para as intervenções psicológicas que se estendem para além da clínica. Neste artigo, propomos apresentar algumas noções sobre a promoção de saúde e a prevenção de enfermidades; mostrar a compatibilidade das ações de saúde com o trabalho do psicólogo na saúde pública nos distintos níveis de atenção e sugerir algumas atividades desse profissional nos níveis primário, secundário e terciário de assistência à saúde(AU)