Socioeconomic Disparities in Urban Forest Diversity and Structure in Green Areas of Santiago de Chile.

Urban trees enhance biodiversity, provide ecosystem services, and improve quality of life in cities. Despite their benefits, trees are not distributed equitably, and many cities exhibit a "luxury effect". Given the importance of public green space for providing access to urban tree benefits, we investigated the relationship between socioeconomic level and tree diversity and structure in 60 green areas in Santiago de Chile. Species richness and total tree abundance did not significantly vary among socioeconomic levels; however, a differential effect was found according to species origin. Introduced tree species exhibited similar abundance and species richness across socioeconomic levels, but native tree species were more abundant and richer in higher socioeconomic level areas compared to lower ones. Tree cover was higher in the high and medium socioeconomic level areas than in the low socioeconomic level area. A higher average DBH was found in the medium socioeconomic level area, which may be explained by older neighborhoods and a legacy of the luxury effect. Our findings reveal that socioeconomic groups are associated with differences in tree cover, width, and the number of native species in public green areas. Consequently, urban residents have different provisions of ecosystem services and opportunities to interact with natural heritage. Increasing the amount of tree cover and native species available to vulnerable groups will reduce disparities.

Bodily Practices and Meanings Articulated in the Physical Exercise of Older Adults in Santiago de Chile Post-COVID-19.

This article presents the results of almost nine months of ethnographic research on the relationship between physical exercise and health in older people in the post-COVID-19 context. Via exploratory-descriptive qualitative research and the use of a convenient sample, I shed light on this relationship using the stories and life experiences of 40 older people (10 men and 30 women, including two women instructors for senior classes) who exercise regularly. The meanings they attributed to physical exercise during COVID-19 and after it are explained, emphasising first that there is no health in a context of not feeling safe; once there is a feeling of security, the most relevant meanings can be exposed in three directions. First, exercise produces a sense of identity linked to "being an athlete" and "belonging to a group". Second, exercising is valued as participating in something meaningful (the meanings range from self-realisation, independence, and autonomy to feelings of happiness). Finally, and linked to the sense of identity, those who train alone show more commitment and total hours spent in physical exercise and physical activity than those who train in groups. Even though older people are not a homogeneous group, they generally faced the pandemic as an ageist situation that affected their lives and how they saw sports and health. This article describes the strategies they used during COVID-19 related to exercise and well-being and those used once the pandemic restrictions were no longer present. The qualitative aspects that physical exercise brings to this population are highlighted. The research results give voice to older people, showing their heterogeneity and the meanings and practices that unite them. These inputs are rich material for studies on physical activity, older people, and well-being.

Monkeypox Virus in Wastewater Samples from Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile.

Sewage surveillance provides useful epidemiologic and public health information on viral infections at the population level. We detected monkeypox virus DNA from sewage samples covering 85% of the population in Santiago Metropolitan Region Chile. We also isolated infective viruses from those samples. Wastewater surveillance could complement clinical surveillance for monkeypox virus.

Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina.

The fossil collections made by early explorers in South America have been fundamental to reveal the past diversity of extinct mammals and unravel their evolutionary history. One important early explorer in South America was the Swiss-Argentine palaeontologist Kaspar Jacob Roth, known as Santiago Roth (1850, Herisau, Switzerland-1924, Buenos Aires, Argentina), who made significant collections of fossil mammals that are housed in museums in Europe and Argentina. The important collections of Roth in Switzerland include iconic Pleistocene megafauna from the Pampean Region (Argentina). The palaeontological significance of the Pampean Region relies on its abundant record of fossil vertebrates that documents diversity dynamics and paleoenvironmental change in southern South America, serving as the basis for the South American biostratigraphical scale of the late Neogene and Quaternary. The South American native ungulates (SANUs) were hoofed placental mammals that radiated in South America. The clades Notoungulata and Litopterna include, among others, the last representatives of SANUs megafauna in the continent. We revise and describe for the first time the SANUs specimens from the Pampean Region of the Roth collections in Switzerland. The collections include two species of notoungulates (Toxodon cf. T. platensis and Mesotherium cristatum) and one litoptern species (Macrauchenia patachonica). The occurrences are restricted to the early and middle Pleistocene (pre-Lujanian Stages/Ages). Although the SANUs diversity in the Roth collections is low in comparison with other groups (e.g., xenarthrans), some of the specimens are very complete, including skulls and postcranial remains. The completeness of the Ma. patachonica material allows an update and reinterpretation of some of the details of the dentition and the postcranial skeleton of this iconic species. In addition to its historical importance, the SANU specimens from the Roth collections provide important information to study the paleobiology and evolution of South American megafauna and evaluate hypotheses about their extinction in the continent.

Las colecciones de fósiles realizadas por los primeros exploradores en América del Sur han sido fundamentales para revelar la diversidad pasada de los mamíferos sudamericanos y desentrañar su historia evolutiva. Un importante explorador en América del Sur fue el paleontólogo suizo-argentino Kaspar Jacob Roth, conocido como Santiago Roth (1850, Herisau, Suiza-1924, Buenos Aires, Argentina), quien realizó importantes colecciones de mamíferos fósiles que se encuentran en museos de Europa y Argentina. Las colecciones de Roth en Suiza incluyen la icónica megafauna del Pleistoceno de la Región Pampeana (Argentina). La importancia paleontológica de la Región Pampeana se basa en su abundante registro de vertebrados fósiles que documenta la diversidad y el cambio paleoambiental en el sur de Sudamérica, sirviendo como base para la escala bioestratigráfica sudamericana del Neógeno tardío y Cuaternario. Los ungulados nativos sudamericanos (SANUs, por sus siglas en inglés) eran mamíferos placentarios con pezuñas que radiaron en Sudamérica. Los clados Notoungulata y Litopterna incluyen, entre otros, los últimos representantes de la megafauna de SANUs en el continente. En este trabajo, revisamos y describimos por primera vez los SANUs de la Región Pampeana de las colecciónes de Roth en Suiza. Las colecciónes incluyen dos especies de notungulados (Toxodon cf. T. platensis y Mesotherium cristatum) y una especie de litopterna (Macrauchenia patachonica). Las ocurrencias están restringidas al Pleistoceno temprano y medio (Pisos/Edades anteriores al Lujanense). Aunque la diversidad de SANU en las colecciónes Roth es baja en comparación con otros grupos (por ejemplo, xenarthros), algunos de los especímenes son muy completos, e incluyen cráneos y restos poscraneales. Lo completo del material de Ma. patachonica permite una actualización y reinterpretación de algunos de los detalles de la dentición y el esqueleto poscraneal de esta icónica especie. Además de su importancia histórica, los SANUs de la colección Roth brindan información importante para estudiar la paleobiología y evolución de la megafauna sudamericana y evaluar hipótesis sobre su extinción en el continente.

Abundance of Non-Native Birds in the City: Spatial Variation and Relationship with Socioeconomics in a South American City.

Cities commonly support a high abundance of non-native species that can affect both wildlife and human health; however, their distribution across the urban environment and their relationship with socioeconomics are not well documented. Here, we map the abundance of three non-native birds in a Latin American city-domestic pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), and monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)-and investigate the effect of socioeconomics on their abundance. We found that C. livia f. domestica exhibited a random distribution of abundance across the city but reached its greatest abundance in low-income areas. P. domesticus exhibited an aggregated distribution of abundance, being most abundant in the southern and western areas of the city and in low-income areas. M. monachus exhibited an aggregated distribution of abundance, being most abundant in the northeastern part of the city and reaching its greatest abundance in high-income areas. Low-income areas likely provide high abundance of food, shelter, and nesting sites for both C. livia f. domestica and P. domesticus, whereas high income areas have greater tree cover and larger trees in which M. monachus can build communal nests. Our study finds that the abundance of non-native birds varies across the city and between socioeconomic groups; therefore, targeted management is needed in different city zones to limit negative effects on native species and prevent zoonotic diseases.

Evento científico "REUMA Santiago 2023"

Fotorreportaje realizado durante los días 16 y 17 de junio de 2023en el curso del evento científico REUMA Santiago 2023, organizado por el capítulo de reumatología de la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba.

Photo report made on June 16 and 17, 2023 during the REUMA Santiago 2023 scientific event, organized by the rheumatology chapter of the city of Santiago de Cuba.

A new stream treefrog of the genus Hyloscirtus (Amphibia, Hylidae) from the Río Negro-Sopladora National Park, Ecuador.

Recent surveys in the Río Negro-Sopladora National Park revealed a striking new species of Hyloscirtus. The new species is easily diagnosed from all other congeners by its large body size (64.9 mm SVL in adult female); broad dermal fringes in fingers and toes; prepollex not projected into a prepollical spine and hidden under thenar tubercle; dorsum greyish-green, with paler-hued reticulum, yellow spots and black speckles; throat, venter, flanks and hidden surfaces of limbs golden-yellow with large black blotches and spots; fingers, toes and webbing yellow with black bars and spots; iris pale pink with black periphery. It is currently known only from its type locality, in the high montane forest on the southern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes, southeastern Ecuador. The new species might be related to the H.larinopygion species group based on its morphology.

Is there a relationship between socioeconomic level, vegetation cover, free-roaming cats and dogs, and the diversity of native birds? A study in a Latin American capital city.

Understanding how social and environmental factors influence biodiversity can contribute to sustainable development and promote environmental justice in cities. This knowledge is especially important in developing countries with strong social and environmental inequalities. This study investigates native bird diversity in relation to the socioeconomic level of neighborhoods, their plant cover, and the abundance of free-roaming cats and dogs in a Latin American city. Two causal hypotheses were tested: 1) socioeconomic level (defined by education and income) influence native bird diversity indirectly, as an effect mediated by plant cover, as well as directly; 2) in addition, socioeconomic conditions also influence free-roaming cats and dogs which could affect native bird diversity. To test these hypotheses, data were collected at 120 sites located in neighborhoods of different socioeconomic levels across the city of Santiago de Chile and fit to Structural Equation Models. Evidence supported the second hypothesis: in wealthier neighborhoods there was greater plant cover that, in turn, positively influenced native bird diversity; in addition, fewer free-roaming cats and dogs were found in these neighborhoods but they had no effect on native bird diversity. Results suggest that increasing plant cover, especially in more socioeconomically vulnerable neighborhoods, would contribute to urban environmental justice and more equitable opportunities to access native bird diversity.

Cincuenta años de desarrollo de la ortodoncia en Santiago de Cuba / Fifty years of development of orthodontics in Santiago de Cuba: en

En el presente trabajo se resaltan las facetas y los aportes sustanciales de personalidades que contribuyeron con sus esfuerzos al inicio del proceso de enseñanza de la ortodoncia y a la formación de nuevos especialistas. Se enfatizan los principales aportes a la bibliografía científica, docente e investigativa, tanto en el país como en el extranjero. Finalmente, se pretende resumir el desarrollo creciente de la ortodoncia en los 50 años de iniciada la formación académica en Santiago de Cuba, la cual se nutrió de nuevos profesionales capaces de conservar los principios y valores éticos propiciados por sus antecesores, con evidentes resultados científico-técnicos y calidad en el desempeño profesional.

This article highlights the facets and substantial contributions of personalities that added with their efforts to the beginning of orthodontics teaching process and the training of new specialists. The main contributions to scientific, educational and investigative literature, either in the country or abroad are emphasized. Finally, it is sought to summarize the growing development of orthodontics in the 50 years of academic training in Santiago de Cuba, with new professionals able to conserve the principles and ethical values promoted by their predecessors, with evident scientific-technical results and quality in professional performance.

Diferencias entre formas de contagio intra y extradomiciliaria en tres brotes epidémicos de COVID-19 en Santiago de Cuba / Differences between Forms of Intra- and Extra-Domiciliary Contagion in Three Epidemic Outbreaks of COVID-19 in Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: En la transmisión de la COVID-19 en Santiago de Cuba se distinguieron tres brotes epidémicos entre 2020 y 2021. Objetivo: Identificar las diferencias entre los contagios intra y extradomiciliarios en tres brotes epidémicos de COVID-19 en Santiago de Cuba entre marzo de 2020 y mayo de 2021. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de los casos de COVID-19 del territorio y el período referidos, mediante las técnicas bivariadas habituales de la estadística y el análisis estadístico implicativo, con una muestra de 6408 que se eligió por muestreo aleatorio simple de la base de datos de casos confirmados. Resultados: El contagio extradomiciliario fue significativamente mayor que el intradomiciliario sin diferencias por sexo, pero sí según grupos de edades y municipios dentro y entre ambos grupos. Fue significativo el predominio de los adultos mayores en el contagio intradomiciliario y de los adultos jóvenes en el extradomiciliario. Primaron los sintomáticos en el intradomiciliario; y, los asintomáticos, en el extradomiciliario, sin diferencias significativas entre ambas formas. Los menores de 20 años de edad, adultos mayores, asintomáticos y el municipio Mella fueron las características que se asociaron con el contagio intradomiciliario, mientras, con el extradomiciliario, los adultos jóvenes sintomáticos. Conclusiones: Las formas de contagio intra y extradomiciliaria se modularon según la conducta de las personas y el aislamiento propio de cada grupo de edades. La extradomiciliaria predominó en edades intermedias de la vida, como expresión de la conducta mediada por su responsabilidad económica en el hogar, mientras las edades extremas, que permanecieron en casa por cumplir medidas de aislamiento, fueron más propensas a la intradomiciliaria(AU)

Introduction: In the transmission of COVID-19 in Santiago de Cuba province, three epidemic outbreaks were observed between 2020 and 2021. Objective: To identify the differences between intra- and extra-domiciliary infections in three epidemic outbreaks of COVID-19 in Santiago de Cuba between March 2020 and May 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of COVID-19 cases in the territory and period above mentioned was carried out, using the usual bivariate techniques of statistics and implicative statistical analysis, to a sample of 6408 cass that was chosen by simple random sampling from the database of confirmed cases. Results: Extra-domiciliary contagion was significantly higher than intra-domiciliary contagion without differences by sex, but according to age groups and municipalities within and between both groups. The predominance of older adults in intra-domiciliary contagion and of young adults in extra-domiciliary contagion was significant. Symptomatic patients prevailed in the intra-domiciliary; and, the asymptomatic, in the extra-domiciliary, without significant differences between both forms. Children under 20 years of age, older adults, asymptomatic and Mella municipality were the characteristics that were associated with intra-domiciliary contagion, while, with the extra-domiciliary were related symptomatic young adults. Conclusions: The forms of intra- and extra-domiciliary contagion were modulated according to the behavior of the people and the isolation of each age group. Extra-domiciliary predominated in intermediate ages of life, as an expression of the behavior mediated by their economic responsibility at home, while extreme ages, who remained at home to comply with isolation measures, were more prone to intra-domiciliary contagion(AU)

Patrón demográfico, clínico y epidemiológico de la COVID-19 en Santiago de Cuba, octubre-diciembre, 2020

Introducción: La epidemia de la COVID-19 ha ido modificando sus características al ir apareciendo nuevas cepas. Objetivo: Identificar las características demográficas, clínicas y epidemiológicas que conforman el patrón de la epidemia de la COVID-19, en Santiago de Cuba. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico empleando como población de estudio los 461 casos de la COVID-19 de la provincia Santiago de Cuba de octubre a diciembre de 2020. Se seleccionaron variables demográficas, clínicas y epidemiológicas y se aplicó el análisis estadístico implicativo. Resultados: Entre las féminas confirmadas prevaleció la categoría viajero y edades entre 41 y 60 años y entre los masculinos los sin fuente de infección, entre 19 y 40 años ó 60 y más años, la fiebre como el síntoma predominante y sin antecedentes patológicos personales. En los menores de un año predominaron los asintomáticos. Los mayores de 19 años se asociaron con viajeros. De 19 a 40 años el síntoma predominante fue la fiebre; en los de 40 y menos años predominó los que no tienen comorbilidades y en los mayores la Diabetes mellitus. Entre los adultos mayores hubo más casos sin fuente de infección conocida y predominio masculino. Los trabajadores de la salud confirmados prevalecen entre 41 y 60 años y asintomáticos. Los viajeros confirmados fueron, en su mayoría, féminas mayores de 19 años y asintomáticas. Conclusiones: Hubo cambios en el comportamiento de la enfermedad en la provincia con respecto a la primera ola, con desplazamiento de los patrones de asociación entre sexo y grupos de edades.

Introduction: The COVID-19 epidemic has changed its characteristics as new strains appear. Objective: To identify the demographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics that make up the pattern of the COVID-19 epidemic in Santiago de Cuba. Material and Methods: An analytical observational study was carried out using the 461 cases of COVID-19 in Santiago de Cuba province from October to December 2020 as the study population. Demographic, clinical and epidemiological variables were selected and the implicative statistical analysis was applied. Results: Among the confirmed females, the category of traveler and ages between 41 and 60 years prevailed; among males, patients without a source of infection, between 19 and 40 years or 60 and more years, with fever as the main symptom, and without personal pathological antecedents were more prevalent. Asymptomatic patients predominated in children under one year of age. Those over the age of 19 were associated with travelers. In patients 19 to 40 years of age, the predominant symptom was fever; in patients aged 40 and under, those without comorbidities prevailed; and in the elderly, diabetes mellitus prevailed. Among the older adults, there were more cases with no known source of infection and male predominance. Confirmed health workers were mainly between 41 and 60 years old and asymptomatic. Confirmed travelers were mostly women over 19 years of age and asymptomatic. Conclusions: There were changes in the behavior of the disease in the province with respect to the first wave, with displacement of the association patterns between sex and age groups.

Efectos de la COVID-19 sobre los servicios de salud en Santiago de Cuba, 2020 / Effects of COVID-19 on health services in Santiago de Cuba, 2020

Introducción: En Santiago de Cuba las acciones aplicadas para el control de la epidemia en el 2020 ocasionaron cambios y efectos negativos sobre muchos de los servicios de salud que se brindan de manera habitual en el territorio. Objetivo: Identificar el efecto de la epidemia de COVID-19 sobre los servicios de salud en la provincia Santiago de Cuba durante el año 2020. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico retrospectivo con series temporales como unidades de análisis comparadas en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba como único territorio geográfico para evaluar los efectos que tuvo la COVID-19 sobre la prestación de los servicios de salud durante el año 2020. Se seleccionaron algunos indicadores de servicios de salud de la serie de tiempo de 2015 a 2019. La fuente de datos fueron las estadísticas oficiales. Se estimó el porcentaje de cambio y se propuso una clasificación de los efectos de la COVID-19 según su magnitud y sentido. Resultados: Se produjeron cambios en la cantidad y tipos de servicios de salud en cuanto a las consultas médicas externas y de urgencia, los ingresos hospitalarios y promedio de estadía de las actividades de cardiología relacionados con ingresos, coronariografías realizadas, marcapasos implantados y operaciones ejecutadas, de las actividades quirúrgicas operaciones electivas y de urgencia, así como las ambulatorias y por mínimo acceso, los tratamientos rehabilitadores, los estudios para el diagnóstico mediante el uso de los laboratorios clínicos y de microbiología, estudios imagenológicos, en general, y los más afectados fueron los relacionados con la Estomatología, trasplantes renales y de córnea. Conclusiones: La epidemia de COVID-19 tuvo un efecto negativo en el funcionamiento de los servicios de salud al producirse cambios desfavorables en la cantidad de servicios prestados en los niveles de atención primario y secundario, lo que puede impactar en la salud de personas vulnerables si no se establecen estrategias alternativas(AU)

Introduction: In Santiago de Cuba province, the actions applied to control the epidemic in 2020 caused changes and negative effects on many of the health services that are usually provided in the territory. Objective: To identify the effect of the COVID-19 epidemic on health services in Santiago de Cuba province during 2020. Methods: A retrospective ecological study was conducted with time series as units of comparative analysis in Santiago de Cuba province as the only geographical territory to evaluate the effects of COVID-19 on the provision of health services during 2020. Some health service indicators from the time series from 2015 to 2019 were selected. The data source was official statistics. The percentage of change was estimated and a classification of the effects of COVID-19 according to its magnitude and meaning was proposed. Results: There were changes in the number and types of health services in terms of outpatient and emergency medical consultations, hospital admissions and average stay of cardiology activities related to admissions, coronary angiographies performed, pacemakers implanted and operations performed, elective surgical activities and emergency operations, as well as outpatient and minimal access ones, rehabilitative treatments, studies for diagnosis through the use of clinical and microbiology laboratories, imaging studies in general, and the most affected were those related to Stomatology, and kidney and corneal transplants. Conclusions: The COVID-19 epidemic had a negative effect on the functioning of health services as there were unfavorable changes in the number of services provided at the primary and secondary care levels, which can impact on the health of vulnerable people if alternative strategies are not established(AU)

Engagement in migrant organizations for immigrant integration: A mixed-method study with Peruvians in Chile.

Immigrant communities in Chile face barriers to their integration, in the form of discrimination and social exclusion. Psychology of liberation claims that, when minority groups experience oppressing conditions, community engagement can be a path toward integration. Nevertheless, community participation has been mainly studied in North America and Europe. Through a concurrent nested mixed-method design, this study explores the relation between community engagement and perception of integration of Peruvian immigrants in Santiago de Chile. One hundred and ten Peruvians (age range 19 to 52 years), engaged in migrant organizations (MOs), completed a self-report questionnaire that aims to identify the predictors of integration based on psychosocial perspective (education), acculturation (national identity and ethnic identity), and liberation psychology literature (perceived institutional sensitivity, knowledge of the Chilean culture and laws). Additionally, 18 Peruvian leaders (ages 31 to 56 years) were interviewed in order to explore intergroup relations and organizational strategies that their MOs use to enhance integration. An interesting and novel finding points to the role of a Latin-American identity that appears to have potential negative consequences in maintaining the status quo for the social exclusion that Peruvians currently face.

La vivencia militar de Santiago Ramón y Cajal en Cuba: capitán médico en Camagüey / The military experience of Santiago Ramón y Cajal in Cuba: medical captain in Camagüey

RESUMEN El presente trabajo aborda la presencia del eminente neurocientífico, Premio Nobel de Medicina, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, en Cuba donde sirvió en su juventud como médico militar durante la Guerra de los Diez Años. En 1874, Cajal fue destinado al Ejército Expedicionario de Cuba como capitán de Sanidad Militar, permaneciendo en la isla durante catorce meses. El futuro histólogo cumplió servicio en el peor destino posible, las enfermerías de campaña de Vista Hermosa y de San Isidro, situadas en la trocha de Bagá, en el distrito de Puerto Príncipe (hoy Camagüey), en plena e insalubre manigua. En estas enfermerías, atendió a soldados heridos en campaña y a una gran cantidad de soldados enfermos, fundamentalmente de malaria y disentería. También trabajó, durante un mes y medio, recuperándose de las fiebres palúdicas, en el cuerpo de médicos de guardia del Hospital Militar de Puerto Príncipe. El propio Cajal enfermó de malaria y disentería, fue diagnosticado de caquexia palúdica grave y declarado "inutilizado en campaña", pudiendo regresar a España en junio de 1875. En esta experiencia cubana, Cajal descubrió el ambiente de corrupción de la administración colonial, con retrasos injustificados del cobro de salarios, indiferencia del mando y fraudes en las raciones de alimentación de sus enfermos. En este trabajo, también se describe la percepción de Cajal de la isla de Cuba, de sus gentes y de su fauna y flora. La impronta de Cuba y del conflicto bélico marcaría profundamente el ánimo del científico durante toda su vida y ejerció un papel fundamental en la construcción de su pensamiento filosófico, social y político.

ABSTRACT This work addresses the presence of the eminent neuroscientist, Nobel Prize in Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, in Cuba, where he served, in his youth, as a military doctor during the Ten Years' War. In 1874, Cajal was assigned to the Expeditionary Army of Cuba as captain of Military Health, remaining on the island for fourteen months. The future histologist served in the worst possible destination, the Vista Hermosa and San Isidro field infirmaries, located on the Trocha of Bagá, in the district of Puerto Príncipe (now Camagüey), in the middle of the unsanitary manigua. In these infirmaries, he treated soldiers wounded in the field and a large number of sick soldiers, mainly from malaria and dysentery. He also worked, for a month and a half, recovering from malarial fevers, as doctor on call at the Military Hospital of Puerto Príncipe. Cajal himself fell ill with malaria and dysentery, was diagnosed with severe malarial cachexia and declared "disabled for weapons", being able to return to Spain in June 1875. In this Cuban experience, Cajal discovered the environment of corruption in the colonial administration, with unjustified delays in the collection of salaries, indifference of the command and fraud in the food rations of his patients. In this work, Cajal's perception of the island of Cuba, its people and its fauna and flora is also described. The imprint of Cuba and the war conflict would deeply mark the spirit of the scientist throughout his life and played a fundamental role in the construction of his philosophical, social and political thought.

Rhesus macaques build new social connections after a natural disaster.

Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of weather-related disasters such as hurricanes, wildfires, floods, and droughts. Understanding resilience and vulnerability to these intense stressors and their aftermath could reveal adaptations to extreme environmental change. In 2017, Puerto Rico suffered its worst natural disaster, Hurricane Maria, which left 3,000 dead and provoked a mental health crisis. Cayo Santiago island, home to a population of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), was devastated by the same storm. We compared social networks of two groups of macaques before and after the hurricane and found an increase in affiliative social connections, driven largely by monkeys most socially isolated before Hurricane Maria. Further analysis revealed monkeys invested in building new relationships rather than strengthening existing ones. Social adaptations to environmental instability might predispose rhesus macaques to success in rapidly changing anthropogenic environments.

De cómo se gestó el alcantarillado de Santiago de Chile / About how was gestated the sewerage in Santiago de Chile

Resumen Puede considerarse que la red de acequias, diseñada por el alarife Gamboa en 1541 junto con el plano de los solares de la recién fundada ciudad de Santiago, fue el esqueleto que al correr de los siglos llevaría a la construcción de un alcantarillado. Durante el período colonial estas acequias, destinadas a aportar agua a las chacras, servirían para llevarse los desechos, no sólo orgánicos, sino de todo tipo, generando abusos y litigios entre los vecinos, que se intentaba controlar con múltiples leyes y reglamentos. El agua para beber, extraída del río Mapocho, era nauseabunda y fuente de infecciones entéricas, siendo mejor -y más cara- la acarreada desde las quebradas cordilleranas, como la de Ramón. Con el advenimiento de la República en el siglo XIX nació la preocupación por tener una estructura sanitaria similar a la europea, culminando con la idea de tener una red de alcantarillado, cuya construcción se iniciaría recién en 1905, luego de una larga discusión de varios proyectos.

Abstract It is possible to estimate as the skeleton for the body of one future sewerage in Santiago (Chile) the web of irrigation ditches designed for the "alarife" (a primitive architect) Gamboa in 1541. Along the three centuries of the colonial period, the ditches not only distributed water for the familial cultures, but also got away from the houses all kind of residues, not only organic, being a fountain of conflicts and fights between the neighbors, that multiple laws and warnings could not ever resolve. The water for drink was taken from the dirty Mapocho River, full of enteric bacteria, with the consequences of Salmonella and Shigella infections, being better but more expensive the water from the ravines near the city, transported on mules or horses. With the arrival of the Republic in 1810, the idea of a sewerage for Santiago similar to the Europeans was growing, and after one discussion and another, and after one project and another, its building started on 1905.

Psychological and Structural Barriers to Immigrant Community Participation: The Experience of Peruvians in Santiago de Chile.

Community participation can be considered a pillar for the promotion of social justice and well-being for immigrants in new countries. Participation may be influenced by different forms of oppression which decrease opportunities for immigrants to be engaged. The present study explores the difficulties that Peruvian immigrants encountered and still encountering to participate in Santiago de Chile through in-depth qualitative interviews. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with Peruvian leaders of Ethnic Community Based Organizations (ECBOs) in Santiago de Chile. Interviews focused on the community engagement of Peruvians highlighting the difficulties they encountered when deciding whether to engage and throughout the process of carrying out their commitment, along with their perceptions when trying to engage their compatriots. The present study contributes to the literature in three aspects. First, it focused on the phenomenon of South-South migration. Secondly, it delved into the psychological and structural barriers that immigrants' experience, considering their disadvantaged conditions. Thirdly, it used Situational Analysis, along with the constructionist drift of Grounded Theory, which is widely used in critical, qualitative research, and is sensitive to producing situated knowledge. Coding and mapping analysis identified experiences related to historical trauma, transnational bonds, and dominant master narratives in both countries as well as challenges due to balancing time and priorities, surviving institutional deterrents, and inter-organizations competitiveness. Finally, transnational commitments, mechanisms of social disconnection, and under valuated rights that Peruvians may live in Chile were pointed out. These results intend to have practical implications for immigrants and for community psychologists.

Indicadores demográficos en la incidencia de la covid-19 en Santiago de Cuba / Indicadores demográficos na incidência da Covid-19 em Santiago de Cuba / Demographic indicators in the incidence of Covid-19 in Santiago de Cuba

Los indicadores demográficos han sido empleados por algunos investigadores para estimar el número de personas infectadas por la covid-19. El presente trabajo tiene como primer objetivo determinar en qué medida la incidencia de casos con covid-19 en los municipios de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba puede ser explicada a partir de determinados indicadores demográficos. El segundo objetivo es construir una jerarquía de grupos de municipios de acuerdo al comportamiento diferenciado de los indicadores demográficos seleccionados. Se desarrolló un estudio ecológico, exploratorio, de grupos múltiples, comparando los nueve municipios de la provincia Santiago de Cuba según variables del nivel global, supuestamente relacionadas con la cantidad de casos con covid-19 confirmados desde el 15 de octubre de 2020 hasta el 16 de enero de 2021. Se aplicó el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para seleccionar el modelo que describiera mejor el comportamiento de los datos y el análisis de clúster para visualizar la agrupación de los municipios. Se evidenció una correlación significativa entre la cantidad de casos con covid-19, la densidad de población y el grado de urbanización. En cambio, en el modelo de regresión solo resultó significativa la densidad poblacional cuando se consideraron los nueve municipios y el índice de masculinidad, cuando se excluyó el municipio atípico, Santiago de Cuba. El índice de masculinidad resultó ser una variable espuria condicionada por la densidad poblacional como variable confusora. El análisis de clúster reveló la formación de tres grupos de municipios, quedando Santiago de Cuba aislado del resto de los municipios.

Some researchers have used demographic indicators to estimate the number of people infected by COVID-19. The first goal of this study is to determine to what extent the incidence of cases of COVID-19 in the municipalities of the province of Santiago de Cuba can be explained by certain demographic indicators. The second goal is to construct a hierarchy of groups of municipalities according to the differentiated behavior of the selected demographic indicators. An ecological, exploratory, multi-group study was developed, comparing the nine municipalities of Santiago de Cuba province according to global level variables, supposedly related to the number of cases with COVID-19 confirmed from October 15, 2020 to January 16, 2021. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to select the model that best described the behavior of the data and cluster analysis to visualize the grouping of the municipalities. A significant correlation was found between the number of cases with COVID-19, population density and urbanization level. On the other hand, in the regression model, only population density was significant when the nine municipalities were considered and the masculinity index, when the atypical municipality, Santiago de Cuba, was excluded. The masculinity index turned out to be a spurious variable conditioned by population density as a confounding variable. The cluster analysis revealed the formation of three groups of municipalities, with Santiago de Cuba being isolated from the rest of the municipalities.

Indicadores demográficos têm sido usados por alguns pesquisadores para estimar o número de pessoas infectadas pela Covid-19. O primeiro objetivo deste estudo é determinar até que ponto a incidência de casos de Covid-19 nos municípios da província de Santiago de Cuba pode ser explicada por certos indicadores demográficos. O segundo objetivo é construir uma hierarquia de grupos de municípios de acordo com o comportamento diferenciado dos indicadores demográficos selecionados. Foi desenvolvido um estudo ecológico, exploratório e multigrupo, comparando os nove municípios da província de Santiago de Cuba de acordo com variáveis de nível global, supostamente relacionadas ao número de casos de Covid-19 confirmados entre 15 de outubro de 2020 e 16 de janeiro de 2021. A análise de regressão linear múltipla foi aplicada para selecionar o modelo que melhor descrevia o comportamento dos dados e a análise de agrupamento para visualizar o agrupamento dos municípios. Foi encontrada uma correlação significativa entre o número de casos de Covid-19, a densidade populacional e o nível de urbanização. Por outro lado, no modelo de regressão, apenas a densidade populacional era significativa quando os nove municípios foram considerados e o índice de masculinidade, quando o município atípico, Santiago de Cuba, foi excluído. O índice de masculinidade revelou-se uma variável espúria condicionada pela densidade populacional como uma variável confusa. A análise de agrupamento revelou a formação de três grupos de municípios, com Santiago de Cuba sendo isolado do resto dos municípios.

A Methodology for Data-Driven Decision-Making in the Monitoring of Particulate Matter Environmental Contamination in Santiago of Chile.

Atmospheric pollution derives mainly from anthropogenic activities that use combustion and may lead to adverse effects in exposed populations. It is generally accepted that air contamination causes cardiovascular and pulmonary morbidity in addition to increased mortality after exposure, but other epidemiological associations have also been described, including cancer as well as reproductive and immunological toxicity. Thus the concentration of chemicals in the air must be controlled. We propose that monitoring of air quality may be achieved by employing data analytics to generate information within the context of data-driven decision making to prevent and/or adequately alert the population about possible critical episodes of air contamination. In this paper, we propose a methodology for monitoring particulate matter pollution in Santiago of Chile which is based on bivariate control charts with heavy-tailed asymmetric distributions. This methodology is useful for monitoring environmental risk when the particulate matter concentrations follow bivariate Birnbaum-Saunders or Birnbaum-Saunders-t-Student distributions. A case study with real particulate matter pollution from Santiago is provided, which shows that the methodology is suitable to alert early episodes of extreme air pollution. The results are in agreement with the critical episodes reported with the current model used by the Chilean health authority.

Medicinal plants of Oaxaca, Mexico: ethnobotany and antibacterial activity / Plantas medicinales de Oaxaca, México: etnobotánica y actividad antibacteriana

Santiago Quiotepec, one of the oldest communities of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley (México), has a great tradition using medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to make an inventory of the medicinal species used by the inhabitants of Santiago Quiotepec and evaluate the antibacterial activity. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants was carried out, 60 informants mentioned that 66 species of plants are being used in the treatment of different diseases. Fifteen species were selected to evaluate the antibacterial activity in possible bacterial originated diseases treatment. The lowest values were presented in the hexane extract of Plumbago pulchella, with a MIC of 0.25 mg/mL over Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis as well as the hexanic extract of Echinopterys eglandulosa showed a MIC of 0.25 mg/mL over Pseudomona aeruginosa.

Santiago Quiotepec es una de las comunidades más antiguas del valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán (México), y tiene una gran tradición en el uso de plantas medicinales. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un inventario de las especies medicinales utilizadas por los habitantes de Santiago Quiotepec y evaluar la actividad antibacteriana. Se realizó un estudio etnobotánico de plantas medicinales, 60 informantes mencionaron 66 especies de plantas utilizadas en el tratamiento de diferentes enfermedades. Quince especies utilizadas en la comunidad para tratar enfermedades de posible origen bacteriano fueron seleccionadas para evaluar la actividad antibacteriana. Los valores más bajos se presentaron en el extracto hexánico de Plumbago pulchella, con una CMI de 0.25 mg/ml sobre Staphylococcus aureus y S. epidermidis, así como el extracto hexánico de Echinopterys eglandulosa mostró una CMI de 0.25 mg/mL sobre Pseudomona aeruginosa.