ABSTRACT
The complexity of the aquatic environment scenario, including the impact of urban wastewater, together with the huge number of potential hazardous compounds that may be present in waters, makes the comprehensive characterization of the samples an analytical challenge, particularly in relation to the presence of organic micropollutants (OMPs). Nowadays, the potential of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for wide-scope screening in environmental samples is out of question. Considering the physicochemical characteristics of OMPs, the coupling of liquid (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) to HRMS is mandatory. In this work, we have explored the combined use of LC and GC coupled to Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (QTOF MS) for screening of surface water and wastewater samples from Pasto (Nariño), a town of the Colombian Andean highlands (average altitude 2527 m), located in an important agricultural area. The upper basin of the Pasto River is impacted by phytosanitary products used in different crops, whereas the domestic wastewater is directly discharged into the river without any treatment, enhancing the anthropogenic impact on the water quality. The OMP searching was made by target (standards available) and suspect (without standards) approaches, using home-made databases containing >2000 compounds. Up to 15 pesticides (7 insecticides, 6 fungicides and 2 herbicides) were identified in the sampling point of the Pasto River up to the town, while no pharmaceuticals were found at this site, illustrating the impact of agriculture practices. On the contrary, 14 pharmaceuticals (7 antibiotics and 3 analgesics, among others) were found in river samples collected in the middle and down to the town sites, revealing the impact of the urban population. Interestingly, some transformation products, including metabolites, such as carbofuran-3-hydroxy and 4-acetylamino antipyrine were identified in the screening. Based on these data, future monitoring will apply target quantitative LC-MS/MS methods for the most relevant compounds identified.
Subject(s)
Wastewater , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Chromatography, Liquid , Colombia , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Environmental Monitoring , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Objetivo: Descrever o processo de criação e as etapas de elaboração de um produto educacional do tipo manual eletrônico visando contribuir com a construção de conhecimento de graduandos de terapia ocupacional e áreas afins sobre avaliação cognitiva de pré-escolares. Relato da Experiência: Trata-se de estudo do tipo relato de experiência, onde são descritas as experiências vivenciadas no período de outubro de 2021 a março de 2023 para a construção do produto educacional elaborado a partir da dissertação de Mestrado do Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Ensino em Saúde na Amazônia. Discussão: A proposta deste relato de experiência atende a uma necessidade de expor dos desafios da construção do manual para favorecer a aquisição de conhecimento dos graduandos de terapia ocupacional sobre avaliação cognitiva pré-escolar. Foram utilizadas estratégias de criação de conteúdo através de templates que culminou com uma maior uniformidade na construção dos capítulos. Conclusão: A experiência criou um manual com grande potencial para uso na aquisição de conhecimento dos graduandos, visto que, as estratégias de ensino em saúde visam a prática pedagógica direcionada e informações claras.
Objective: To describe the process of creation and the stages of elaboration of an educational product aiming to contribute to the construction of knowledge of graduates of occupational therapy and related areas on cognitive assessment of preschoolers. Experience Report: This is a descriptive study of the experience report type, where the experiences lived from October 2021 to December 2022 were described for the construction of the educational product elaborated from the Master's dissertation of the Professional Master's Program in Health Education in the Amazon. The purpose of this experience report responds to a need to expose the challenges of building the manual to favor the acquisition of knowledge by occupational therapy graduates about preschool cognitive assessment. A creation strategy was used using the inductive method through templates, which culminated in greater uniformity in the formation of chapters. Final Considerations: The experiences played an essential role in the acquisition of skills in creating content for an educational product, since health teaching strategies aim at targeted pedagogical practice and clear information.
Objetivo: Describir el proceso de creación y las etapas de elaboración de un producto educativo tipo manual electrónico con el fin de contribuir a la construcción del conocimiento de estudiantes de terapia ocupacional y áreas relacionadas sobre la evaluación cognitiva de preescolares. Relato de la Experiencia: Se trata de un estudio tipo relato de experiencia, donde se describen las vivencias durante el período de octubre de 2021 a marzo de 2023 para la creación del producto educativo, el cual se elaboró a partir de la disertación de maestría del Programa de Maestría Profesional en Enseñanza en Salud en la Amazonía. Discusión: La propuesta de este relato de experiencia responde a la necesidad de exponer los desafíos en la creación del manual para facilitar la adquisición de conocimiento de los estudiantes de terapia ocupacional sobre la evaluación cognitiva preescolar. Se utilizaron estrategias de creación de contenido mediante plantillas, lo que resultó en una mayor uniformidad en la elaboración de los capítulos. Conclusión: La experiencia ha generado un manual con un gran potencial para ser utilizado en la adquisición de conocimientos por parte de los estudiantes, ya que las estrategias de enseñanza en salud promueven la práctica pedagógica dirigida y la claridad en la información.
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Occupational Therapy/methods , Students , Cognition , Curriculum , Education, Graduate , Case Reports as Topic , Manuals as TopicABSTRACT
RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou identificar, sistematizar e avaliar quais estratégias têm sido utilizadas na Análise do Comportamento para o ensino de comportamentos pré-requisito do empatizar a crianças diagnosticadas com autismo. Para isso, realizaram-se as seguintes etapas: definição das palavras-chave e das bases de dados; estabelecimento dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão dos artigos; busca e seleção de artigos; e análise de dados que consistiu na análise da qualidade individual e geral dos artigos e na sistematização e análise de dados dos artigos (e.g., ano de publicação, procedimento empregado etc.). Foram selecionados 11 artigos para análise. Em todos os artigos, houve o ensino de uma ou mais respostas empáticas, mas apenas dois deles utilizaram a terminologia "empatia" na descrição do objetivo. A falta de consenso na definição do termo dificulta que textos sobre empatia sejam encontrados. Quanto à qualidade dos artigos recuperados, ela foi avaliada como alta. Diante da importância do tema, sugere-se que estudos futuros realizem buscas mais abrangentes sobre o ensino do empatizar para crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA).
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to identify, systematize and evaluate which strategies have been used in Behavior Analysis to teach pre-requisite behaviors for empathizing in children with autism. For this, the following steps were performed: definition of keywords and databases; establishment of inclusion and exclusion criteria for the articles; search and selection of articles; and data analysis, which consisted of analyzing the individual and general quality of the articles and systematizing and analyzing the data of the articles (e.g., year of publication, procedure used, etc.). Eleven articles were selected for analysis. All articles taught one or more empathetic responses, but only two of them used the terminology "empathy" in the objective description. The lack of consensus on the definition of the term makes it difficult to find texts on empathy. As for the quality of the retrieved articles, it was evaluated as high. Given the importance of the topic, it is suggested that future studies develop more embracing searches on teaching empathy for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
ABSTRACT
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon and may involve different risk and protective factors, as well as people of different sexual orientations, including gay men. Despite scientific evidence of the high prevalence of victimization and perpetration of this phenomenon, IPV in gay men is still largely invisible. The aim of this study was to map the risk and protective factors related to IPV among gay cis men based on a literature review. The Scopus, PsycNET, Pubmed, BVS-Psi, and SciELO databases were searched to retrieve articles published between 2018 and 2022. Thematic analysis was used to map the risk and protective factors of the 29 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Among the results, most studies investigated the risk factors for victimization of IPV, despite showing the high prevalence of bidirectionality in IPV among gay men. In addition, multiple risk and protective factors (individual, relational, and socio-community) have been shown to be associated with IPV among gay men. Mapping risk and protective factors for IPV at different ecological levels makes it possible to identify a more accurate profile of gay men's vulnerabilities, in addition to enabling the construction of more systemic interventions, which are multisectoral with specific prevention strategies, for IPV among gay men.
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Background and Aim: To report the scope of optometry practice in Trinidad and Tobago to identify areas that need improvement. Methods: A cross-sectional study of optometrists in Trinidad and Tobago was conducted using a validated self-structured questionnaire. Data obtained was exported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Descriptive analysis and Pearson χ 2 were used to summarize the demographic data and determine associations, respectively. Result: A total of 63 optometrists participated in the study. Majority of them were females (69.8%, n = 44), Christians (65.1%), East Indians (47.6%), and 30 years and below (66.7%). Most (87%) of them utilized routine optometric equipment in their clinical practice including autorefractors, retinoscopes, direct ophthalmoscopes, lensometers, phoropters, slit lamp biomicroscopes, trial lens boxes, and visual acuity chart projectors. A few of them have noncontact tonometer (4.8%), Volk lenses (1.6%), and perform color vision tests (1.6%). Fewer (12.7%, n = 8) practitioners provided low-vision services. The use of pharmaceutical agents was prevalent among the participants (55.6%). Additionally, the provision of contact lenses was the most frequently practiced service among the participants (85.7%, n = 54). A significant association was observed between the provision of low-vision services and sex (p = 0.03). Conclusion: The scope of optometry practice in Trinidad and Tobago is in accordance with the basic guidelines set out by the World Council of Optometry but there is need to get more involved in the provision of low vision and other specialty services.
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Ocean warming is expected to occur due to anthropogenic climate change bringing a spatial shift of marine communities. Experimental data that characterize the aerobic power budget via an aerobic scope, thermal metabolic scope, or thermal preferences have been proposed as tools that can describe species distribution since they characterize species fitness or performance under different temperatures. This study tested the potential relationship between observed occurrences and different physiological studies in the Americas for 11 commercially important species in Mexico. Projections were also developed for Mexico's exclusive economic zone under different climate warming scenarios. The physiological data were fitted from optimum up to pejus temperatures and projected to sea surface temperatures for present (2003-2014) and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5) for the period 2040-2050 and 2090-2100. For species with wide distributions in the Americas, the number of occurrences reported decreases at higher latitudes related to the decrease in species performance calculated from laboratory experiments. In addition, higher species occurrences are usually reported around optimum temperatures. Overall, the results suggest that pejus temperatures likely restrict latitudinal distribution, at least for widely distributed taxons. Regarding Mexican projections, the results varied widely by species. For example, in the Atlantic Ocean, Octopus maya and Panulirus argus are vulnerable to warming scenarios, while Centropomus undecimalis is not. Interestingly, northern Campeche Bank, the Gulf of California, and Western Baja California may act as thermal refugia for marine species indicating they could be assigned as protected areas to support fisheries throughout the Mexican exclusive economic zone. This research adds to the increasing evidence of the relationship between thermal niche and wild population distribution.
Subject(s)
Climate Change , Environment , Mexico , Temperature , Refugium , EcosystemABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Perinatal grief is one of the most complex and devastating types of mourning for both mothers and fathers; however, there is still little research on the psychological impact on men who experience it. Therefore, the objective of this study was to summarize and synthetize the existing literature on the way men's grief is experienced. METHODS: A search was carried out to examine three databases for articles published in the last four years; 56 articles were obtained, and 12 were retained for analysis. RESULTS: Four common themes were found: the men's experience of grief, their role as fathers, the impact of the death, and their needs regarding grief and how to face it. CONCLUSIONS: There is also a need for discussion of the importance of validating perinatal grief in men and studies that examine it without social gender stigmas in order to provide them with effective emotional support.
Subject(s)
Fathers , Parturition , Male , Pregnancy , Female , Humans , Fathers/psychology , Grief , Mothers , MenABSTRACT
In the context of climate change, warming of the seas and expansion of hypoxic zones are challenges that most species of fish are, or will be subjected to. Understanding how different species cope with these changes in their environment at the individual level can shed light on how populations and ecosystems will be affected. We provide first-time estimates on the metabolic rates, thermal, and oxygen-related limits for Halobatrachus didactylus, a coastal sedentary fish that lives in intertidal environments of the Northeast Atlantic. Using respirometry in different experimental designs, we found that this species is highly resistant to acute thermal stress (CTmax: 34.82 ± 0.66 °C) and acute hypoxia (Pcrit: 0.59-1.97 mg O2 L-1). We found size-specific differences in this stress response, with smaller individuals being more sensitive. We also quantified its aerobic scope and daily activity patterns, finding this fish to be extremely sedentary, with one of the lowest standard metabolic rates found in temperate fish (SMR: 14.96 mg O2 kg-1h-1). H. didactylus activity increases at night, when its metabolic rate increases drastically (RMR: 36.01 mg O2 kg-1h-1). The maximum metabolic rate of H. didactylus was estimated to be 67.31 mg O2 kg-1h-1, producing an aerobic scope of 52.35 mg O2 kg-1h-1 (77.8% increase). The metrics obtained in this study prove that H. didactylus is remarkably resilient to acute environmental variations in temperature and oxygen content, which might enable it to adapt to the extreme abiotic conditions forecasted for the world's oceans in the near future.
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Background and Objectives: To assist in achieving optimal position when deploying over-the-scope (OTS)-clips, the concept of cannulating the defect with a guidewire, backloading the endoscope onto the wire, and firing the OTS-clip over the wire with subsequent wire removal has been demonstrated. The safety of this technique has not been evaluated. Methods: An ex-vivo porcine foregut model was utilized. Biopsy punches were used to create 3-mm diameter full-thickness gastrointestinal tract defects through which a guidewire was threaded. An endoscope was backloaded over the wire and OTS-clips (OVESCO, Tuebingen, Germany) were fired over the mucosal defect and wire. The wire was removed through the endoscope and the removal difficulty was graded using a Likert scale. This process was repeated for each unique combination of nine OTS-clip types, two wire types, four wire angles, and three tissue types. Statistical analysis included t test and ANOVA. Results: Two hundred sixteen OTS-clip firings with wire removal attempts were performed with the following Likert score breakdown: 1 - No difficulty (80.6%), 2 - mild difficulty (16.2%), 3 - moderate difficulty (2.3%), 4 - extreme difficulty (0.9%), and 5 - unable to remove (0%). Statistically significant differences were noted in removal difficulty between OTS-clip sizes (p < 0.05). No differences were identified between clip teeth types, wire types, tissue types, and wire angles (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In this ex-vivo model, the guidewire was successfully removed through the endoscope in all cases. This technique can be employed to facilitate OTS-clip closure of gastrointestinal tract defects, but further study is indicated before wide clinical implementation.
Subject(s)
Endoscopes , Surgical Instruments , Swine , AnimalsABSTRACT
RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo: (I) identificar o estado de arte das publicações sobre intervenções assistida por animais (IAA) na América Latina; e (II) realizar a avaliação crítica da qualidade metodológica dos estudos clínicos sobre IAA na América Latina. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo. Os dados foram coletados nas bases Redalyc, SciELO, LILACS, Periódicos CAPES e BIREME. Atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade 146 artigos, sendo 34 submetidos ao Método de Avaliação Crítica de Estudos da Colaboração Cochrane. Os estudos abrangeram o período de 1997 a 2021, principalmente produzidos no Brasil, com delineamentos do tipo estudos de revisão, de caso e descritivo. Em relação aos estudos clínicos, a população infantil foi o maior público submetido às IAA. Equinos e canídeos e representaram as principais espécies de coterapeutas. Parte significativa dos estudos de intervenção demonstrou critérios de replicabilidade, porém constatou-se a ausência de rigor metodológico, limitando a possibilidade de avaliação da eficácia das intervenções. Este estudo aponta o potencial uso da IAA na América Latina e aumento do número de produções ao longo do tempo; todavia, sugere-se que estudos futuros privilegiem a utilização de metodologia experimental, como os ensaios clínicos randomizados, de forma a permitir a avaliação da eficácia das IAA.
ABSTRACT This study aimed to: (I) to identify the state of the art of publications on animal-assisted interventions (AAI) in Latin America; and (II) to critically evaluate the methodological quality of clinical studies on AAI in Latin America. This is a scoping review. Data were collected from Redalyc, SciELO, LILACS, CAPES Journal Portal and BIREME. Eligibility criteria allowed the inclusion of 146 articles, 34 of which were submitted to the Cochrane Collaboration Method of Critical Appraisal of Studies. The studies covered the period from 1997 to 2021, mainly produced in Brazil, and designed as review, case, and descriptive studies. Regarding clinical studies, the child population was the largest population submitted to AAI. Horses and canidae represented the main cotherapists species. A significant part of the intervention studies demonstrated replicability criteria; however, there was a lack of methodological rigor, limiting the possibility of evaluating the effectiveness of the interventions. This study points to the potential use of AAI in Latin America and an increase in the number of studies over time; however, it is suggested that future studies should emphasize the use of experimental methodology, such as randomized clinical trials, in order to allow the evaluation of the effectiveness of AAI.
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Resumo Avaliar por meio de uma revisão de escopo estudos que abordam a percepção e atitude do cirurgião-dentista diante do atendimento a mulheres em situação de violência. Utilizando os descritores women violence, dentist attendence ou dentist care, foram identificados 473 artigos, sendo incluídos 13, ao final da seleção. Embora a necessidade de capacitação tenha sido predominante, ela não é suficiente. Existe uma fragilidade em se compreender a violência como problema de saúde, de entender o papel do profissional na solução desse problema, os fatores que podem contribuir com seu crescimento ou seu controle. Os resultados revelaram que o cirurgião-dentista apresentou maior dificuldade do que os outros profissionais no enfrentamento e exigem um amplo aprendizado. O reconhecimento dos referidos casos pelo cirurgião-dentista exige a incorporação de medidas educativas que provoquem mudanças culturais, desconstrução de normas de gênero e a desnaturalização desse fenômeno social.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate, through a scope review, studies that address the perceptions and attitudes of dentists regarding the care of women in situations of violence. Using the descriptors women violence, dentist attendance or dentist care, 473 articles were identified, of which 13 were included at the end of the selection process. Although the need for training was predominant, it was not sufficient. There is a weakness in understanding violence as a health problem, in understanding the role of the professional in solving this problem, and the factors that can contribute to its growth or its control. The results revealed that the dentist had greater difficulty than other professionals in coping with the issue and required extensive training. The recognition of these cases of abuse by the dentist requires the incorporation of educational measures that cause cultural changes, deconstruction of gender norms and the denaturalization of this social phenomenon.
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This paper researches the existence of economies of scale and scope in the Chilean water and sewerage industry using a translog cost function approach over the period 2010-2017. It also provides estimates of productivity growth and its determinants, technical change and scale effect. The results suggest that on average, the water industry operates under increasing economies of scale, which implies that further increases in water companies' scale of operations may be cost beneficial. Economies of scope between water and sewerage services were found for the average company, which suggests that the joint provision of these services may lead to cost savings. An average annual productivity increase of 2.5% was reported with scale effect being the major driver. Full private companies performed better than concessionary and public water companies. The results of our study can be of greater interest to the policy-makers who want to make decisions on introducing policy reforms such as mergers, unbundling of the water and sewerage supply chain, or developing incentives to improve companies' productivity.
Subject(s)
Industry , Water , Chile , Efficiency , Water SupplyABSTRACT
Introdução: A esquizofrenia é o transtorno mental mais grave e as intervenções visam proporcionar uma melhor qualidade de vida ao indivíduo em sofrimento psíquico, família/cuidadores. Objetivo: Sintetizar as intervenções realizadas por enfermeiros para indivíduos adultos com esquizofrenia em serviços especializados. Método: Revisão de escopo nas bases EMBASE, PubMed, LILACS, BDENF, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, MedNar, CAPES e ProQuest. Não houve limitação de linguagem e ano e os dados analisados e sintetizados de forma narrativa. Resultados: Atuar como instrutor de saúde e bem-estar; desenvolver plano de cuidados; implementar atividades de reabilitação psicossocial e intervenções familiares; aplicar técnicas de Terapia Cognitivo Comportamental e atenção plena; incentivar o empoderamento e implementar recursos de tecnologia de cuidado em saúde. Conclusão: As intervenções dos enfermeiros pautando-se no modelo biopsicossocial e apoiando-se nas habilidades individuais da pessoa em sofrimento psíquico, bem como o suporte social, são imprescindíveis para melhor qualidade de vida.
Introduction: Schizophrenia is the most serious mental disorder and interventions aim to provide a better quality of life for the individual in psychological distress, family/caregivers. Objective: To synthesize the interventions performed by nurses for adults with schizophrenia in specialized services. Method: Scope review in EMBASE, PubMed, LILACS, BDENF, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, MedNar, CAPES and ProQuest. There was no language and year limitation and the data analyzed and synthesized in a narrative way. Results: Act as a health and wellness coach; develop care plan; implement psychosocial rehabilitation activities and family interventions; apply Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques and mindfulness, encourage empowerment and implement health care technology resources. Conclusion: Nurses's interventions based on the biopsychosocial model and relying on the individual skills of the person in psychological distress as well as social support are essential for a better quality of life.
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychiatric Nursing , Schizophrenia , Mental Health , Mental Disorders , Mental Health Services , Nursing CareABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction Occupation-based intervention (OBI) is defined as an intervention using a clients' occupation and purposeful activities as a treatment medium to achieve the client's goals. Several barriers to practising OBI have been reported in previous studies. However, limited research has been done to identify these perceived barriers to applying OBI in Malaysia's various occupational therapy practice areas. Objective This study aimed to identify perceived barriers to applying OBI in Malaysia's three main occupational therapy practice areas including physical, psychiatry and paediatric. Method A cross-sectional study design was employed, and participants were recruited using a purposive sampling strategy. Data was collected using an online survey from a Delphi study. Results Two hundred ninety-eight Malaysian occupational therapists aged between 22 and 56 years old participated in this study. The study identified several perceived barriers from the client factors, the contextual factors, occupation as treatment modalities and logistical issues. A statistically significant difference was found in the perceived barriers of applying OBI between different areas of occupational therapy practice (p=.013), working experience (p=.003), and position of occupational therapists (p=.001). Conclusion This study suggests that perceived barriers to applying OBI were influenced by the area of practice, working experience and position of the occupational therapists. The results highlight the need to identify potential solutions to applying OBI through research and education.
Resumo Introdução Intervenção baseada na ocupação (OBI) é definida como uma intervenção usando a ocupação dos sujeitos e as atividades propostas como meio de tratamento, para atingir os objetivos dos sujeitos. Várias barreiras com relação à prática de OBI foram relatadas em estudos anteriores. No entanto, pesquisas limitadas foram feitas para identificar essas barreiras percebidas para a aplicação do OBI nas várias áreas de prática de terapia ocupacional na Malásia. Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as barreiras percebidas para a aplicação do OBI nas três principais áreas de prática de terapia ocupacional na Malásia, incluindo áreas físicas, psiquiátricas e pediátricas. Método Um desenho de estudo transversal foi empregado e os participantes foram recrutados usando uma estratégia de amostragem intencional. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma pesquisa online de um estudo Delphi. Resultados Duzentos e noventa e oito terapeutas ocupacionais malaios com idades entre 22 e 56 anos participaram deste estudo. O estudo identificou várias barreiras percebidas nos fatores contextuais das pessoas, na ocupação como modalidades de tratamento e nas questões logística. Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada nas barreiras percebidas da aplicação do OBI entre diferentes áreas da prática da terapia ocupacional (p = 0,013), experiência de trabalho (p = 0,003) e posição dos terapeutas ocupacionais (p = 0,001). Conclusão Este estudo sugere que as barreiras percebidas para a aplicação do OBI foram influenciadas pela área de prática, experiência de trabalho e posição dos terapeutas ocupacionais. Os resultados destacam a necessidade de identificar soluções potenciais para a aplicação do OBI por meio de pesquisa e educação.
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Amphibians may be more vulnerable to climate-driven habitat modification because of their complex life cycle dependence on land and water. Considering the current rate of global warming, it is critical to identify the vulnerability of a species by assessing its potential to acclimate to warming temperatures. In many species, thermal acclimation provides a reversible physiological adjustment in response to temperature changes, conferring resilience in a changing climate. Here, we investigate the effects of temperature acclimation on the physiological performance of tadpoles of a stream-breeding savanna tree frog (Bokermannohyla ibitiguara) in relation to the thermal conditions naturally experienced in their microhabitat (range: 18.8-24.6°C). We quantified performance measures such as routine and maximum metabolic rate at different test (15, 20, 25, 30, and 34°C) and acclimation temperatures (18 and 25°C). We also measured heart rate before and after autonomic blockade with atropine and sotalol at the respective acclimation temperatures. Further, we determined the critical thermal maximum and warming tolerance (critical thermal maximum minus maximum microhabitat temperature), which were not affected by acclimation. Mass-specific routine and mass-specific maximum metabolic rate, as well as heart rate, increased with increasing test temperatures; however, acclimation elevated mass-specific routine metabolic rate while not affecting mass-specific maximum metabolic rate. Heart rate before and after the pharmacological blockade was also unaffected by acclimation. Aerobic scope in animals acclimated to 25°C was substantially reduced, suggesting that physiological performance at the highest temperatures experienced in their natural habitat is compromised. In conclusion, the data suggest that the tadpoles of B. ibitiguara, living in a thermally stable environment, have a limited capacity to physiologically adjust to the highest temperatures found in their micro-habitat, making the species more vulnerable to future climate change.
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OBJECTIVE: This review proposes a neurobiological model for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) associated with stress and anxiety. METHODS: An electronic search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Articles published up to 2020 were selected. The search terms were the following: temporomandibular disorders, anxiety, stress, neurobiology of stress and anxiety, and orofacial pain. RESULTS: In total, there were 100 studies, which presented a total of 10 different analyses. The results were described, demonstrating the type of analysis that was performed on each item analyzed for a better understanding of the context. CONCLUSION: The conclusion is that the interactions between the masticatory system, temporomandibular joints (TMJs), and stomatognathic apparatus with "stress neuromatrix," "pain neuromatrix," "limbic system," and "neuroimmunoendocrine system" would produce the range of changes observed in neural connectivity and the diversity of symptoms presented in TMD.
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This study determined the physiological and metabolic responses of cultivated Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) juveniles in accordance with their recent thermal history. The fish were acclimated at 20, 23, 26, 29 and 32 °C for 21 days to determine the final preferred temperature, thermal tolerance and the effect of acclimation temperatures on their oxygen uptake and aerobic scope. The final preferred temperature of juveniles was established at 26 °C. The critical thermal maximum (CTmax) ranged from 34.2 to 36.9 °C, while the critical thermal minimum (CTmin) ranged from 10.9 to 17.3 °C, depending on acclimation temperature. With the CTmax and CTmin values, the thermal window was determined to have an area of 258°C2, which is characteristic of subtropical organisms. Although, the metabolic rate was relatively constant (ranging 390.6-449.8 mg O2 kg-0.8 h-1) between 20 and 26 °C (Q10 = 1.6, 1.0), an increase to 544.8 mg O2 kg-0.8 h-1 at 29 °C (Q10 = 1.9) and decrease of 478.4 mg O2 kg-0.8 h-1 at 32 °C (Q10 = 0.6) were observed. The maximum value obtained for aerobic scope was 310.9 mg O2 kg-0.8 h-1 at 26 °C. These results suggest that the acclimation temperature of 26 °C is an optimum thermal condition for a physiological and metabolic performance of yellowtail kingfish juveniles. On the contrary, the response observed during the evaluation of critical temperatures, oxygen uptake and aerobic scope indicated that yellowtail kingfish in the juvenile state could be vulnerable when it experiences for long periods (e.g., >21 days) temperatures above 29 °C. According to our results, the thermoregulatory behaviour of yellowtail kingfish in the juvenile stages could be one of the most important mechanisms to maintain its optimal physiological performance by actively selecting a stable thermal environment close to 26 °C. In addition, it was determined the limits of the pejus state of juvenile yellowtail kingfish at 29 °C, where an increase of oxygen uptake to maintain the aerobic energy metabolism was observed, this could certainly affect the growth of juveniles in culture systems if they do not return in a thermal range of 23-26 °C. These results can contribute to infer the different effects of acclimation temperature on the growth, thermal tolerance and respiratory capacity of S. lalandi juveniles on aquaculture systems.
Subject(s)
Acclimatization , Fishes/metabolism , Oxygen Consumption , Oxygen/metabolism , Thermotolerance , Animal Husbandry , Animals , TemperatureABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The shortage of doctors and their unequal distribution serve as challenges to advancing primary healthcare (PHC) and achieving effective universal healthcare coverage in Brazil. In an effort to use nurses' potential more efficiently, the country is investigating the introduction of the advanced practice nurse (APN) into PHC. This paper presents a situational analysis of the practices of Brazilian nurses based on the following components: regulation, practice, and education. METHODS: This is a national multi-method study with triangulated data from a documentary study, a scoping review, and an exploratory study. The regulation component involved the analysis of official normative documents on the regulation of nursing education and nurses' scope of practice. The practice component aimed to identify the practices performed by nurses in Brazilian PHC based on primary studies. The education component intended to identify the practices taught in nursing training based on a survey and interviews with directors of undergraduate nursing programs. RESULTS: Federal legislation in Brazil authorizes nursing graduates to perform a set of advanced practices as part of the PHC nurse's daily routine. They can request and interpret complementary tests and prescribe medication. However, in the local context, municipalities define the scope of this assistance based on technical norms or nursing protocols. Furthermore, this study indicates that undergraduate nursing programs do not fully prepare students to adequately execute these tasks. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of Brazilian PHC, advanced practices have already been implemented and respond to main healthcare demands. Therefore, it is unnecessary to introduce the APN as a new professional category. Upon detecting deficiencies in the training process, the current education model should undergo reforms that seek to incorporate the skills compatible with the regulated advanced practices and in-service training for practicing nurses. Regarding the introduction of APN along international lines, this article presents recommendations that may support the operationalization of a Brazilian APN model.
Subject(s)
Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate , Nurses , Students, Nursing , Brazil , Humans , Nurse's Role , Primary Health CareABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The American Board of Medical Specialties recognized addiction medicine (ADM) as a subspecialty in 2016, which was timely given the recent rise in substance use disorder (SUD). The impact of this dual board opportunity on Family Medicine has not been described. Our study enumerates and characterizes physicians dually certified in Family Medicine and ADM. METHODS: We linked American Board of Medical Specialties data from March 2020 on physicians dually boarded in Family Medicine and ADM to responses on demographic and scope of practice questions in the American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) National Graduate Survey and Family Medicine Certification Examination Registration Questionnaire. RESULTS: Of current ABFM Diplomates, 0.53% (492/93,269) are also boarded in ADM. Based on survey responses from a subset of dually certified physicians, those who are dually certified are more likely to practice in federally qualified health centers and to hold a faculty position. Dually certified physicians are more likely to provide HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C management and are as likely as non-dually certified physicians to provide newborn care, obstetric deliveries, inpatient adult medicine care, and intensive care. DISCUSSION: While only a small proportion of family physicians carry dual ADM board certification, those that do disproportionately serve vulnerable populations while retaining broad scope of care. Further work is needed to examine whether SUD treatment access could be addressed by implementing models that support dually certified physicians in consultative and educational efforts that would amplify their impact across the primary care workforce.