A biomarker approach to study the effects of polluted Brazilian urban reservoirs in a native fish.

Two of the largest water reservoirs in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil (MRSP), named Billings and Guarapiranga, are facing high levels of anthropic impact. This is evidenced by the presence of contaminants and pollutants, which are deteriorating their water quality. Therefore, this study evaluated antioxidant defense enzymes, lipoperoxidation and genotoxicity, in adult females of a native species, Astyanax altiparanae from the Guarapiranga and Billings reservoirs. The study also aimed to evaluate these biomarkers during two different periods of the year, the rainy (summer) and dry (winter) seasons. The oxidative stress was evaluated by the activity of enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferases, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the gills and liver, and the occurrence of lipoperoxidation was also evaluated in both organs. The genotoxicity was assessed by performing comet assay, micronucleus, and nuclear abnormality tests on blood samples. The results showed that fish from both reservoirs are subjected to oxidative stress and genotoxic damage, mainly during winter, but fish living in Billings showed greater alterations than fish from Guarapiranga. Likewise, the results of the principal component analysis suggested that caffeine, nitrogenous compounds, and some metals might be triggering these toxic effects in fish.

Size, season and origin of gastropods matter in imposex assessments.

Through controlled exposure to tributyltin (TBT), the effects of season, size, and population origin were evaluated on imposex incidence in Stramonita brasiliensis. Four experiments were carried out with organisms collected from three different sites on the Brazilian coast (Torres - Rio Grande do Sul, Farol de Santa Marta - Santa Catarina, and Aracruz - Espírito Santo). S. brasiliensis were anesthetized, sexed, measured, classified by size in small (< 30 mm), medium (≥ 30 to ≤ 40 mm), or big (> 40 mm) and injected in the foot muscle with 0.5 µg g-1 of TBT. Organisms were maintained during one month in aquariums with clear marine water under controlled laboratory conditions. One month after injection, the imposex assessments showed that the population from the southeast (tropical) region was more sensitive to TBT than the population from the south of Brazil (the temperate region). A greater sensitivity in the small and medium categories was observed. Females were also more susceptible to TBT when exposed during their reproductive period. Thus, the present study highlighted the need to ensure that intrinsic biological factors related to organisms are considered in such biomonitoring studies to avoid misinterpretation of results.

Seasonal effects on physical activity levels in adults living in Southern Brazil

Há pouca consistência na literatura sobre o efeito sazonal nos níveis de atividade física (NAF) na população. Realizou-se um estudo longitudinal para avaliar o efeito da sazonalidade nos NAFs em 120 adultos de uma região temperada do Sul do Brasil. A atividade física (AF) foi avaliada em dois períodos (verão e inverno) de 2007, com base na seção de AF no tempo de lazer e como forma de deslocamento do International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). As medianas dos NAFs foram comparadas entre as duas estações usando Sign Test. Para comparar a proporção de ativos e inativos no verão e no inverno utilizou-se o McNemar Test. A mediana do NAF Total no tempo de lazer foi maior no verão do que no inverno (383,75 vs. 210 MET-min/sem) (p=0,02). A porcentagem de pessoas inativas no verão e no inverno foi, respectivamente, 37,5% e 49,2% (p=0,04). As pessoas com 9 a 11 anos de escolaridade e pertencentes à classe B foram as que sofreram maiores reduções nos NAFs do verão para o inverno. Nossos resultados apontam para a necessidade de planejamento e estratégias para promover AF regular, especialmente no inverno.

There are no consistent findings about the seasonal effects on the physical activity levels (PAL) of the population. We conducted a study aimed at evaluating seasonal effects on physical activity levels among adults living in a temperate region of Brazil. A longitudinal study was carried out in a sample of 120 adults living in Southern Brazil. Physical activity was evaluated using the leisure-time and transport-related physical activity sections of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in two periods (summer and winter) of the year 2007. Median values of PAL (MET-min/week) were compared between the two seasons using Sign Test. McNemar Test was used for physical activity as dichotomous. Total Leisure-Time median values were higher in summer compared to winter (383.75 vs. 210 MET-min/wk, respectively; p=0.02). Overall, 37.5% of the subjects were classified as inactive during Summer compared to 49.2% during Winter (p=0.04). Subjects with 9 to 11 years of education, belonging to socioeconomic status B were more likely to decrease PAL in Winter compared to Summer. There must be planning and strategies to promote regular PA, particularly in winter.

Composição de bandos mistos de aves em fragmentos de mata atlântica no sudeste do Brasil

Habitat fragmentation has been one of the most important subjects for conservation biology during the last years. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of forest fragmentation on mixed-species bird flocks. These flocks are associations of two or more species, which cohesion is related to networks of interactions between flock members. Decreased predation and increased foraging efficiency are two main selective advantages thought to explain the evolution of mixed-species flocking behavior. The aim of this work was to analyse mixed-species flock composition in relation to the size of Atlantic Forest fragments during rainy and dry seasons, at Zona da Mata region, Southeastern of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Three distinct kinds of mixed-species flocks were identified at the study area: heterogeneous flocks, understory flocks and canopy flocks. The first one was observed in all forest fragments, although understory flocks were observed in only three. Canopy flocks were rare in all fragments. Some species were presente in two different kinds of flocks. The Black-goggled Tanager (Trichothraupis melanops) and the Golden-crowned Warbler (Basileuterus culicivorus) were nuclear species of heterogeneous flocks. The Red-crowned Ant-tanager (Habia rubica) was the most important species in understory flock formation and cohesion. In canopy flocks none of the species had similar characteristics. Here we analyzed the effect of season and forest fragment area on the composition of understory and heterogeneous mixed-flock based on two approaches: 1) - frequency of species and 2) - ecological traits of flocking species. In relation to species' frequencies, seasonality affected heterogeneous flocks composition more strongly than fragment area. Only two forest fragments differed slightly in heterogeneous flocks' composition. Both area and seasonality influenced understory flock composition. Excluding the category of canopy species of heterogeneous flocks, which decreased with fragment area in the rainy season, the overall proportion of species in the categories forest-dependence, foraging strata and foraging characteristics did not change in relation to forest fragment area or season, neither for heterogeneous nor for understory flocks.

A fragmentação de habitats tem sido um dos assuntos mais discutidos na biologia da conservação nos últimos anos. Entretanto, poucos estudos tem avaliado os efeitos da fragmentação de florestas em bandos mistos de aves. Esses bandos são associações de duas ou mais espécies, cuja coesão está relacionada à cadeia de interações entre os membros dos bandos. As duas vantagens seletivas invocadas para explicar a evolução do comportamento de viver em bandos mistos de espécies são o declínio no risco de predação e aumento na eficiência no forrageamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a composição de bandos mistos em relação ao tamanho dos fragmentos de Mata Atlântica durante as estações seca e chuvosa, na região da Zona da Mata, sudoeste do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram identificados três tipos distintos de bandos mistos na área estudada: bandos heterogêneos, bandos do sub-bosque e bandos de copa. O primeiro foi observado em todos os fragmentos florestais, enquanto bandos do sub-bosque foram observados em apenas três fragmentos. Bandos de copa são raros em todos os fragmentos. Algumas espécies participaram de dois tipos de bandos. Trichothraupis melanops e Basileurus culicivorus foram as espécies nucleares dos bandos heterogêneos. Habia rubica foi a espécie mais importante na formação e coesão de bandos do sub-bosque. Em bandos de copa, nenhuma das espécies apresentou características similares. Analisamos aqui o efeito da estação e da área do fragmento florestal na composição de bandos heterogêneos e de sub-bosque, baseados em dois enfoques: 1) - freqüência de espécies e 2) - características ecológicas das espécies do bando. Em relação à freqüência das espécies, a sazonalidade afetou a composição de bandos heterogêneos mais fortemente que a área do fragmento. Apenas dois fragmentos florestais diferiram levemente na composição de bandos heterogêneos. Tanto a área quanto a sazonalidade influenciaram a composição de bandos do sub-bosque. Excluindo a categoria de espécies de dossel dos bandos heterogêneos, que decresceu com a área do fragmento na estação chuvosa, a proporção geral de espécies nas categorias dependentes da floresta, estrato de forrageamento e características de forrageamento, não se alterou em relação à área do fragmento florestal ou estação, tanto para bandos heterogêneos quanto para bandos do sub-bosque.

Composição de bandos mistos de aves em fragmentos de mata atlântica no sudeste do Brasil

Habitat fragmentation has been one of the most important subjects for conservation biology during the last years. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of forest fragmentation on mixed-species bird flocks. These flocks are associations of two or more species, which cohesion is related to networks of interactions between flock members. Decreased predation and increased foraging efficiency are two main selective advantages thought to explain the evolution of mixed-species flocking behavior. The aim of this work was to analyse mixed-species flock composition in relation to the size of Atlantic Forest fragments during rainy and dry seasons, at Zona da Mata region, Southeastern of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Three distinct kinds of mixed-species flocks were identified at the study area: heterogeneous flocks, understory flocks and canopy flocks. The first one was observed in all forest fragments, although understory flocks were observed in only three. Canopy flocks were rare in all fragments. Some species were presente in two different kinds of flocks. The Black-goggled Tanager (Trichothraupis melanops) and the Golden-crowned Warbler (Basileuterus culicivorus) were nuclear species of heterogeneous flocks. The Red-crowned Ant-tanager (Habia rubica) was the most important species in understory flock formation and cohesion. In canopy flocks none of the species had similar characteristics. Here we analyzed the effect of season and forest fragment area on the composition of understory and heterogeneous mixed-flock based on two approaches: 1) - frequency of species and 2) - ecological traits of flocking species. In relation to species' frequencies, seasonality affected heterogeneous flocks composition more strongly than fragment area. Only two forest fragments differed slightly in heterogeneous flocks' composition. Both area and seasonality influenced understory flock composition. Excluding the category of canopy species of heterogeneous flocks, which decreased with fragment area in the rainy season, the overall proportion of species in the categories forest-dependence, foraging strata and foraging characteristics did not change in relation to forest fragment area or season, neither for heterogeneous nor for understory flocks.

A fragmentação de habitats tem sido um dos assuntos mais discutidos na biologia da conservação nos últimos anos. Entretanto, poucos estudos tem avaliado os efeitos da fragmentação de florestas em bandos mistos de aves. Esses bandos são associações de duas ou mais espécies, cuja coesão está relacionada à cadeia de interações entre os membros dos bandos. As duas vantagens seletivas invocadas para explicar a evolução do comportamento de viver em bandos mistos de espécies são o declínio no risco de predação e aumento na eficiência no forrageamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a composição de bandos mistos em relação ao tamanho dos fragmentos de Mata Atlântica durante as estações seca e chuvosa, na região da Zona da Mata, sudoeste do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram identificados três tipos distintos de bandos mistos na área estudada: bandos heterogêneos, bandos do sub-bosque e bandos de copa. O primeiro foi observado em todos os fragmentos florestais, enquanto bandos do sub-bosque foram observados em apenas três fragmentos. Bandos de copa são raros em todos os fragmentos. Algumas espécies participaram de dois tipos de bandos. Trichothraupis melanops e Basileurus culicivorus foram as espécies nucleares dos bandos heterogêneos. Habia rubica foi a espécie mais importante na formação e coesão de bandos do sub-bosque. Em bandos de copa, nenhuma das espécies apresentou características similares. Analisamos aqui o efeito da estação e da área do fragmento florestal na composição de bandos heterogêneos e de sub-bosque, baseados em dois enfoques: 1) - freqüência de espécies e 2) - características ecológicas das espécies do bando. Em relação à freqüência das espécies, a sazonalidade afetou a composição de bandos heterogêneos mais fortemente que a área do fragmento. Apenas dois fragmentos florestais diferiram levemente na composição de bandos heterogêneos. Tanto a área quanto a sazonalidade influenciaram a composição de bandos do sub-bosque. Excluindo a categoria de espécies de dossel dos bandos heterogêneos, que decresceu com a área do fragmento na estação chuvosa, a proporção geral de espécies nas categorias dependentes da floresta, estrato de forrageamento e características de forrageamento, não se alterou em relação à área do fragmento florestal ou estação, tanto para bandos heterogêneos quanto para bandos do sub-bosque.

Temporal patterns of resource partitioning among Cichla species in a Venezuelan blackwater river.

In channel and floodplain habitats of the Cinaruco River, Venezuela, Cichla temensis was more abundant and larger than C. intermedia and C. orinocensis. Seasonal variation in hydrology influenced habitat use, spawning, and predator-prey interactions. The three piscivores partitioned habitat, with C. intermedia showing a strong affinity for structured habitats in the main channel during all water level fluctuations. C. orinocensis was most abundant in shallow areas with submerged structure in lagoons and, to a lesser extent, in low velocity regions of the channel, and C. temensis occupied a wide range of lotic and lentic habitats. During the low-water period, the feeding frequency and body condition of all three species declined, and this was related, in part, to preparation for spawning near the end of the low-water season. The diet of C. intermedia was least similar to its two congeners during falling and rising water. C. orinocensis and C. temensis had lowest diet overlap during the low-water conditions, the period when many individuals of these two species move into lagoons for nesting. Prey in stomachs were significantly larger during the falling-water than the rising-water period, and predation by Cichla and other large piscivores during the falling-water period may have reduced the abundance of large prey, particularly Semaprochilodus kneri. These migratory detritivorous fish were important prey for C. temensis during the falling-water period and probably contributed a substantial fraction of the annual energy intake for this species. Together, the three Cichla species consume a wide spectrum of prey from a diverse fish assemblage, but prey are subdivided based on habitat, prey type, and season.