Scanning vertical distributions of typical aerosols along the Yangtze River using elastic lidar.

In recent years, China has experienced heavy air pollution, especially haze caused by particulate matter (PM). The compositions, horizontal distributions, transport, and chemical formation mechanisms of PM and its precursors have been widely investigated in China based on near-ground measurements. However, the understanding of the distributions and physical and chemical processes of PM in the vertical direction remains limited. In this study, an elastic lidar was employed to investigate the vertical profiles of aerosols along the Yangtze River during the Yangtze River Campaign of winter 2015. Some typical aerosols were identified and some events were analyzed in three cases. Dust aerosols can be transported from the Gobi Desert to the Yangtze River basin across a long distance at both low and high altitudes in early December. The transport route was perpendicular to the ship track, suggesting that the dust aerosols may have affected a large area. Moreover, during transport, some dust was also affected by the areas below its transport route since some anthropogenic pollutants were mixed with the dust and changed some of its optical properties. Biomass-burning aerosols covering a distant range along the Yangtze River were identified. This result directly shows the impact areas of biomass-burning aerosols in some agricultural fields. Some directly emitted aerosol plumes were observed, and direct effects of such plumes were limited both temporally and spatially. In addition, an aerosol plume with very low linear depolarization ratios, probably formed through secondary processes, was also observed. These results can help us better understand aerosols in large spatial scales in China and can be useful to regional haze studies.

Una perspectiva neurobiológica del pensamiento preconciente / A neurobiologiccal perspective of preconscious thought

El modelo teórico freudiano del proceso de construcción del Yo se complementa con el análisis de los modos que adopta el pensamiento, configurando un tipo general de funcionamiento denominado "proceso secundario" o modo preconciente/conciente de la actividad psíquica. Desarrollos recientes en neurociencia han mostrado la existencia de diferentes redes o sistemas neurales correlacionados con distintos tipos de actividad mental. Entre éstos, la "default mode network" (DMN) designa un sistema que muestra un alto nivel de actividad metabólica "en reposo", cuando el cerebro no está ocupado en llevar a cabo un tarea en particular. En 2010 Friston y Carhart-Harris propusieron que dicho sistema podría constituir el sustrato neural para el proceso secundario freudiano. En este artículo se revisaran brevemente el modelo teórico freudiano de la construcción del yo, por una parte, y el estado del arte que muestra el desarrollo de la DMN en bebés y niños de diferentes edades. (AU)

According to Friston and Carhart-Harris some Freudian main theoretical concepts may have neurobiological correlates. They propose that the Freudian notion of "secondary process" can be related to the activity of the "default mode network". The secondary process is mainly devoted to converting "free energy" into "bound energy" in a fashion that makes it useful for higher cognitive functions, and it is governed by "the ego" as the chief executive structure. The DMN was described as a network that shows high metabolic activity at rest and deactivates during goal-directed cognition. We intend to show, from the Freudian perspective, how different modes of thinking activity can be related to each stage of ego structure development and contribute with certain complex components shaping the preconscious/conscious way of thinking. And then, how these ego forms can be correlated with recent findings about DMN ontogenetic changes and maturation in newborns and young children. (AU)

LSD Increases Primary Process Thinking via Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation.

Rationale: Stimulation of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptors by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and related compounds such as psilocybin has previously been shown to increase primary process thinking - an ontologically and evolutionary early, implicit, associative, and automatic mode of thinking which is typically occurring during altered states of consciousness such as dreaming. However, it is still largely unknown whether LSD induces primary process thinking under placebo-controlled, standardized experimental conditions and whether these effects are related to subjective experience and 5-HT2A receptor activation. Therefore, this study aimed to test the hypotheses that LSD increases primary process thinking and that primary process thinking depends on 5-HT2A receptor activation and is related to subjective drug effects. Methods: Twenty-five healthy subjects performed an audio-recorded mental imagery task 7 h after drug administration during three drug conditions: placebo, LSD (100 mcg orally) and LSD together with the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin (40 mg orally). The main outcome variable in this study was primary index (PI), a formal measure of primary process thinking in the imagery reports. State of consciousness was evaluated using the Altered State of Consciousness (5D-ASC) rating scale. Results: LSD, compared with placebo, significantly increased primary index (p < 0.001, Bonferroni-corrected). The LSD-induced increase in primary index was positively correlated with LSD-induced disembodiment (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-corrected), and blissful state (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-corrected) on the 5D-ASC. Both LSD-induced increases in primary index and changes in state of consciousness were fully blocked by ketanserin. Conclusion: LSD induces primary process thinking via activation of 5-HT2A receptors and in relation to disembodiment and blissful state. Primary process thinking appears to crucially organize inner experiences during both dreams and psychedelic states of consciousness.

Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning.

Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode (100-500nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles (fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate (OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than 70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak (80SO3-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks (97HSO4-+96SO4-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.

Affective preclinical modeling of psychiatric disorders: taking imbalanced primal emotional feelings of animals seriously in our search for novel antidepressants.

Preclinical animal models of psychiatric disorders are of critical importance for advances in development of new psychiatric medicine. Regrettably, behavior-only models have yielded no novel targeted treatments during the past half-century of vigorous deployment. This may reflect the general neglect of experiential aspects of animal emotions, since affective mental states of animals supposedly cannot be empirically monitored. This supposition is wrong-to the extent that the rewarding and punishing aspects of emotion circuit arousals reflect positive and negative affective states. During the past decade, the use of such affective neuroscience-based animal modeling has yielded three novel antidepressants (i) via the alleviation of psychic pain with low doses of buprenorphine; (ii) via the amplification of enthusiasm by direct stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle); and (iii) via the facilitation of the capacity for social joy with play facilitators such as rapastinel (GLYX13). All have progressed to successful human testing. For optimal progress, it may be useful for preclinical investigators to focus on the evolved affective foundations of psychiatrically relevant brain emotional disorders for optimal animal modeling.

Los modelos animales preclínicos de los trastornos psiquiátricos son de gran importancía para el avance en el desarrollo de la nueva medicina psiquiátrica. A pesar del importante desarrollo durante la segunda mitad del siglo pasado, los modelos puramente conductuales no han dado origen a nuevos blancos terapéuticos. Esto puede reflejar el rechazo general a los aspectos experienciales de las emocíones en los animales, ya que los estados mentales afectivos de ellos supuestamente no se pueden monitorear empíricamente. Esta suposición es incorrecta, dado que los aspectos de recompensa y castigo que activan los circuítos de las emociones reflejan estados afectivos positivos y negativos. Durante la última década el empleo de estos modelos animales basados en la neurociencia-afectiva ha producido tres nuevos antidepresivos: 1) aliviando el dolor psíquico con bajas dosis de buprenorfina, 2) amplificando el entusiasmo por estimulación directa del haz medial del cerebro anterior y 3) facilitando la capacidad de goce social con facilitadores del juego como el rapastinel (GLYX-13). Todos han avanzado con pruebas exitosas en humanos. Para un desarrollo óptimo, podría ser útil para los investigadores preclínicos enfocarse en las evolucion adas bases afectivas de los trastornos cerebrales emocionales importantes en psíquíatría para generar óptimos modelos animales.

Les modèles animaux précliniques de troubles psychiatriques sont d'une importance cruciale pour les avancées dans le développement de nouveaux médicaments psychiatriques. Malheureusement, durant ces 50 dernières années d'essor dynamique, aucun nouveau médicament ciblé n'est né de modèles fondés sur le seul comportement. Cela traduit peut-être le fait que les expériences négligent généralement les émotions animales, les états mentaux affectifs animaux n'étant pas supposés contrôlables empiriquement. Cette hypothèse est fausse dans la mesure où les dimensions de récompense et de punition de l'excitation des circuits de l'émotion reflètent des états affectifs positifs et négatifs. Ces 10 dernières années, trois nouveaux antidépresseurs sont issus de modèles animaux fondés sur cette neuroscience affective: 1) en soulageant la douleur psychique par de faibles doses de buprénorphine ; 2) en amplifiant l'enthousiasme par stimulation directe du faisceau médian du téléncéphale ; et 3) en facilitant la capacité de joie sociale par le biais de facilitateurs de jeu tels le rapastinel (GLYX-13). Ils ont tous franchi avec succès les étapes jusqu'aux essais chez l'homme. Pour un progrès maximal, les chercheurs en recherche préclinique devraient peut-être s'intéresser aux bases affectives évoluées des troubles émotionnels cérébraux psychiatriquement appropriés pour une modélisation animale optimale.

Sobre o alcance da intervenção analítica

Este trabalho apresenta um breve levantamento da utilização do conceito de símbolo na obra de Freud para a, a partir daí, podermos refletir sobre as implicações disso na prática clínica. Acompanhando este mesmo propósito, busco assinalar que, na verdade, a experiência clínica de todo analista e expões a um campo de não simbolização – ao campo pulsional. Neste sentido, estaríamos tratando de situações que ultrapassam a esfera do já representado no aparelho psíquico: para alcançarmos as fronteiras de uma clínica que estaria aquém do reprimido. Proponho que este ponto de vista nos obrigue a considerar um contexto transferencial em que o analista não se apresentaria apenas como objeto de desejo, mas precisaria ser entendido também como objeto atual da pulsão. Sendo assim, seria necessário que repensássemos uma série de questões referentes à técnica, qu precisariam ser adequadas às concepções aqui esboçadas(AU)

This article presentes a brief survey of the freudian concepto symbol, considering clinical pratice. Follwing this course, it remarks that in truth, the clinical pratice of ecery psychoanlyst is based on a non-symbolized scope which is the drive scope. Psychoanalyst are immerse in a contexto that transcend the sphere of representatio, as we reach a fronteir far from the repressed. It is propoused them, na understanding of the transferencial contextin which the psychoanalyst is not only the object of desire of the patieny, but also the actual object of the drive. In this way, it is necessary to reformulate some practices of the psychoanalytic technique

Noite: escuridão sem tempo / Noche: oscuridad sin tiempo / Night: timeless darkness

Por meio da análise do material clínico de uma criança de quatro anos e de uma jovem de vinte e quatro, procuro desenvolver ideias a respeito das representações da noite e seus desdobramentos: insônia, pesadelos, terrores noturnos, angústias de morte. Analisando por um lado, a produção gráfica da criança e por outro, os sonhos da jovem, procuro estabelecer uma equivalência entre as diferentes formas de expressão que ambas encontram. Questões referentes ao tempo e atemporalidade do mundo psíquico são abordadas. Evidenciam-se situações de rivalidade fraterna, ataques ao corpo materno e configurações edípicas, vistos ora pelo prisma da menina, ora da moça, como se ambas teatralizassem a mesma personagem em momentos diferentes da existência.(AU)

La autora, por medio del análisis del material clínico de una niña de cuatro años y de una joven de veinticuatro, busca desarrollar ideas al respecto de las representaciones de la "noche" y sus desdobles: insomnio, pesadillas, terrores nocturnos y angustia de muerte. Por un lado, analiza la producción gráfica de la niña y, por otro, los sueños de la joven, buscando establecer una equivalencia entre las diferentes formas de expresión que ambas encuentran. En este trabajo se plantean cuestiones referidas al tiempo y a la intemporalidad del mundo psíquico. Se pueden evidenciar situaciones de rivalidad fraterna, ataques al cuerpo materno y configuraciones edípicas, todo eso visto ya sea o desde el prisma de la niña, o el de la joven, como si ambas mujeres teatralizaran al mismo personaje, pero en momentos diferentes de la existencia.(AU)

By analyzing the clinical samples of a four year-old child and of a twenty-four year-old woman, my attempt is to develop ideas in relation to night representations and its consequences, such as insomnia, nightmares, night terrors, and death anguish. While analyzing the child’s graphic production, on the one hand, and the young woman’s dreams, on the other, I try to establish a similarity among the different ways of expression used by both of them. Issues of the psychic world, related to time and to timelessness, are approached. Sibling rivalry situations become evident, as well as attacks to the mother’s body and oedipal configurations. These are viewed in the child and in the woman as if both play same character in different points in life.(AU)

Noite: escuridão sem tempo / Noche: oscuridad sin tiempo / Night: timeless darkness

Por meio da análise do material clínico de uma criança de quatro anos e de uma jovem de vinte e quatro, procuro desenvolver ideias a respeito das representações da noite e seus desdobramentos: insônia, pesadelos, terrores noturnos, angústias de morte. Analisando por um lado, a produção gráfica da criança e por outro, os sonhos da jovem, procuro estabelecer uma equivalência entre as diferentes formas de expressão que ambas encontram. Questões referentes ao tempo e atemporalidade do mundo psíquico são abordadas. Evidenciam-se situações de rivalidade fraterna, ataques ao corpo materno e configurações edípicas, vistos ora pelo prisma da menina, ora da moça, como se ambas teatralizassem a mesma personagem em momentos diferentes da existência.

La autora, por medio del análisis del material clínico de una niña de cuatro años y de una joven de veinticuatro, busca desarrollar ideas al respecto de las representaciones de la "noche" y sus desdobles: insomnio, pesadillas, terrores nocturnos y angustia de muerte. Por un lado, analiza la producción gráfica de la niña y, por otro, los sueños de la joven, buscando establecer una equivalencia entre las diferentes formas de expresión que ambas encuentran. En este trabajo se plantean cuestiones referidas al tiempo y a la intemporalidad del mundo psíquico. Se pueden evidenciar situaciones de rivalidad fraterna, ataques al cuerpo materno y configuraciones edípicas, todo eso visto ya sea o desde el prisma de la niña, o el de la joven, como si ambas mujeres teatralizaran al mismo personaje, pero en momentos diferentes de la existencia.

By analyzing the clinical samples of a four year-old child and of a twenty-four year-old woman, my attempt is to develop ideas in relation to night representations and its consequences, such as insomnia, nightmares, night terrors, and death anguish. While analyzing the child’s graphic production, on the one hand, and the young woman’s dreams, on the other, I try to establish a similarity among the different ways of expression used by both of them. Issues of the psychic world, related to time and to timelessness, are approached. Sibling rivalry situations become evident, as well as attacks to the mother’s body and oedipal configurations. These are viewed in the child and in the woman as if both play same character in different points in life.

Noite: escuridão sem tempo / Noche: oscuridad sin tiempo / Night: timeless darkness

Por meio da análise do material clínico de uma criança de quatro anos e de uma jovem de vinte e quatro, procuro desenvolver ideias a respeito das representações da noite e seus desdobramentos: insônia, pesadelos, terrores noturnos, angústias de morte. Analisando por um lado, a produção gráfica da criança e por outro, os sonhos da jovem, procuro estabelecer uma equivalência entre as diferentes formas de expressão que ambas encontram. Questões referentes ao tempo e atemporalidade do mundo psíquico são abordadas. Evidenciam-se situações de rivalidade fraterna, ataques ao corpo materno e configurações edípicas, vistos ora pelo prisma da menina, ora da moça, como se ambas teatralizassem a mesma personagem em momentos diferentes da existência.(AU)

La autora, por medio del análisis del material clínico de una niña de cuatro años y de una joven de veinticuatro, busca desarrollar ideas al respecto de las representaciones de la "noche" y sus desdobles: insomnio, pesadillas, terrores nocturnos y angustia de muerte. Por un lado, analiza la producción gráfica de la niña y, por otro, los sueños de la joven, buscando establecer una equivalencia entre las diferentes formas de expresión que ambas encuentran. En este trabajo se plantean cuestiones referidas al tiempo y a la intemporalidad del mundo psíquico. Se pueden evidenciar situaciones de rivalidad fraterna, ataques al cuerpo materno y configuraciones edípicas, todo eso visto ya sea o desde el prisma de la niña, o el de la joven, como si ambas mujeres teatralizaran al mismo personaje, pero en momentos diferentes de la existencia.(AU)

By analyzing the clinical samples of a four year-old child and of a twenty-four year-old woman, my attempt is to develop ideas in relation to night representations and its consequences, such as insomnia, nightmares, night terrors, and death anguish. While analyzing the child’s graphic production, on the one hand, and the young woman’s dreams, on the other, I try to establish a similarity among the different ways of expression used by both of them. Issues of the psychic world, related to time and to timelessness, are approached. Sibling rivalry situations become evident, as well as attacks to the mother’s body and oedipal configurations. These are viewed in the child and in the woman as if both play same character in different points in life.(AU)