New paramedic scope of practice in Poland based on the 2022 reform.

Emergency medical systems in the world are mainly based on two main models: the Franco-German System (FGS) and the Anglo-American System (AAS). The characteristic feature of the FGS is the "Stay and Play" principle, while the AAS system is based on the "Scoop and Run" principle. The Polish model is a mix of those two systems mainly based on the work of paramedics. Their scope of operations and powers have changed over time. As a result of the advocacy undertaken by paramedics in Poland, legislation was drafted and became law in June 2023. The central changes include: the introduction of a paramedic register, the establishment of a professional self-government of paramedics, the expansion of professional competencies such as the ability to declare death, and new opportunities for professional development including speciality training or paid training leave. This article discusses the new law in the context of previous legislative solutions in the field of emergency medicine in Poland and in other European countries.

Free prior informed consent in the extractive industry: Approaches to involving Indigenous peoples in decision-making in Russia.

Free prior informed consent is a principle for consulting, cooperating, and obtaining consent from Indigenous peoples through their representative institutions on matters affecting them. It is promoted by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which calls on nations to strengthen the civil, political, and economic rights of Indigenous peoples by securing their rights to land, minerals, and other natural resources. Extractive companies have been developing policies to address Indigenous peoples' concerns as part of legal compliance and voluntary actions under corporate social responsibility. The lives and cultural heritage of Indigenous peoples are continuously affected by operations of extractive industries. This is notable in the Circumpolar North, where Indigenous peoples have developed sustainable resource use practices in fragile natural environments. In this paper, we examine corporate social responsibility approaches to implementing free prior informed consent in Russia. We investigate how public and civil institutions influence the policies of extractive companies and their impact on Indigenous peoples' self-determination and participation in decision-making.

A critique of the policy discourse on primary health care under the Aardram mission of Kerala.

In 2017, the State of Kerala in India, launched the 'Aardram' mission for health. One of the aims of the mission was to enhance the primary health care (PHC) provisioning in the state through the family health centre (FHC) initiative. This was envisaged through a comprehensive PHC approach that prioritized preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative services, and social determinants of health. Given this backdrop, the study aimed to examine the renewed policy commitment towards comprehensive PHC and the extent to which it remains true to the globally accepted ideals of PHC. This was undertaken using a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of the policy discourse on PHC. This included examining the policy documents related to FHC and Aardram as well as the narratives of policy-level actors on PHC and innovations for them. Through CDA we examined the discursive representation of PHC and innovations for improving it at the level of local governments in the state. Though the mission envisaged a shift from the influence of market-driven ideas of health, analysis of the current policy discourse on PHC suggested otherwise. The discourse continues to carry a curative care bias within its ideas of PHC. The disproportionate emphasis on strategies for early detection, treatment and infrastructural improvements meant limited space for preventive, protective and promotive dimensions, thus digressing from the gatekeeping role of PHC. The reduced emphasis on preventive and promotive dimensions and depoliticization of social determinants of health within the PHC discourse indicates that, in the long run, the mission puts at risk its stated goals of social justice and health equity envisioned in the FHC initiative.

Understanding Long-Term Outcomes of Public Health Strategy in Palliative Care at Micro Level: Impact of Home-Based Palliative Care Services under Local Self-Government Institutions in Kerala, India.

Objectives: Palliative care units under Local Self-Government Institutions (LSGIs) are increasing in number in the state of Kerala, India, since the announcement of the Pain and Palliative Care Policy, 2008. Whether these units are functioning with a view to materialise the long-term objectives, following the guidelines stipulated by the Government of Kerala and serve the neediest patients with quality care are a matter of debate. Hence, a microlevel study of the palliative care unit is attempted. The aims of the study were to understand the extent to which the structure and nature of functioning of the Pain and Palliative Care Unit under LSGI comply with guidelines set by the Pain and Palliative Care Policy of the Government of Kerala and to check whether the palliative care services are reaching the needy and, if so, are they provided to patients in good quality. Materials and Methods: The award winning Pain and Palliative Care Unit attached to LSGI is selected for analysis and a hybrid research design is followed. Data are collected from 25 patients and their caregivers selected randomly. Mean score of satisfaction level on the basis of Quality care questionnaire -Palliative care is used. Results: Sample unit complies with the revised guidelines of 2015, Pain and Palliative Care Policy. It serves the neediest patients and the quality of care is satisfactory. Conclusion: The study reaffirms the strength of the public health model in palliative care which can provide quality care to the neediest patients.

Measuring What Counts to Advance Indigenous Self-Determination: A Case Study of the Nisg̱a'a Lisims Government's Quality of Life Framework and Survey.

Modern Treaties are presented as a means for improving the lives of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples in Canada by providing specific rights, and negotiated benefits. However, the positive impacts of Modern Treaties on Indigenous well-being are contested (Borrows and Coyle 2017; Coulthard 2014; Guimond et al. 2013; Miller 2009; Poelzer and Coates 2015). Developing a more transparent, consistent, collaborative and contextual way of measuring well-being relevant to the cultural realities of Modern Treaty beneficiaries is an important step for generating comparative methods that could systematically demonstrate whether, and under what conditions, such agreements can effectively reduce socio-economic disparities and improve the quality of life of Indigenous communities. The authors first examine previous attempts at measuring Indigenous well-being, then reflect on well-being in relation to the Modern Treaty context. Subsequently, the authors provide an example from one Self-Governing Indigenous Government, the Nisga'a Lisims Government, to collect well-being data through the Nisga'a Nation Household Survey using a mixed quantitative-qualitative method developed through a culturally grounded and participatory approach.

Financial liquidity and profitability of polish self-governing public health care institutions for the years 2016-2018.

Currently, Polish therapeutic entities are forced to operate in an extremely turbulent environment and pursue two main goals: economic and social. The aim of this article is to diagnose the relationship between profitability and financial liquidity in Polish self-government health care institutions by assessing basic indicators of financial liquidity and profitability. The scope of work covered 1017 self-government independent health care institutions, which systematically published their financial statements for 2016-2018. The subject of the study was to analyze the relationship between the levels of profitability and financial liquidity ratios. The study used statistical and tabular-descriptive methods. On the basis of the obtained results it can be stated that the relation between the return on sales, return on equity and return on assets and liquidity (current, fast and immediate) was positive and the strength of this relation was strong and statistically significant. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between short-term liabilities and the return on sales, assets and equity. The cash conversion cycle has a significant positive impact on profitability (and vice versa). CONCLUSION. Entities that had higher profitability also had a higher degree of liquidity. They were also more efficient in inventory management and paid their liabilities faster. Summarizing the results of the study, it can be concluded that those entities that had higher profitability also had a higher degree of liquidity. They were also more efficient in inventory management and paid their liabilities faster.

Autogerenciamento: Uma interpretação analítico-comportamental / Self-management: An analytical-behavioral Interpretation / Autogestión: una interpretación analítica conductual

Resumo Autogerenciamento é um fenômeno que, apesar de presente em várias dimensões da vida humana, carece ainda de definição precisa. É possível identificar variados conceitos e utilizações do termo em diferentes áreas do conhecimento. O presente estudo objetivou sistematizar o conceito de autogerenciamento a partir de literatura científica de diferentes áreas do conhecimento e, com base nisso, propor uma definição analítico-comportamental do fenômeno. Para isso, foi realizada busca bibliográfica em seis bases de dados, sendo selecionados 31 artigos de diferentes áreas de estudo que continham informações sobre a definição do conceito e comportamentos relacionados a autogerenciamento. Foram excluídos textos referentes a autogerenciamento em nível coletivo, de equipes ou grupos sociais. Nove categorias de definições de conceito e 26 categorias de comportamentos foram identificadas a partir dos estudos analisados. Observou-se que o autogerenciamento é um fenômeno complexo, que envolve uma série de comportamentos como autocontrolar, autoconhecer, autorreforçar e estabelecer objetivos. Caracteriza-se como um processo comportamental no qual o indivíduo manipula as variáveis das quais seu comportamento é função de forma a aumentar a probabilidade de se comportar de maneira a atingir seu comportamento-alvo e obter reforço subsequente. A sistematização do conceito possibilita melhor compreensão do fenômeno para futuras pesquisas em autogerenciamento.

Abstract Self-management is a phenomenon, that despite being involved in various dimensions of human life, is not well defined yet. It is possible to identify different concepts and uses of the term in different areas of knowledge. The present study aimed to systematize the concept of self-management from the scientific literature of different areas of knowledge to propose a behavior analytic definition of the phenomenon. For this purpose, a bibliographic search was carried out in six national and international databases and it was selected 31 articles related to self-management definition in different areas of knowledge. Texts referring to self-management at the collective, team or social group level were excluded. After analyzing the information, nine categories of definitions of concepts and 26 categories of behavior were identified. It was observed that self-management is a complex phenomenon that involves a series of behavioral classes such as self-control, self-knowledge, self-reinforcement, and goal setting. Furthermore, it is a behavioral process in which the individual manipulates the variables of which his behavior is a function to increase the probability of behaving to reach his target behavior and obtain subsequent reinforcement. The systematization of the concept allows a better understanding of the phenomenon for future research on self-management.

Resumen La autogestión es un fenómeno que, aunque está presente en varias dimensiones de la vida humana, aún carece de una definición precisa. Es posible identificar diferentes conceptos y usos del término en diferentes áreas del conocimiento. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo sistematizar el concepto de autogestión basado en la literatura científica de diferentes áreas del conocimiento y, a partir de eso, proponer una definición analítica conductual del fenómeno. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en seis bases de datos, se seleccionaron 31 artículos de diferentes áreas que contenían información sobre la definición del concepto y los comportamientos relacionados con la autogestión. Se excluyeron los textos referentes a la autogestión a nivel colectivo, de equipo o de grupo social. A partir de los artículos analizados se identificaron nueve categorías de definiciones de conceptos y 26 categorías de comportamientos. La autogestión es un fenómeno complejo que involucra una serie de comportamientos como el autocontrol, el autoconocimiento, el refuerzo personal y el establecimiento de objetivos. Se caracteriza por ser un proceso conductual en el que el individuo manipula las variables, de las cuales su comportamiento es una función, para aumentar la probabilidad de lograr el comportamiento deseado y obtener un refuerzo posterior. La sistematización del concepto permite una mejor comprensión del fenómeno para futuras investigaciones sobre autogestión.

Effectiveness and Challenges in Local Self-Governance: Multifunctional Autonomy in Japan.

Community organizing with government support, termed local self-governance (LSG), is a form of policy decentralization for community wellbeing through solutions tailored to local issues. One form of LSG is multifunctional autonomy, in which citizens can comprehensively manage their communities with government support. This study clarified the effect of multifunctional autonomy on healthy life expectancy by assessing related advantages and challenges in rural Japanese communities, using a mixed-methods approach. Disability-free life expectancy from 65 years (DFLE-65) was assessed to compare healthy life expectancies between two rural Japanese cities (with/without multifunctional autonomy). Comparisons revealed better DFLE-65 only among older men in a city with multifunctional autonomy. A cost-effectiveness analysis investigated the relationship between the budget and DFLE-65 change using questionnaire data. Cost-effectiveness analysis of multifunctional autonomy indicated 61,147 yen/DFLE-65. Thematic analysis revealed that multifunctional autonomy created new roles for older men, improving community relationships. However, sustainable multifunctional autonomy in LSG communities may be hindered by a generally aging society, generation gap, and lack of mutual understanding between rural communities and local governments. To ensure the sustainability of multifunctional autonomy, collaborations between local communities and governments and among various generations are critical.

Self-government HPV vaccination programmes in Poland, 2009-2016.

INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer is the fourth neoplasm in women with respect to incidence. In Poland, both cervical cancer incidence and corresponding mortality are gradually decreasing. Despite these improvements, the epidemiological situation significantly deviates from European standards. Poland has one of Europe's lowest five-year survival rates at 54.1% for patients diagnosed in 2000-2002, compared to the European mean value of 62.1%. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to present health policy programmes related to HPV vaccinations run by local self-government units in 2009-2016. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research is based on analysis of already existing data developed by provincial governors and annual information reviews on health-policy programmes implemented by local self-government units presented to the Ministry of Health. All the programmes that included HPV vaccinations have been subjected to analysis. RESULTS: In 2009-2016, local government units implemented a total of 1,204 health policy programmes that covered HPV vaccinations. Under these programmes, 2.05% of girls aged 10-14 were vaccinated. Percentage-wise, these were communes that contributed the most financially to the HPV vaccination programmes, whereas the counties the least. CONCLUSIONS: Local self-government's programmes covering HPV vaccinations conform with the trends outlined in strategic documents on fighting neoplastic diseases. It is possible that the availability of HPV vaccination was limited for girls living in rural communes. Differences in the number of programmes, number of vaccinated girls and the financial outlays allocated for the implementation of HPV vaccination programmes in particular provinces, may be determined by the epidemiological situation in a given region, measured by the incidence rate of cervical cancer.

[The role of the state in becoming and development of Zemstvo medicine in 1860-1890].

The article discusses the government's policy towards the Zemstvo self-government bodies, the influence of increased administrative and political oversight on the establishment and development of Zemstvo medicine, the achievements of the zemstvo doctors in the struggle for public, qualified assistance to the population despite the government policy of limiting the independence of Zemstvo institutions.

[Tasks, regulations, and functioning of ethics committees]. / Aufgaben, Regularien und Arbeitsweise von Ethikkommissionen.

Our constitutional order provides comprehensive protection of the freedom of scientific research; any interference with this freedom requires justification. With regard to the obligatory involvement of ethics committees in the research process, this justification is based on a careful balancing of scientific freedom on one hand and the legal interests of study participants, such as the protection of life, health, and self-determination, on the other. How this is achieved, and with what results, is shown below for two areas. The first of these are clinical trials in pharmaceutical and medicinal product law, which are subject to extensive regulations regarding the involvement of ethics committees. Following the amendments at European level, this area has been comprehensively restructured, in particular with regard to the function and importance of ethics committees. Subsequently, the role of ethics committees in university research is discussed as far as this research is not regulated by the German Medicines Act (AMG) and the German Act on Medical Devices (MPG), but instead is mostly subject to university self-government. It is shown, using statistics as an example, that a line must be drawn between legitimate control of scientific research and a sweeping "ethicization" of science. To conclude, this very boundary is examined from a philosophical perspective.

A Hazard Assessment Method for Waterworks Systems Operating in Self-Government Units.

Informing users of waterworks systems about the quality of tap water is an obligatory trend. It should be accompanied by studies on the influence of the risk of threats on public health. Waterworks systems, being included in a critical infrastructure of the city, should be subject to special protection in this respect. In the paper, the authors' method of assessing threats to people and property from waterworks systems functioning in self-government units (SGUs), is proposed. Four categories of factors affecting the risk of threat to tap water consumers were assumed: the frequency or the probability of exposure-P, financial losses-C, damages to peoples' health-HL, the degree of the security-S. Based on this, a four-parametric risk matrix was developed. It was assumed that risk is a function of the parameters mentioned above: r = f(P, C, HL, S). For every parameter the five-parametric weight scale was assumed. An example of applying the method is presented. The proposed method should be an important element of water safety plans. It can also be adopted for other municipal systems subject to SGU.

[Patient involvement: challenges for organized self-help and joint self-government]. / Patientenbeteiligung: Herausforderungen für die verbandliche Selbsthilfe und die Gemeinsame Selbstverwaltung.

The involvement of the patient perspective in decision-making processes in the healthcare system is commonly welcome, especially in Germany, with self-help organizations currently providing the vast majority of patient representatives in the various committees. The central plank of organized self-help is the mutual support of chronically diseased and disabled people as well as their relatives in self-help groups.Patient involvement, however, seems to lead organized self-help to an insoluble dilemma. Either organized self-help must give up their traditional working principles in order to be capable of acting as a professional player in the discourse of the joint self-government of doctors and healthcare funds, or they will simply be unable to cope with patient involvement if they remain true to their original way of mutual exchange and communication. But if organized self-help and joint self-government are considered as social systems, it becomes clear that though patient involvement relates these systems to each other, it does not give rise to a relation of dominance and subordination. Organized self-help may have to handle the requirements and inputs of self-government as well as of the systems of science and law, but also has to be considered a challenge to and an opportunity for the self-government to help them achieve their system-related goals.

Home-based Palliative Services under Two Local Self-government Institutions of Kerala, India: An Assessment of Compliance with Policy and Guidelines to Local Self-government Institutions.

BACKGROUND: In contrast to India's poor performance in palliative and end-of-life care, the state of Kerala has gained considerable attention for its palliative care (PC) policy. This study tried to understand the structure, organization, and delivery of the program currently offered to the rural population, and its conformity to the state's PC policy and guidelines for Local Self-government Institutions (LSGIs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive research design involving a review of Kerala palliative policy and guidelines for LSGIs was followed by direct field observation and interviews of stakeholders. Two LSGIs in rural Kerala served also by a nongovernmental organization (NGO), were selected. Data were collected from health workers (doctors, nurses, and PC nurses), government stakeholders (LSGI members and representatives of the National Health Mission), and the health workers and officials of NGO. RESULTS: The program in two LSGIs varies considerably in terms of composition of the palliative team, infrastructure and human resource, cost, and type of service provided to the community. A comparative assessment with a nongovernmental service provider shows that the services offered by the LSGIs seemed to be restricted in scope to meet the needs of the resource-stricken community. Compliance with policy guidelines seems to be poor for both the LSGIs. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a robust policy, the palliative program lacks a public health approach to end-of-life care. A structural reconfiguration of the delivery system is needed, involving greater state responsibility and political will in integrating PC within a broader social organization of care.

Self-government of complex reading and writing brains informed by cingulo-opercular network for adaptive control and working memory components for language learning.

To understand mental self-government of the developing reading and writing brain, correlations of clustering coefficients on fMRI reading or writing tasks with BASC 2 Adaptivity ratings (time 1 only) or working memory components (time 1 before and time 2 after instruction previously shown to improve achievement and change magnitude of fMRI connectivity) were investigated in 39 students in grades 4 to 9 who varied along a continuum of reading and writing skills. A Philips 3T scanner measured connectivity during six leveled fMRI reading tasks (subword-letters and sounds, word-word-specific spellings or affixed words, syntax comprehension-with and without homonym foils or with and without affix foils, and text comprehension) and three fMRI writing tasks-writing next letter in alphabet, adding missing letter in word spelling, and planning for composing. The Brain Connectivity Toolbox generated clustering coefficients based on the cingulo-opercular (CO) network; after controlling for multiple comparisons and movement, significant fMRI connectivity clustering coefficients for CO were identified in 8 brain regions bilaterally (cingulate gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, insula, cingulum-cingulate gyrus, and cingulum-hippocampus). BASC2 Parent Ratings for Adaptivity were correlated with CO clustering coefficients on three reading tasks (letter-sound, word affix judgments and sentence comprehension) and one writing task (writing next letter in alphabet). Before instruction, each behavioral working memory measure (phonology, orthography, morphology, and syntax coding, phonological and orthographic loops for integrating internal language and output codes, and supervisory focused and switching attention) correlated significantly with at least one CO clustering coefficient. After instruction, the patterning of correlations changed with new correlations emerging. Results show that the reading and writing brain's mental government, supported by both CO Adaptive Control and multiple working memory components, had changed in response to instruction during middle childhood/early adolescence.

On the evaluation and improvement of the amount-based restriction of negotiation in private when resolving medical disputes / 中国卫生政策研究

The amount-based restriction of negotiation in private when resolving medical disputes is quite com-mon in much local legislation.This kind of provision is legitimate in general, because the rights and interests it pro-tects overweigh those it limits, and the measures it takes are proper.However, there are several flaws.Firstly, as a provision which impairs the rights of citizen, the level of legislation and legal effect need to be upgraded.Secondly, the set of the amount of limitation is arbitrary.Thirdly, differential treatment of public and non-public medical insti-tution in the provision cannot be justified;it actually shows confliction between different government functions.Last-ly, blindly limitation of negotiation in private has neglect something important, that is the self-government functions behind autonomous disputes settlement mechanism.Based on these flaws, several improvement suggestions are pro-vided.

Claves psicológicas fundacionales del autogobierno ciudadano: la "psicología del pueblo español" como estudio de caso (1902-1918) / Foundational Psychological Clues of Citizenry Self-Government: the "Psychology of the Spanish People" as a Case Study (1902-1918)

A finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, la configuración psicológica del concepto liberal de autogobierno fue clave para diseñar el sujeto político de la modernidad y la propia idea de "ciudadanía". Nuestro trabajo estudia ese proceso sociohistórico a través de los primeros textos dedicados a la "psicología del pueblo español". Además de confirmar la estrecha relación entre psicología y autogobierno, el análisis revela el papel de la psicología en la transición histórica desde las tradicionales teorías y prácticas de la subjetividad hasta las modernas -particularmente en el dominio educativo y religioso-. Gracias a la psicología, el proyecto liberal también estableció los supuestos límites sociopolíticos para la potencial participación ciudadana de la población española.

At the end of the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th, the psychological configuration of the liberal concept of self-government was basic to design the political subject of the modernity and the very idea of "citizenship". Our paper studies this socio-historical process throughout the first works devoted to the "Psychology of the Spanish People". The analysis not only confirm the close relation between psychology and citizenship, but the role played by the psychology in the transition from the traditional theories and practices of the subjectivity to the modern ones -particularly in the fields of religion and education. The socio-political limits imposed by the liberal program on the potential citizen participation of the Spanish population are also revealed.

Creatividad empresarial y autogobierno: un análisis discursivo / Business Creativity and Self-Government: A Discourse Analysis

Este artículo plantea una reflexión sobre las características de un perfil de trabajador creativo que, al estar ligado a la capacidad de autorrealización y autogobierno, se encuentra atravesado por significativas paradojas o tensiones discursivas. Para este fin, se han analizado una serie discursos presentes en manuales sobre desarrollo de creatividad empresarial, centrándose en el nivel textual-representacional del modelo tridimensional del análisis crítico del discurso de Norman Fairclough. La investigación indaga sobre la manera como se legitiman, desde discursos psicológico-organizacionales, formas de ser y estar en el mundo del trabajo, que suponen una experiencia de crecimiento identitario, mientras omiten fines productivos y posibles exclusiones entre las personas.

This paper analyses the main features of a creative worker profile that, in order to attain self-actualization and self-government, is crossed by paradoxes or discursive tensions. This investigation is based on the three-dimensional model in Critical Discourse Analysis by Norman Fairclough and particularly on textual-representational analyses level. This research analyses the discourses found in manuals on the development of business creativity in order to figure out how psychological-organizational discourses legitimize the way people behave in the working environment. Business creativity discourses are supposed to bring identity growth while pursuing productive goals and omitting the exclusions among people.

Racionalidad, libertad y determinación general de la voluntad: [revisión] / Rationality, freedom and general determination of the will: [review]

Ningún concepto ha sido más importante en el desarrollo de la bioética que la noción de autonomía. Este ensayo expone brevemente una arista de la concepción kantiana de la autonomía. El artículo examina la relación entre autodeterminación, libertad y proposiciones que contienen una determinación general y objetiva de la voluntad, toda vez que el supremo principio de la moralidad (autonomía o autolegislación) debe poder figurar directamente en las deliberaciones prácticas del sujeto agente. En este sentido, este ensayo propone discutir una aparente relación entre autonomía y arbitrariedad normativa.

No single concept has been more important in the development of bioethics than the concept of autonomy. This paper explains briefly oneside of the Kantian conception of autonomy. The article examines the relation between autonomy, freedom and propositions that contain a general and objective determination of the will, because the supreme principle of morality (the autonomy or self-government) must be able to figure directly in the agent’s practical deliberations. In this way, the paper proposes to discuss the apparent relation between autonomy and arbitrariness.

Liberalismo: o direito e o avesso / Liberalism inside-outLibéralisme: l'endroit et l'envers

Liberalism, as manifested in self-defined liberal writings, has two sides: one, its true side, comprised of a whole body of systematically integrated proposals; the other, a patchwork quilt, an illusionist version, manipulated for political and ideological purposes. By means of a critique of eclecticism, the article aims to provide room for acknowledging non-autocratic concepts that are treated as if they were autocratic simply because they are non-liberal or anti-liberal.

Le libéralisme, tel qu'on le trouve dans les textes de ceux qui se déclarent libéraux, présente deux faces: l'une, la vraie, est formée d'un corps entier de propositions systématiquement intégrées; l'autre, un habit d'Arlequin, est sa version trompeuse, manipulée à des fins idéologiques. Au moyen d'une critique de l'éclectisme, on cherche dans cet article à reconnaître des conceptions non autocratiques qui sont traitées comme si elles étaient autocratiques du fait d'être non libérales ou antilibérales.