Effects of different plasma treatments on bonding properties of zirconia.

This in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of different non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTP) on shear bond strength (SBS) between yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) and self-adhesive resin cement. In this study, The Y-TZP specimens were divided into 4 groups according to the surface treatment methods as follows: Control (no surface treatment), Sb (Sandblasting), AP(argon NTP), and CP(20 % oxygen and 80 % argon combination NTP). Y-TZP specimens were randomly selected from each group to observe and test the following indexes: scanning electron microscope to observe the surface morphology; atomic force microscope to detect the surface roughness; contact angle detector to detect the surface contact angle; energy spectrometer to analyze the surface elements. Then, resin cement (Rely X-U200) was bonded to human isolated teeth with Y-TZP specimens to measure SBS. The results showed that for the SE test, the NTP group was significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). The results of the SBS test showed that the SBS values of the NTP group were significantly higher than those of the other groups, regardless of the plasma treatment (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between groups AP and CP in a test of SBS (p > 0.05). This study shows that non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma can improve the shear bond strength of Y-TZP by increasing the surface energy. The addition of oxygen ratio to argon is more favorable to increase the shear bond strength and is worth further investigation.

Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Bonded with Thermo-Cured Glass-Based Materials-An In Vitro Study.

The results of orthodontic therapy largely depend, among other factors, on the preparation of the tooth enamel itself and the choice of material used to bond orthodontic brackets. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) score of thermo-cured glass-ionomers on different pretreated enamel, in comparison with the commonly used composite cement. Three commercially available nano-ionomer or highly viscous glass-ionomer cements (EQUIA Forte® Fil, EQUIA Fil, Ketac Universal) and two types of compo-sites (Heliosit Orthodontic, ConTec Go!) were investigated in this study. The research involved two hundred human premolars. The teeth were cleaned and polished, then randomly divided into five groups according to the enamel preparation method and the type of material. The enamel was treated in three different ways: polyacrylic acid, phosphoric acid, 5% NaOCl + etching with phosphoric acid, and a control group without treatment. Glass-ionomer cement was thermo-cured with heat from a polymerization unit during setting. Statistical analysis was performed using a Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA for independent samples. Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship. Regardless of the material type, the results indicated that the weakest bond between the bracket and tooth enamel was found in samples without enamel pretreatment. The majority of the materials stayed on the brackets in samples without enamel preparation, according to ARI scores. The study's findings demonstrated that the strength of the adhesion between the bracket and enamel is greatly influenced by enamel etching and glass-ionomer thermo-curing. Clinical investigations would be required to validate the outcomes.

Corrigendum: The possibility of clinical bonding between metal/ceramic brackets to zirconia: in vitro study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1354241.].

The possibility of clinical bonding between metal/ceramic brackets to zirconia: in vitro study.

Objective: The present study aimed to assess the bond strength and durability of six bonding agents concerning their application to metal or ceramic brackets and zirconia. Materials and Methods: Six resin cement bonding agents (XT, XTS, RSBU, RGBU, SBPM, and GMP) were chosen for this investigation. Specimens were either stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h or subjected to 5,000 thermocycles before conducting a Shear Bond Strength (SBS) test. Statistical analysis of the SBS data was performed using three-way ANOVA and Games-Howell tests (α = 0.05). The Adhesive Remnant Index was examined, and the debonding surface details on brackets and zirconia were observed. Results: For metal brackets, all groups demonstrated clinically acceptable bond strength, irrespective of storage conditions, except for the XT group. Regarding ceramic brackets, all groups displayed acceptable bond strength after 24 h of water storage. However, following thermocycling, a significant decrease in SBS was noted across all groups (p < 0.05), with SBPM exhibiting a higher bond strength. Three-way ANOVA analysis indicated that SBS values were notably influenced by each factor, and an interaction among the three independent variables was observed (p = 0.000). Conclusion: The reliable bond strength between ceramic brackets and zirconia was significantly lower after thermocycling compared to that of metal brackets and zirconia. SBPM exhibited consistent and robust bond strength between ceramic/metal brackets and zirconia across various storage conditions. Furthermore, the HEMA-free adhesive demonstrated a potentially more consistent bonding performance compared to the HEMA-containing adhesive employed in this study.

Surface Texture Designs to Improve the Core-Veneer Bond Strength of Zirconia Restorations Using Digital Light Processing.

Veneered zirconia ceramics are widely used for dental restorations. However, the relatively poor bonding strength between the ceramic core and veneer porcelain remains a common problem in clinical applications. To address this issue, this study focused on enhancing the core-veneer bond strength of zirconia restorations through the implementation of surface textures using digital light processing (DLP) technology. The light intensity was precisely tuned to optimize mechanical strength and minimize light scattering. Subsequently, hexagonal or square grids were printed on the surface of the zirconia ceramic core. Following veneering procedures, the shear bond strength (SBS) test was conducted using a universal testing machine. Dates were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significant difference (LSD) test. Furthermore, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the failure modes and observe the cross-sectional structures, respectively. The results indicated that the presence of a 0.09 mm high hexagon grid led to a significant 21% increase in the SBS value. However, grids with heights of 0.2 and 0.3 mm showed less improvement, owing to the formation of large defects at the interface during the fusion process. This study demonstrated the potential of DLP technology in preparing zirconia ceramics with complex structures and high mechanical strength, thereby offering promising solutions for overcoming challenges associated with dental applications.

Shear bond strength of different bonding agents to orthodontic metal bracket and zirconia.

This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of four bonding agents used to bond metal brackets to zirconia under different storage conditions. Four bonding agents were used [FLC: (Fuji ORTHO LC), XT: (TransbondTM XT), RUC-SBU: (Rely XTM Ultimate Clicker Adhesive Resin Cement+Single Bond Universal), and RUC-GBU: (Rely XTM Ultimate Clicker Adhesive Resin Cement+Gluma Bond Universal)] to bond two types of metal brackets (PT/3M) to zirconia surfaces, and they were stored in water at 37ºC for 24 h or thermocycling for 3,000 cycles. The SBS data of RUC-SBU and RUC-GBU using PT brackets were significantly higher than those of 3M brackets before and after thermocycling. It could be concluded that RUC-SBU and RUC-GBU could offer sufficient bond strength between metal brackets and zirconia for the short term compared with FLC and XT. The design of brackets can significantly affect the bond strength to zirconia.

Effect of air abrasion, acid etching, and aging on the shear bond strength with resin cement to 3Y-TZP zirconia.

This study investigates the effect of acid etching treatment on the surface microstructure, surface roughness, and surface contact angle of zirconia and compares the effects of air abrasion, different etching times, and aging on the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin cement on the zirconia surface. 480 specimens (9 × 10 × 10 mm) were divided into as-sintered and air-abraded groups, and each group was further subdivided into six groups based on etching time (0, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min). The etching solution comprised hydrofluoric acid 25%, sulfuric acid 16%, hydrogen peroxide, methyl alcohol, and purified water. The shear bond strength (SBS), scanning electron microscopy, surface roughness, contact angle, and failure mode were measured. The results indicated that the mean SBS values increased and decreased significantly when the etching times increased to 20 min and 30 min, respectively, in both groups. Further, SBS after aging was lower than that before aging in all groups. Sandblasting, etching time, and aging all showed significant effects (p < 0.001) in the three-way analysis of variance. In addition, the surface roughness increased and the contact angle decreased significantly with an increase in etching time. Thus, the acid-etching treatment induced significant changes on the zirconia surface and increased the SBS of the resin cement. The results of this in vitro study suggest that acid etching is a promising alternative for zirconia surface treatment.

[Comparative evaluation of the shear bond strength of a universal adhesive system in different etching modes and a total etch adhesive system]. / Sravnitel'naya otsenka adgezionnoi prochnosti metodom sdviga universal'noi adgezivnoi sistemy v razlichnykh tekhnikakh protravlivaniya i adgezivnoi sistemy total'nogo protravlivaniya.

OBJECTIVE: To determine a comparative evaluation between the shear bond strength (SBS) of total etch adhesive system and the SBS of universal adhesive system in various etching techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were made 60 sections of teeth for the laboratory research. The studied samples had been divided into 4 groups (15 samples in each group). The control group of the study was the Adper SingleBond 2 total etch adhesive system. The SingleBondUniversal adhesive system had been used in three comparison groups: the first group was the total etch technique; the second group was selective etch technique; the third group was self-etching techinque. The Zwick Roell Z010 testing machine had been used for the study. The received results were fixed. The statistical data were processed. Comparison of researched groups were performed in pairs using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: In the control group the average value of the shear bond strength (SBS) was 15.01±5.2 MPa, in the first comparison group - 15.6±4.8 MPa, in the second comparison group - 19.7±6.04 MPa, in the third comparison group - 17.9±5.85 MPa. The groups with SingleBondUniversal adhesive system in selective etch technique (19.74 MPa) and self-etching (17.9 MPa) technique had the highest average values of the shear bond strength. The universal adhesive system with total etch technique and the total etch adhesive system had statistically similar data (p≥0.05). The control group with Adper SingleBond 2 total etch adhesive system had the lowest shear bond strength (15.01 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: The universal adhesive system had high average values of SBS in all etching techniques. During the comparative evaluation there were established correspondence between average values of SBS of universal adhesive system and SBS of total etch adhesive system. The universal adhesive system in selective etch technique had the highest shear bond strength (SBS) with enamel and dentin.

A novel porous silica-zirconia coating for improving bond performance of dental zirconia.

OBJECTIVES: To coat a zirconia surface with silica-zirconia using a dip-coating technique and evaluate its effect on resin-zirconia shear bond strength (SBS). METHODS: A silica-zirconia suspension was prepared and used to coat a zirconia surface using a dip-coating technique. One hundred and eighty-nine zirconia disks were divided into three groups according to their different surface treatments (polishing, sandblasting, and silica-zirconia coating). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the differently treated zirconia surfaces. Different primer treatments (Monobond N, Z-PRIME Plus, and no primer) were also applied to the zirconia surfaces. Subsequently, 180 composite resin cylinders (Filtek Z350) were cemented onto the zirconia disks with resin cement (RelyX Ultimate). The SBS was measured after water storage for 24 h or 6 months. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: SEM and EDX showed that the silica-zirconia coating produced a porous layer with additional Si, and XRD showed that only tetragonal zirconia was on the silica-zirconia-coating surface. Compared with the control group, the resin-zirconia SBSs of the sandblasting group and silica-zirconia-coating group were significantly increased (P<0.05). The silica-zirconia coating followed by the application of Monobond N produced the highest SBS (P<0.05). Water aging significantly reduced the resin-zirconia SBS (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dip-coating with silica-zirconia might be a feasible way to improve resin-zirconia bonding.

A novel porous silica-zirconia coating for improving bond performance of dental zirconia / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

OBJECTIVES@#To coat a zirconia surface with silica-zirconia using a dip-coating technique and evaluate its effect on resin-zirconia shear bond strength (SBS).@*METHODS@#A silica-zirconia suspension was prepared and used to coat a zirconia surface using a dip-coating technique. One hundred and eighty-nine zirconia disks were divided into three groups according to their different surface treatments (polishing, sandblasting, and silica-zirconia coating). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the differently treated zirconia surfaces. Different primer treatments (Monobond N, Z-PRIME Plus, and no primer) were also applied to the zirconia surfaces. Subsequently, 180 composite resin cylinders (Filtek Z350) were cemented onto the zirconia disks with resin cement (RelyX Ultimate). The SBS was measured after water storage for 24 h or 6 months. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).@*RESULTS@#SEM and EDX showed that the silica-zirconia coating produced a porous layer with additional Si, and XRD showed that only tetragonal zirconia was on the silica-zirconia-coating surface. Compared with the control group, the resin-zirconia SBSs of the sandblasting group and silica-zirconia-coating group were significantly increased (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Dip-coating with silica-zirconia might be a feasible way to improve resin-zirconia bonding.

Effect of sandblasting and enamel deproteinization on shear bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to compare, in vitro, the shear bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) bonded to an enamel surface prepared by either sandblasting with 50µm of aluminium oxide particles, deproteinization with 5.25% NaOCl, or by combining both techniques. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty human premolars were cleaned and randomly divided into five groups. In group 1, the teeth were etched using 37% phosphoric acid and bonded with Transbond XT. In group 2, the teeth were etched using 37% phosphoric acid and bonded with Fuji Ortho LC. In group 3, the teeth were deproteinized with 5.25% NaOCl for one minute then etched with 37% phosphoric acid and bonded with Fuji Ortho LC. In group 4, the enamel was sandblasted with 50µm of aluminium oxide particles for 5seconds prior to etching and bonding with Fuji Ortho LC. In group 5, the teeth were both sandblasted with 50µm of aluminium oxide particles for 5seconds and deproteinized with 5.25% NaOCl for one minute prior to etching using 37% phosphoric acid and bonding with Fuji Ortho LC. The shear bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1.0mm/min. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) index was also determined for each group. RESULTS: The mean shear bond strengths were as follows: group 1: 11.33±2.60MPa, group 2: 8.14±2.09, group 3: 9.57±3.25MPa, group 4: 9.49±1.99MPa and group 5: 9.76±2.29MPa (P=0.0001). CONCLUSION: The results show that pre-treating the enamel with either sandblasting, NaOCl, or both, could give a significantly higher shear bond strength than using RMGI with acid etch alone.

The effect of plasma on shear bond strength between resin cement and colored zirconia.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) treatment on shear bond strength (SBS) between resin cement and colored zirconia made with metal chlorides. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 zirconia specimens were divided into 3 groups using coloring liquid. Each group was divided again into 2 sub-groups using plasma treatment; the experimental group was treated with plasma, and the control group was untreated. The sub-groups were: N (non-colored), C (0.1 wt% aqueous chromium chloride solution), M (0.1 wt% aqueous molybdenum chloride solution), NP (non-colored with plasma), CP (0.1 wt% aqueous chromium chloride solution with plasma), and MP (0.1 wt% aqueous molybdenum chloride solution with plasma). Composite resin cylinders were bonded to zirconia specimens with MDP-based resin cement, and SBS was measured using a universal testing machine. All data was analyzed statistically using a 2-way ANOVA test and a Tukey test. RESULTS: SBS significantly increased when specimens were treated with NTAPP regardless of coloring (P<.001). Colored zirconia containing molybdenum showed the highest value of SBS, regardless of NTAPP. The molybdenum group showed the highest SBS, whereas the chromium group showed the lowest. CONCLUSION: NTAPP may increase the SBS of colored zirconia and resin cement. The NTAPP effect on SBS is not influenced by the presence of zirconia coloring.

The effect of plasma on shear bond strength between resin cement and colored zirconia

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) treatment on shear bond strength (SBS) between resin cement and colored zirconia made with metal chlorides. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 zirconia specimens were divided into 3 groups using coloring liquid. Each group was divided again into 2 sub-groups using plasma treatment; the experimental group was treated with plasma, and the control group was untreated. The sub-groups were: N (non-colored), C (0.1 wt% aqueous chromium chloride solution), M (0.1 wt% aqueous molybdenum chloride solution), NP (non-colored with plasma), CP (0.1 wt% aqueous chromium chloride solution with plasma), and MP (0.1 wt% aqueous molybdenum chloride solution with plasma). Composite resin cylinders were bonded to zirconia specimens with MDP-based resin cement, and SBS was measured using a universal testing machine. All data was analyzed statistically using a 2-way ANOVA test and a Tukey test. RESULTS: SBS significantly increased when specimens were treated with NTAPP regardless of coloring (P<.001). Colored zirconia containing molybdenum showed the highest value of SBS, regardless of NTAPP. The molybdenum group showed the highest SBS, whereas the chromium group showed the lowest. CONCLUSION: NTAPP may increase the SBS of colored zirconia and resin cement. The NTAPP effect on SBS is not influenced by the presence of zirconia coloring.

The impact of surface preparation on shear bond strength of metallic orthodontic brackets bonded with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of four enamel preparation techniques on shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets bonded with a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) and enamel surface roughness (Ra) were also investigated after cement removal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and forty-four human premolars were divided into four groups (n = 36 in each group) as follows: Group 1, 37% phosphoric acid (i.e. conventional); Group 2, sandblasting; Group 3, sodium hypochlorite and 37% phosphoric acid; and Group 4, sodium hypochlorite and sandblasting. Twenty-four hours after bonding, the brackets were debonded with an Instron machine using a crosshead speed of 1·0 mm/min; the ARI was evaluated by an image analyser system; the Ra was measured by profilometry; and the morphology of the tooth enamel surface was observed by scanning electron microscope evaluation. Data were submitted to ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0·05). RESULTS: Mean SBS values for Groups 1-4 were 13·86, 9·08, 17 and 9·63 MPa, respectively. Mean ARI for Groups 1-4 were 11·16, 2·06, 20·66 and 3·73%. The SBS and ARI showed statistically significant differences between the four groups (P<0·001). The Ra (µm) showed no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Bracket bonding using RMGIC showed adequate adhesion for clinical use, and the type of enamel preparation had a significant influence.

Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Bonded with Resin-modified Glass-ionomer Cement to Bleached Teeth.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bleaching can considerably reduce shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with composite adhesives. Application of antioxidants is a method to reverse the negative effect of bleaching on composite-to-enamel bond. However, the efficacy of antioxidants in increasing the SBS of brackets bonded using resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) has not been studied, which was the aim of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty freshly extracted human maxillary first premolars were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide (Pola Office Bleaching, SDI). Sodium ascorbate 10% was applied to the experimental specimens (n=25). All the specimens were etched with 37% phosphoric acid (Ivoclar/Vivadent) and bonded using RMGIC (Fuji Ortho LC, GC). The specimens were subjected to incubation (37°C, 24h) and thermocycling (1000 cycles, 5-55°C, dwell time = 1 min). The SBS was measured at 0.5 mm/min debonding crosshead speed. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was scored under ×10 magni-fication. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, one- and independent-samples t-test, and Fisher'sexact test (α=0.05). RESULTS: The mean SBS of experimental and control groups were 11.97 ± 4.49 and 7.7 ± 3.19 MPa, respectively. The dif-ference was statistically significant (P=0.000 by t-test). SBS of both control (P=0.014) and experimental (P=0.000) groups were significantly higher than the minimum acceptable SBS of 6 MPa, according to one-sample t-test. CONCLUSION: Application of ascorbic acid can guarantee a strong bond when RMGIC is to be used. However, RMGIC might tolerate the negative effect of bleaching with minimum SA treatments (or perhaps without treatments), which de-serves further studies.

SBS six dental adhesives to human enamel and dentin / 医疗卫生装备

This paper is toevaluate the shear bond strength(SBS)of six new dental adhesives tohuman enamel and dentin.120extracted human premaxillary teeth are randomly divided into12groups with10teeth in each.After24-hours immersion in water at37℃,all specimens are loaded in a shear mode in a tensile testing machine with a crosshead speed of10mm/min.The SBSof six adhesives toenamel are24.6?2.7,17.6?3.5,16.5?3.2,12.8?2.9,10.1?1.8and10.0?2.8Mpa for Clearfil SE Bond,Prompt L-Pop Single Bond,All Bond2,Prime&Bond and Opti Bond Sold respectively.Their SBStodentin are16.8?3.7,10.1?1.4,10.0?2.1,18.6?3.3,10.5?2.5and8.2?1.7Mpa respectively.Toenamel Clearfil SE Bond shows the highest mean SBSand Opti Bond Sold shows the lowest.Todentin the SBSof All Bond2is the highest and Opti Bond Sold is the lowest.

Influence of rebonded orthodontic brackets and different treatment methods on shear bond strength / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To compare shear bond strength(SBS)of bonded and rebonded orthodontic brackets and influence of rebonded orthodontic brackets using different treatment methods on SBS.Methods:60 extracted premolars were evenly divided into three groups.Brackets were debonded with conventional techniques and then removed of residual adhesives from the base mesh using three different treatments.In groupⅠ,rebond a new bracket at the second,third bonding times.In group Ⅱ,remove residual adhesives from the base mesh with fire at the second,third times,then rebond the same bracket.In group Ⅲ,remove that using a tungsten carbide bur at the second,third times,then rebond the same bracket.Shear test was performed to compare the SBS and adhesive remnant indexes(ARI)among different groups.Results:The SBS of three groups at the first bonding sequence were(10.00?2.95)MPa,(9.57?2.45)MPa and(9.09?2.58)MPa.The SBS at the second,third debonding sequence in group I,group II,and group III were(9.55?2.84)MPa and(10.32?2.59)MPa,(7.30?2.15)MPa and(7.14?1.93)MPa,(12.13?2.93)MPa and(12.86?3.08)MPa,respectively.In group Ⅱ,the SBS was significantly lower,however,in group Ⅲ,the SBS was significantly higher,and the results showed significant differences(P