Enhancing Eritadenine Production in Submerged Cultures of Shiitake (Lentinula edodes Berk. Pegler) Using Blue LED Light and Activated Charcoal. Revealing Eritadenine's Novel In Vitro Bioherbicidal Activity Against Chrysanthemum morifolium.

Eritadenine from shiitake mushroom is a secondary metabolite with hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive and antiparasitic properties, thus promising for pharmaceutical and agricultural applications. Eritadenine is obtained from submerged mycelial cultures of shiitake, but the actual yields remain unsatisfactory to explore potential applications or industrial-scale production. In this study, green and blue LED lights were tested to increase yields of eritadenine in submerged cultures of shiitake. Notably, blue LEDs increased yields by 13-14 times, reaching 165.7 mg/L, compared to darkness (11.2 mg/L) and green light (12.1 mg/L) (p < 0.05, Tukey test). Nitrogen sources yeast extract (YE) and peptone (at 2 g/L) increased eritadenine production. YE promoted 22.6 mg/L, while peptone 18.3 mg/L. The recovery of eritadenine was evaluated using amberlite and activated charcoal (AC) adsorption isotherms. AC demonstrated the highest adsorption rate, with 75 mg of eritadenine per gram of AC, according to the Freundlich isotherm. The desorption rate reached 93.95% at pH 10. The extract obtained from submerged cultures had eritadenine content of 63.31%, corresponding to 87.86% of recovery, according to HPLC analysis. Furthermore, the novel bioherbicidal potential of eritadenine was tested on in vitro Chrysanthemum morifolium plants. The cultures extract containing eritadenine had a detrimental impact on plant development, generating mortality of 100% at 3%, 0.5%, and 0.25%. Moreover, pure eritadenine exhibited a phytotoxic effect similar than glyphosate on leaves, stems and roots. These findings highlight the significant bioherbicidal properties of eritadenine. Further studies are needed to understand the biosynthetic pathway of eritadenine and its bioherbicidal properties on weeds and illicit crops.

A Comparative Analysis of Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Lentinula edodes and Other Exotic Mushrooms.

Mushrooms are capable of bioconverting organic residues into food. Understanding the relationship between high-quality yields and substrate biomass from these residues is critical for mushroom farms when choosing new strains. The objective of this exploratory study was, therefore, to analyze whether exotic mushrooms, namely, Pleurotus eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, and Agrocybe aegerita, could biologically convert the substrate into edible mushrooms as effectively as Lentinula edodes (baseline). Five experiments were carried out. Biological efficiency, biodegradability coefficient, mass balance and chemical characterization of the substrate were evaluated. Strategically hydrating the sawdust enabled L. edodes to achieve the greatest biodegradability and biological efficiency of 0.5 and 94.2 kg dt-1, respectively. The values for L. edodes on wheat straw without hydration were 0.2 and 68.8 kg dt-1, respectively. From 1000 kg of fresh substrate, P. eryngii produced 150.1 kg of edible mushrooms, making it technically competitive with L. edodes on wheat straw (195.9 kg). Hence, P. eryngii was the most reliable option for scaling among the exotic mushrooms. The analytical insights from our study provide further knowledge to advance the field's prominence in high-throughput mushroom-producing systems, particularly for exotic mushrooms.

Nematicidal Effect of Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) Extracts Against Haemonchus contortus.

During the previous decades, the indiscriminate use of anthelmintics for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes has generated anthelmintic resistance in different parts of the world. It is necessary to search for new sustainable control alternatives, such as the use of extracts from plants and edible mushrooms. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the nematicidal activity of extracts and fractions of the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes against Haemonchus contortus eggs and infective larvae. The basidiomata of L. edodes ECS-401 were provided by the Tropical Fungi Laboratory of El Colegio de la Frontera Sur and were extracted with ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Fractionation of the most active extract was carried out by open column chromatography. The bioassays were performed in 96-well microtiter plates using 100 eggs/larvae, a final volume of 100 µL, and different concentrations of extracts/fractions (n = 4). Bioassay readings were taken at 48 h for egg hatching inhibition (EHI) and at 24, 48 and 72 h for larval mortality (LM). The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest percentage of EHI (100%). For the LM bioassay, the aqueous extract was the most active (69%), but its fractions did not show larvicidal activity. The chemical profile of the aqueous extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, which showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, and terpenes. L. edodes extracts showed ovicidal and/or larvicidal activity.

Shiitake dermatitis: two clinical forms of cutaneous presentation in the same patient / Dermatitis por shiitake: dos formas clínicas de presentación cutánea en un mismo paciente

La dermatitis por hongos Shiitake ocurre en un pequeño porcentaje de casos luego de la ingesta de este hongo en forma cruda o semi-cruda. Se manifiesta usualmente como una dermatosis flagelada localizada principalmente en la espalda y en forma más ocasional con otro tipo de lesiones incluyendo la urticaria, petequias y una dermatitis de contacto entre otras. Este estudio describe un paciente sano de 46 años con dos tipos diferentes de reacciones al hongo, espaciadas en el tiempo. Primero está la típica dermatosis flagelada luego de la ingesta del hongo Shiitake y un tiempo después luego de que se había mejorado completamente, un segundo rash en la forma de dermatitis de contacto con descamación y prurito de las manos y dedos luego de la manipulación del hongo. Según nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer caso con dos diferentes formas de presentación clínica de reacción alérgica al hongo Shiitake en el mismo paciente

Shiitake fungal dermatitis occurs in a small percentage of cases after ingestion of this raw or semi-raw mushroom. It usually manifests as flagellated dermatosis located mainly on the back and more rarely with other types of lesions, including urticaria, petechiae, and contact dermatitis, among others. This study described a healthy 46-year-old male patient who presented two different forms of reaction to mushrooms, spaced over time. First is the typical form of flagellated dermatosis after the Shiitake mushrooms ingestion, and shortly after, when fully recovered, with a second rash in the form of contact dermatitis with desquamation and itching of hands and fingers after the mushroom manipulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported with two different cutaneous clinical forms of allergic reaction to Shiitake mushrooms in the same patient.

[Flagellate dermatitis caused by the intake of shiitake mushrooms. A case report and review of the literature]. / Dermatitis flagelada por setas shiitake. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

BACKGROUND: Flagellate dermatitis caused by the intake of shiitake mushrooms is characterized by linear erythematous lesions that are intensely pruritic. It is common in countries where the consumption of mushrooms is high, but it is rare in Latin America. It can be difficult to diagnose as there is a delay between the intake of the mushroom and the eruption. CASE REPORT: A 49-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of hypothyroidism who, 48 hours after the intake of shiitake mushrooms, developed intense itching associated with the appearance of linear and erythematous lesions, in a "flagellate-like" pattern, predominantly on the trunk, without other signs or symptoms. There was no history of recent exposure to drugs. She was treated with oral antihistamine and topical corticosteroid, however, without improvement, which is why a short cycle of oral corticosteroid was required, with which her lesions were resolved. A shiitake-free diet was indicated. CONCLUSIONS: Flagellate dermatitis is a toxicoderma that is associated with the intake of shiitake mushrooms among other things. Its clinical presentation is characteristic, although its exact pathophysiology is not fully understood. The boom of Asian food in Latin America might lead to an increase in the number of cases; hence the importance of knowing about its existence.

Antecedentes: La dermatitis flagelada por setas shiitake se caracteriza por lesiones eritematosas lineales muy pruriginosas. Es común en países con alto consumo de hongos, pero poco frecuente en Latinoamérica. Puede ser difícil de diagnosticar debido al retraso en la aparición de las erupciones después de la ingesta del hongo. Caso clínico: Mujer caucásica de 49 años, con antecedente de hipotiroidismo, quien 48 horas después de la ingesta de setas shiitake desarrolló prurito intenso asociado a lesiones lineales, eritematosas, con patrón de flagelación, predominantes en tronco, sin otros signos ni síntomas. No había historia de exposición reciente a medicamentos. Recibió antihistamínico oral y corticoide tópico sin mejoría, por lo que requirió ciclo corto de corticoide oral, con el cual se resolvieron las lesiones. Se le indicó evitar el consumo del hongo en la dieta. Conclusiones: La dermatitis flagelada constituye una toxicodermia asociada, entre otras cosas, al consumo de setas shiitake. Su presentación clínica es característica, aunque su fisiopatología no está completamente entendida. El auge de la comida oriental en Latinoamérica podría incrementar el número de casos, de ahí la importancia de conocer esta toxicodermia.

Condiciones para el análisis de proteínas del micelio de Lentinuia edodes obtenido por fermentación en estado líquido / Conditions for protein analysis of Lentinuia edodes mycelium obtained from liquid state fermentation / Condições para a análise de proteínas do micélio de Lentinuia edodes obtidas por fermentação em estado líquido

Resumen Pocos son los trabajos enfocados en la producción biotecnológica y el desarrollo de herramientas analíticas en torno a la Lentinuia edodes, seta comestible con potencial para el desarrollo de nutracéuticos. Por esto, en esta investigación, se estudió la producción de biomasa del hongo en el tiempo, mediante fermentación en estado líquido, y se seleccionaron las condiciones que permitieron la obtención de extractos para la aplicación de herramientas para análisis proteómico. Los métodos de extracción de proteínas, ácido tricloroacético (TCA) - acetona y TCA - acetona - fenol, fueron comparados en términos del rendimiento de extracción y los perfiles de separación usando electroforesis en 1D (SDS-PAGE) y 2D (IEF-SDS PAGE). Se determinó que a los 10 días de crecimiento se obtiene la mayor producción de biomasa y proteína total. La extracción con TCA - acetona - fenol presentó un mayor rendimiento, resolución y número de bandas en la electroforesis 1D. En 2DE, los dos métodos permitieron la extracción de proteínas con puntos isoeléctricos en el rango de pH 3-10, pero el método TCA - acetona - fenol conllevó a una extracción diferencial, favoreciendo el rango de masa de 33 a 113 kDa. Estos resultados se constituyen en una primera aplicación de técnicas de separación electroforética para futuros estudios proteómicos.

Abstract Few are the investigations focused on the biotechnological production and the development of analytical tools about Lentinuia edodes, an edible mushroom which has a potential for being used in the development of nutraceutical products. For this reason, in this research, the production of biomass of the mushroom over time by liquid state fermentation (LSF) was studied. Then, the conditions that allow obtaining protein extracts for the application of tools for proteomic analysis were selected. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) - acetone and TCA - acetone - phenol were the two protein extraction methods which were compared in terms of extraction yield and separation profiles in 1D (SDS-PAGE) and 2D (IEF-SDS PAGE) electrophoresis. The highest production of biomass and total protein content was obtained after 10 days of LSF. Protein extraction with TCA - acetone -phenol presented the highest yield, resolution and number of bands in 1D electrophoresis. In 2DE the two methods allowed the extraction of proteins with isoelectric points in pH 3-10 range but, the TCA - acetone - phenol method favored a differential extraction of proteins in the range of 33 to 113 kDa. These results constitute a first application of electrophoretic separation techniques for future proteomic studies.

Resumo Lentinuia edodes é um cogumelo comestível com potencial para o desenvolvimento de nutracêuticos. Entretanto, os trabalhos voltados para a produção biotecnológica e o desenvolvimento de ferramentas analíticas que permitem aprofundar sua composição são incipientes. Nesta pesquisa, a produção de biomassa do fungo ao longo do tempo por meio de fermentação no estado líquido foi estudada e as condições que permitem obter extratos para a aplicação de ferramentas para análise proteômica foram selecionadas. Os métodos de extração de proteínas usados foram ácido tricloroacético (TCA) - acetona e TCA - acetona - fenol e comparada em termos de rendimento de extracção e perfis de separação utilizando electroforese 1D (SDS-PAGE) e 2D (IEF-SDS PAGE). Foi determinado que após 10 dias de crescimento, a maior produção de biomassa e proteína total foi obtida. A extração com TCA - acetona - fenol apresentou maior rendimento, maior resolução e número de bandas em eletroforese 1D. No 2DE os dois métodos permitiram a extração de proteínas com pontos isoelétricos na faixa de pH 3-10, mas o método TCA - acetona - fenol levou a uma extração diferencial, favorecendo a faixa de 33 a 113 kDa. Estes resultados constituem uma primeira aplicação de técnicas de separação eletroforética para futuros estudos proteômicos.

Flagellate Dermatitis by Shiitake Mushroom.

The authors present a case of flagellate dermatitis in a previously healthy young male, triggered by the consumption of shiitake mushrooms. Complete remission without complications was obtained within 7 days, simply by the application of dexamethasone cream 0.1%. Considering the growing use of this originally Asian fungus in cookery worldwide, it is likely that we will see increased occurrence of this benign and self-limited condition also in the Western world.

Eritema flagelado por ingesta de hongos Shiitake: reporte de caso / Flagellated erythema due to Shiitake mushroom intake: report of case

El eritema flagelado es una erupción cutánea poco frecuente con múltiples causas, dentro de las cuales se encuentra la ingesta de hongos shiitake crudos o semicrudos. Se postula que es secundario a una reacción de hipersensibilidad Th-1 producida por el lentinan, un polisacárido termolábil de la pared celular del hongo. En años recientes ha aumentado su incidencia en el mundo occidental debido a la creciente popularidad de la comida asiática, en la que los hongos shiitake son un ingrediente muy utilizado. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por la aparición de lesiones eritematosas lineales pruriginosas principalmente en tronco y extremidades, de curso autolimitado. El diagnóstico es principalmente clínico, basado en el antecedente de ingesta reciente de hongos shiitake y el rash característico y el tratamiento es sintomático con antihistamínicos y corticoides tópicos u orales. A continuación, presentamos un caso de eritema flagelado en una mujer joven, secundario a ingesta de hongos shiitake, que se resolvió completamente en 2 semanas.

Flagellate erythema is a rare skin eruption with many causes, including the ingestion of raw or undercooked shiitake mushrooms. It is thought to be a Th-1 hypersensitivity reaction produced by lentinan, a thermolabile polysaccharide found in the cell wall of the mushroom. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of cases due to the growing popularity of Asian cuisine, in which shiitake mushrooms are a central ingredient. The clinical presentation is characterized by the appearance of linear, erythematous, pruritic lesions mostly on the trunk and extremities, of self-limited course. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the history of recent shiitake mushroom ingestion and the characteristic rash, and treatment is symptomatic, with antihistamines and topical or systemic steroids. In this report, we present a case of flagellate erythema in a young woman, that appeared after the ingestion of shiitake mushrooms, and resolved completely after 2 weeks.

Diets Containing Shiitake Mushroom Reduce Serum Lipids and Serum Lipophilic Antioxidant Capacity in Rats.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that dietary intake of shiitake mushroom (SM; Lentinus edodes) decreased serum concentrations of polar lipids in male rats. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the dietary effects of SM on serum cholesterol-related and serum antioxidant indexes in rats of both sexes. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats [38 dams and their offspring (20 males and 20 females/diet)] were fed diets containing 0 (control), 1%, 4%, or 10% (wt:wt) SM powder from gestation day 4 through to postnatal day (PND) 126. Biochemical indexes were monitored during the midgrowth phase (PNDs 50-66). RESULTS: The food consumption by offspring fed the control diet and diets supplemented with SM was not different when measured on PND 65. However, the 4% and 10% SM diets resulted in male rats with 7% lower body weights than those of the other 2 groups on PND 66. SM consumption dose-dependently decreased the concentrations of lipidemia-related factors in sera, irrespective of sex. At PND 50, serum concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol in SM-fed male and female rats were generally lower (3-27%) than those in the corresponding control groups. Consumption of the 10% SM diet resulted in significantly decreased (55%) serum triglyceride concentrations relative to the control groups for both sexes. The 10% SM diet elicited a 62% reduction of serum leptin concentrations in females but not in males, and this same diet increased serum insulin (137%) and decreased serum glucose (15%) in males compared with controls. Serum lipophilic antioxidant capacity in males and females fed SM diets was generally lower (31-86%) than that in the control groups. CONCLUSION: SM decreased the concentrations of lipidemia-related factors in rat sera irrespective of sex. The SM-elicited reduction of lipophilic antioxidant capacity irrespective of sex may reflect a lower pro-oxidative state and, hence, improved metabolic profile.

Improvement of yield of the edible and medicinal mushroom Lentinula edodes on wheat straw by use of supplemented spawn.

The research evaluated the interactions of two main factors (strain / types of spawn) on various parameters with the purpose to assess its effect on yield and biochemical composition of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies cultivated on pasteurized wheat straw. The evaluation was made with four strains (IE-40, IE-105, IE-124 and IE-256). Different types of spawns were prepared: Control (C) (millet seed, 100%), F1 (millet seed, 88.5%; wheat bran, 8.8%; peat moss, 1.3%; and CaS04, 1.3%) and F2 (the same formula as F1, but substituting the wheat bran with powdered wheat straw). Wheat straw was pasteurized by soaking it for 1 h in water heated to 65 °C. After this the substrate (2 kg wet weight) was placed in polypropylene bags. The bags were inoculated with each spawn (5% w/w) and incubated in a dark room at 25 °C. A proximate analysis of mature fruiting bodies was conducted. The mean Biological Efficiency (BE) varied between 66.0% (C-IE-256) and 320.1% (F1-IE-124), with an average per strain of 125.6%. The highest mean BE was observed on spawn F1 (188.3%), significantly different from C and F2. The protein content of fruiting bodies was high, particularly in strain IE-40-F1 (17.7%). The amount of fat varied from 1.1 (F1-IE-40) to 2.1% (F2-IE-105) on dry matter. Carbohydrates ranged from 58.8% (F1-IE-40) to 66.1% (F1-IE-256). The energy value determined ranged from 302.9 kcal (F1-IE-40) to 332.0 kcal (F1-IE-256). The variability on BE observed in this study was significantly influenced by the spawn's formulation and genetic factors of the different strains.

Improvement of yield of the edible and medicinal mushroom Lentinula edodes on wheat straw by use of supplemented spawn

The research evaluated the interactions of two main factors (strain / types of spawn) on various parameters with the purpose to assess its effect on yield and biochemical composition of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies cultivated on pasteurized wheat straw. The evaluation was made with four strains (IE-40, IE-105, IE-124 and IE-256). Different types of spawns were prepared: Control (C) (millet seed, 100%), F1 (millet seed, 88.5%; wheat bran, 8.8%; peat moss, 1.3%; and CaS0(4), 1.3%) and F2 (the same formula as F1, but substituting the wheat bran with powdered wheat straw). Wheat straw was pasteurized by soaking it for 1 h in water heated to 65 °C. After this the substrate (2 kg wet weight) was placed in polypropylene bags. The bags were inoculated with each spawn (5% w/w) and incubated in a dark room at 25 °C. A proximate analysis of mature fruiting bodies was conducted. The mean Biological Efficiency (BE) varied between 66.0% (C-IE-256) and 320.1% (F1-IE-124), with an average per strain of 125.6%. The highest mean BE was observed on spawn F1 (188.3%), significantly different from C and F2. The protein content of fruiting bodies was high, particularly in strain IE-40-F1 (17.7%). The amount of fat varied from 1.1 (F1-IE-40) to 2.1% (F2-IE-105) on dry matter. Carbohydrates ranged from 58.8% (F1-IE-40) to 66.1% (F1-IE-256). The energy value determined ranged from 302.9 kcal (F1-IE-40) to 332.0 kcal (F1-IE-256). The variability on BE observed in this study was significantly influenced by the spawn's formulation and genetic factors of the different strains.

Improvement of yield of the edible and medicinal mushroom Lentinula edodes on wheat straw by use of supplemented spawn

The research evaluated the interactions of two main factors (strain / types of spawn) on various parameters with the purpose to assess its effect on yield and biochemical composition of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies cultivated on pasteurized wheat straw. The evaluation was made with four strains (IE-40, IE-105, IE-124 and IE-256). Different types of spawns were prepared: Control (C) (millet seed, 100%), F1 (millet seed, 88.5%; wheat bran, 8.8%; peat moss, 1.3%; and CaS0(4), 1.3%) and F2 (the same formula as F1, but substituting the wheat bran with powdered wheat straw). Wheat straw was pasteurized by soaking it for 1 h in water heated to 65 °C. After this the substrate (2 kg wet weight) was placed in polypropylene bags. The bags were inoculated with each spawn (5% w/w) and incubated in a dark room at 25 °C. A proximate analysis of mature fruiting bodies was conducted. The mean Biological Efficiency (BE) varied between 66.0% (C-IE-256) and 320.1% (F1-IE-124), with an average per strain of 125.6%. The highest mean BE was observed on spawn F1 (188.3%), significantly different from C and F2. The protein content of fruiting bodies was high, particularly in strain IE-40-F1 (17.7%). The amount of fat varied from 1.1 (F1-IE-40) to 2.1% (F2-IE-105) on dry matter. Carbohydrates ranged from 58.8% (F1-IE-40) to 66.1% (F1-IE-256). The energy value determined ranged from 302.9 kcal (F1-IE-40) to 332.0 kcal (F1-IE-256). The variability on BE observed in this study was significantly influenced by the spawn's formulation and genetic factors of the different strains.

Shiitake dermatitis: the first case reported in Brazil / Dermatite flagelada por shiitake, primeiro relato de caso no Brasil

Shiitake Dermatitis is often presented as papules and erythemato-violaceous linear streaks. It can be associated with bleomycin treatment, dermatomyositis and shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes). There is not any previous report concerning this rare etiology in our country. Shiitake is the second most consumed mushroom worldwide and it can cause flagellate erythema when ingested raw or half cooked. It has a higher incidence in Oriental countries because of their eating habits, this is the first case reported in Brazil, in a male patient that presented a cutaneous rash after consuming this raw mushroom.

A dermatite flagelada é caracterizada por pápulas eritematosas lineares com aspecto de "chicotada". A etiologia pode ser associada ao uso de bleomicina, dermatomiosite e shiitake (Lentinus edodes). Este é o segundo cogumelo mais consumido no mundo e pode ser causa de dermatite flagelada quando ingerido cru ou mal cozido. Não há relatos nas literaturas de quadro de dermatite flagelada por shiitake em nosso país, reportamos o primeiro caso no Brasil de um paciente masculino que desenvolveu o quadro após a ingesta desse cogumelo cru.

Flagellate dermatitis caused by shiitake mushrooms / Dermatite flagelada após a ingestão de fungos shiitake

Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) is the second most consumed mushroom in the world. It has long been known in Asian medicine for its anticarcinogenic, antihypertensive and serum cholesterol level reduction properties. Nevertheless, the consumption of raw or not well-cooked mushrooms may cause skin eruptions which usually occur 24 to 48 hours after ingestion and are characterized by linearly arranged pruritic erythematous papules and plaques. We present a 36-year-old patient that developed typical symptoms 24 hours after consumption of shiitake mushrooms and summarize therapeutic options and particularities of this disease.

Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) é o segundo tipo de cogumelo mais consumido no mundo. Suas propriedades terapêuticas antitumorais, anti-hipertensivas e redutoras dos níveis elevados de colesterol são há muito conhecidas pela população asiática. Após ingestão desse cogumelo, cru ou malcozido, podem desenvolver-se lesões eritematosas lineares, pruriginosas, que surgem após 24 ou 48 horas em todo o corpo. Apresentamos um paciente de 36 anos com anamnese e clínica típicos, e comentamos as alternativas terapêuticas e nuances dessa dermatose.

Cinética micelial dos fungos comestíveis Pleurotus ostreatus e Lentinula edodes em resíduos lignocelulósicos / Mycelial kinetics of edible fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes in lignocellulosic residues

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento micelial, em placa de Petri, de dois fungos comestíveis (Pleurotus ostreatus e Lentinula edodes) em seis meios de cultura [(malte-ágar, serragemdextrose-ágar-marupá (SDA-MA), serragem-dextrose-ágar-cajuí (SDA-CA), serragem-dextroseágar-açaí (SDA-AÇA), serragem-dextrose-ágar-banana 50% (BAN 50%) e serragem-dextroseágar-banana 100% (BAN 100%)]. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2. Cada tratamento constou de seis repetições, correspondente a uma placa de Petri, totalizando 72 unidades experimentais. Verificou-se que, em todos os meios à base de resíduos, o P. ostreatus apresentou um melhor desenvolvimento micelial (81,00; 64,66; 81,00; 50,16; e 33,33 mm, para SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% e BAN 100%, respectivamente) que o L. edodes (32,00; 31,66; 27,66; 37,33; e 21,83 mm, para SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% e BAN 100%, respectivamente). Também constatou-se que, para os L. edodes, não houve vantagem, em relação ao crescimento micelial, no uso de meios à base de resíduos comparado ao meio malteágar (testemunha), o qual obteve o melhor desempenho (62,17mm). Já para o P. ostreatus, os meios SDA-MA e SDA-AÇA apresentaram as maiores médias de crescimento (81 mm), o que representa um incremento de crescimento de 34% em relação ao meio testemunha (malte-ágar), cujo média de crescimento foi de 60,33mm. Assim, de uma forma geral, os resíduos testados indicam potencial de aproveitamento na fungicultura, especialmente para o cultivo de P. ostreatus.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the mycelial growth of 2 edible fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes) in 6 culture media [(malt-agar, sawdustdextrose-agar-marupá (SDA-MA), sawdust-dextrose-agar-cajuí (SDA-CA), sawdust-dextrose-agaraçaí (SDA-AÇA), sawdust-dextrose-agar-banana 50% (BAN 50%) and sawdust-dextrose-agar-banana 100% (BAN 100%)], in Petri dishes. The experimental design was totally randomized, in a 6x2 factorial scheme. Each treatment consisted of six repetitions in 1 Petri dish, totaling 72 experimental units. It was verified that P. ostreatus presented better mycelial development (81.00; 64.66; 81.00; 50.16 and 33.33mm for SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% and BAN 100%, respectively) than L. edodes (32.00; 31.66; 27.66; 37.33 and 21.83mm for SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% and BAN 100%, respectively). It was also verified that there was no advantage for L. edodes in relation to mycelial growth, when media based on residues were used, compared to malt-agar medium (control), which obtained the best performance (62.17mm). As for P. ostreatus, SDA-MA and SDA-AÇA medium presented the highest growth averages (81 mm), representing a growth increase of 34% in relation to the control medium (malt-agar), whose growth average was 60.33mm. Thus, the residues tested present potential to be used in fungiculture, especially for the cultivation of P. ostreatus.

Quantitative changes in the biochemical composition of lignocellulosic residues during the vegetative growth of Lentinula edodes

The chemical changes in barley-straw (BS), wheat-straw (WS) and vineyard-pruning (VP) substrates were determined during colonization of Lentinula edodes mycelia (during primordium development) in solid state fermentation. Primordia appeared 39-50 days after inoculation. VP appeared to promote early sporophore initiation. The concentration of hemicellulose in BS and VP decreased gradually from 25.5 percent to 15.6 percent and from 15.8 percent to 12.3 percent, respectively. However in WS, hemicellulose decreased from 27.2 percent to 9.5 percent. Lignin broke down continuously in BS and WS, with 31.8 percent and 34.4 percent degradation, respectively; higher than that of cellulose. During the pinning stage, the C:N ratio decreased in VP and BS, but not in WS. On all substrates the phenols decreased notably throughout the first week of mycelial growth. The time elapsed (days) to pinning was positively correlated with cellulose content (r=0.89), total sugar (r=0.85) and inversely correlated to lignin (r=-1.00) and phenol content (r=-0.55).

Quantitative changes in the biochemical composition of lignocellulosic residues during the vegetative growth of Lentinula edodes.

The chemical changes in barley-straw (BS), wheat-straw (WS) and vineyard-pruning (VP) substrates were determined during colonization of Lentinula edodes mycelia (during primordium development) in solid state fermentation. Primordia appeared 39-50 days after inoculation. VP appeared to promote early sporophore initiation. The concentration of hemicellulose in BS and VP decreased gradually from 25.5% to 15.6% and from 15.8% to 12.3%, respectively. However in WS, hemicellulose decreased from 27.2% to 9.5%. Lignin broke down continuously in BS and WS, with 31.8% and 34.4% degradation, respectively; higher than that of cellulose. During the pinning stage, the C:N ratio decreased in VP and BS, but not in WS. On all substrates the phenols decreased notably throughout the first week of mycelial growth. The time elapsed (days) to pinning was positively correlated with cellulose content (r=0.89), total sugar (r=0.85) and inversely correlated to lignin (r=-1.00) and phenol content (r=-0.55).

Quantitative changes in the biochemical composition of lignocellulosic residues during the vegetative growth of Lentinula edodes

The chemical changes in barley-straw (BS), wheat-straw (WS) and vineyard-pruning (VP) substrates were determined during colonization of Lentinula edodes mycelia (during primordium development) in solid state fermentation. Primordia appeared 39-50 days after inoculation. VP appeared to promote early sporophore initiation. The concentration of hemicellulose in BS and VP decreased gradually from 25.5% to 15.6% and from 15.8% to 12.3%, respectively. However in WS, hemicellulose decreased from 27.2% to 9.5%. Lignin broke down continuously in BS and WS, with 31.8% and 34.4% degradation, respectively; higher than that of cellulose. During the pinning stage, the C:N ratio decreased in VP and BS, but not in WS. On all substrates the phenols decreased notably throughout the first week of mycelial growth. The time elapsed (days) to pinning was positively correlated with cellulose content (r=0.89), total sugar (r=0.85) and inversely correlated to lignin (r=-1.00) and phenol content (r=-0.55).

Cinética micelial dos fungos comestíveis Pleurotus ostreatus e Lentinula edodes em resíduos lignocelulósicos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the mycelial growth of 2 edible fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes) in 6 culture media [(malt-agar, sawdust-dextrose-agar-marupá (SDA-MA), sawdust-dextrose-agar-cajuí (SDA-CA), sawdust-dextrose-agar-açaí (SDA-AÇA), sawdust-dextrose-agar-banana 50% (BAN 50%) and sawdust-dextrose-agar-banana 100% (BAN 100%)], in Petri dishes. The experimental design was totally randomized, in a 6x2 factorial scheme. Each treatment consisted of six repetitions in 1 Petri dish, totaling 72 experimental units. It was verified that P. ostreatus presented better mycelial development (81.00; 64.66; 81.00; 50.16 and 33.33mm for SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% and BAN 100%, respectively) than L. edodes (32.00; 31.66; 27.66; 37.33 and 21.83mm for SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% and BAN 100%, respectively). It was also verified that there was no advantage for L. edodes in relation to mycelial growth, when media based on residues were used, compared to malt-agar medium (control), which obtained the best performance (62.17mm). As for P. ostreatus, SDA-MA and SDA-AÇA medium presented the highest growth averages (81 mm), representing a growth increase of 34% in relation to the control medium (malt-agar), whose growth average was 60.33mm. Thus, the residues tested present potential to be used in fungiculture, especially for the cultivation of P. ostreatus.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento micelial, em placa de Petri, de dois fungos comestíveis (Pleurotus ostreatus e Lentinula edodes) em seis meios de cultura [(malte-ágar, serragem-dextrose-ágar-marupá (SDA-MA), serragem-dextrose-ágar-cajuí (SDA-CA), serragem-dextrose-ágar-açaí (SDA-AÇA), serragem-dextrose-ágar-banana 50% (BAN 50%) e serragem-dextrose-ágar-banana 100% (BAN 100%)]. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2. Cada tratamento constou de seis repetições, correspondente a uma placa de Petri, totalizando 72 unidades experimentais. Verificou-se que, em todos os meios à base de resíduos, o P. ostreatus apresentou um melhor desenvolvimento micelial (81,00; 64,66; 81,00; 50,16; e 33,33 mm, para SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% e BAN 100%, respectivamente) que o L. edodes (32,00; 31,66; 27,66; 37,33; e 21,83 mm, para SDA-MA, SDA-CA, SDA-AÇA, BAN 50% e BAN 100%, respectivamente). Também constatou-se que, para os L. edodes, não houve vantagem, em relação ao crescimento micelial, no uso de meios à base de resíduos comparado ao meio malte-ágar (testemunha), o qual obteve o melhor desempenho (62,17mm). Já para o P. ostreatus, os meios SDA-MA e SDA-AÇA apresentaram as maiores médias de crescimento (81 mm), o que representa um incremento de crescimento de 34% em relação ao meio testemunha (malte-ágar), cujo média de crescimento foi de 60,33mm. Assim, de uma forma geral, os resíduos testados indicam potencial de aproveitamento na fungicultura, especialmente para o cultivo de P. ostreatus.

Obtenção de linhagens de Lentinula edodes resistentes a temperaturas elevadas e seleção de linhagens resistentes ao Trichoderma sp / Obtention of Lentinula edodes strains resistant to high temperatures and selection of strains resistant to Trichoderma sp

Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler (shiitake) é o segundo cogumelo mais consumido no mundo e sua produção pode ser feita em toras de madeira ou em cultivo axênico utilizando resíduos agroindustriais como substrato. O cultivo do shiitake no Brasil tem sido gravemente prejudicado pela alta incidência de fungos contaminantes, como Trichoderma sp., e pela ausência de linhagens mais adaptadas às temperaturas tropicais. Duas linhagens resistentes ao Trichoderma sp. foram obtidas por meio de seleção quando crescidas em contato com o fungo contaminante e, por meio de fragmentação micelial, foram obtidas linhagens resistentes a temperaturas elevadas, capazes de crescer a 30º C em meio de cultura.

Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler (shiitake) is the second most consumed mushroom in the world and its production can be made in natural logs or in axenic culture using agroindustrial residues as substrate. The cultivation of shiitake in Brazil has been seriously harmed by the high incidence of contaminant fungi such as Trichoderma sp. and by the absence of strains adapted to tropical temperatures. Two strains resistant to Trichoderma sp. were obtained by selection when grown in contact with the contaminant fungus and, by mycelial fragmentation, strains were obtained that can resist high temperatures and grow at 30º C in a culture medium.