Optimization of fermentation conditions and medium components for chrysomycin a production by Streptomyces sp. 891-B6.

BACKGROUND: Chrysomycin A (CA) is a promising antibiotic for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections and cancers. In order to enhance CA yield, optimization of fermentation conditions and medium components was carried out on strain Streptomyces sp. 891-B6, an UV-induced mutant with improved CA titer compared with its wide-type marine strain 891. RESULTS: Using one-way experiment, the optimal fermentation conditions for CA production in 1-L shake flask were obtained as follows: 12 days of fermentation time, 5 days of seed age, 5% of inoculum volume ratio, 200 mL of loading volume and 6.5 of initial pH. By response surface methodology, the optimal medium components determined as glucose (39.283 g/L), corn starch (20.662 g/L), soybean meal (15.480 g/L) and CaCO3 (2.000 g/L). CONCLUSION: Validation tests showed that the maximum yield of CA reached 1601.9 ± 56.7 mg/L, which was a 60% increase compared to the initial yield (952.3 ± 53.2 mg/L). These results provided an important basis for scale-up production of CA by strain 891-B6.

Optimization of xylanase production by Pichia kudriavzevii and Candida tropicalis isolated from the wood product workshop.

Enzymatic compounds can be found abundantly and provide numerous advantages in microbial organisms. Xylanases are used in various pharmaceutical, food, livestock, poultry, and paper industries. This study aimed to investigate xylanase-producing yeasts, xylose concentration curve and their enzymatic activity under various factors including carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, and pH. Enzyme activity was evaluated under different conditions before, during, and after purification. The yeast strains were obtained from the wood product workshop and were subsequently cultivated on YPD (yeast extract peptone dextrose) medium. Additionally, the growth curve of the yeast and its molecular identification were conducted. The optimization and design process of xylan isolated from corn wood involved the use of Taguchi software to test different parameters like carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, and pH, with the goal of determining the most optimal conditions for enzyme production. In addition, the Taguchi method was utilized to conduct a multifactorial optimization of xylanase enzyme activity. The isolated species were partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis bag techniques. The results indicated that 3 species (8S, 18S, and 16W) after molecular identification based on 18S rRNA gene sequencing were identified as Candida tropicalis SBN-IAUF-1, Candida tropicalis SBN-IAUF-3, and Pichia kudriavzevii SBN-IAUF-2, respectively. The optimal parameters for wheat carbon source and peptone nitrogen source were found at 50 °C and pH 9.0 through single-factor optimization. By using the Taguchi approach, the best combination for highest activity was rice-derived carbon source and peptone nitrogen source at 50 °C and pH 6.0. The best conditions for xylanase enzyme production in single-factor optimization of wheat bran were 2135.6 U/mL, peptone 4475.25 U/mL, temperature 50 °C 1868 U/mL, and pH 9.0 2002.4 U/mL. Among the tested yeast, Candida tropicalis strain SBN-IAUF-1 to the access number MZ816946.1 in NCBI was found to be the best xylanase product. The highest ratio of enzyme production at the end of the delayed phase and the beginning of the logarithmic phase was concluded by comparing the growth ratio of 8S, 16W, and 18S yeasts with the level of enzymatic activity. This is the first report on the production of xylan polymer with a relative purity of 80% in Iran. The extracellular xylanases purified from the yeast species of C. tropicalis were introduced as a desirable biocatalyst due to their high enzymatic activity for the degradation of xylan polymers.

Experimental investigation on the hybrid system of mechanical vapor recompression and hollow fiber vacuum membrane distillation applied for wastewater treatment.

In order to achieve zero discharge and resource utilization of industrial high salt wastewater, a hybrid system of mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) and hollow fiber vacuum membrane distillation (HFVMD) was constructed, and several experiments of air tightness, single working condition and multiple working conditions were carried out with ammonium chloride solution as feed, then thermal economic performance were evaluated via a single factor analysis method. The obtained results showed that the system had excellent airtightness to ensure normal evaporation experiment, and high separation efficiency of 99.9% and lower evaporation energy consumption to achieve high efficient separation by combining the advantages of the hydrophobic membrane evaporation and latent heat recovery in view of MVR and HFVMD technologies. Furthermore, increasing feed temperature and feed flow rate increased evaporation rate and decreased evaporation energy consumption, while increasing feed concentration decreased evaporation rate and increased evaporation energy consumption. Finally, the single factor analysis indicated that total investment cost, annual operation cost and annual evaporation capacity were the main factors while environmental cost and equipment service life were the secondary factors which affected the specific evaporation cost. The above research provides theoretical and experimental bases for the development of the proposed system in the future.

Optimization of Ethanol Extraction Technology for Yujin Powder Using Response Surface Methodology with a Box-Behnken Design Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process-Criteria Importance through Intercriteria Correlation Weight Analysis and Its Safety Evaluation.

Here, we aimed to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for Yujin powder (YJP) and evaluate its safety. The ultrasonic-assisted ethanol reflux extraction method refluxing was used to extract YJP. The parameters were optimized through a combination of single-factor and response surface methodology (RSM). The comprehensive Y value score calculated using the content of 13 active ingredients in YJP ethanolic extracts (YEEs) and the yield of the dry extract were used as measuring criteria. RSM with a Box-Behnken design using three factors and three levels was adopted to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for YJP. Finally, acute and subchronic toxicity tests were performed to evaluate its safety. The results revealed the best technological parameters: a liquid-material ratio of 24:1, an ethanol concentration of 69%, assistance of ultrasound (40 °C, 50 kHZ, 30 min), reflux time of 53 min, and reflux temperature of 50 °C. In acute toxicity tests, the maximum administration dosage in mice was 28.21 g/kg, which is higher than 10 times the clinical dosage. Adverse effects in the acute and subchronic toxicity tests were not observed. All clinical indexes were normal. In conclusion, the RSM based on AHP-CRITIC weight analysis could be used to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for YJP and YEEs prepared under the above conditions and ensure high safety.

Screening of renal clear cell carcinoma prognostic marker genes based on TCGA and GTEx chip data and construction of transcription factor-related regulatory networks.

This study aimed to identify prognostic marker genes for renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC) and construct a regulatory network of transcription factors and prognostic marker genes. Three hundred eighty-six genes were significantly differentially expressed in RCCC, with functional enrichment analysis suggesting a relationship between these genes and kidney function and development. Cox and Lasso regression analyses revealed 10 prognostic marker genes (RNASET2, MSC, DPEP1, FGF1, ATP1A1, CLDN10, PLG, SLC44A1, PCSK1N, and LGI4) that accurately predicted RCCC patient prognosis. Upstream transcription factors of these genes were also identified, and in vitro experiments suggested that ATP1A1 may play a key role in RCCC patient prognosis. The findings of this study provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of RCCC and may have implications for personalized treatment strategies.

On the Importance of Coefficient Alpha for Measurement Research: Loading Equality Is Not Necessary for Alpha's Utility as a Scale Reliability Index.

The population relationship between coefficient alpha and scale reliability is studied in the widely used setting of unidimensional multicomponent measuring instruments. It is demonstrated that for any set of component loadings on the common factor, regardless of the extent of their inequality, the discrepancy between alpha and reliability can be arbitrarily small in any considered population and hence practically ignorable. In addition, the set of parameter values where this discrepancy is negligible is shown to possess the same dimensionality as that of the underlying model parameter space. The article contributes to the measurement and related literature by pointing out that (a) approximate or strict loading identity is not a necessary condition for the utility of alpha as a trustworthy index of scale reliability, and (b) coefficient alpha can be a dependable reliability measure with any extent of inequality in the component loadings.

Response surface optimization of poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate synthesized by Bacillus cereus L17 using acetic acid as carbon source.

A strain of Bacillus that can tolerate 10 g/L acetic acid and use the volatile fatty acids produced by the hydrolysis and acidification of activated sludge to produce polyhydroxyalkanoate was screened from the activated sludge of propylene oxide saponification wastewater. The strain was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis and was named Bacillus cereus L17. Various characterization methods showed that the polymer synthesized by strain L17 is poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate, which has low crystallinity, good ductility and toughness, high thermal stability and a low polydispersity coefficient. It has wide thermoplastic material operating space as well as industrial and medicinal applications. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined by single factor optimization. Then, Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken design experiments were carried out according to the single factor optimization results, and the response surface optimization was completed. The final results were: initial pH 6.7, temperature 25 °C, and loading volume 124 mL. The verification experiment showed that the yield of poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate after optimization increased by 35.2 % compared to that before optimization.

Prospective Identification of Prognostic Hot-Spot Mutant Gene Signatures for Leukemia: A Computational Study Based on Integrative Analysis of TCGA and cBioPortal Data.

The advantage of an increasing amount of bioinformatics data on leukemias intrigued us to explore the hot-spot mutation profiles and investigate the implications of those hot-spot mutations in patient survival. We retrieved somatic mutations and their distribution in protein domains through data analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas and cBioPortal databases. After determining differentially expressed mutant genes related to leukemia, we further conducted principal component analysis and single-factor Cox regression analyses. Moreover, survival analysis was performed for the obtained candidate genes, followed by a multi-factor Cox proportional hazard model method for the impacts of the candidate genes on the survival and prognosis of patients with leukemia. At last, the signaling pathways involved in leukemia were investigated by gene set enrichment analysis. There were 223 somatic missense mutation hot-spots identified with pertinence to leukemia, which were distributed in 41 genes. Differential expression in leukemia was witnessed in 39 genes. We found a close correlation between seven genes and the prognosis of leukemia patients, among which, three genes could significantly influence the survival rate. In addition, among these three genes, CD74 and P2RY8 were highlighted due to close pertinence with survival conditions of leukemia patients. Finally, data suggested that B cell receptor, Hedgehog, and TGF-beta signaling pathways were enriched in low-hazard patients. In conclusion, these data underline the involvement of hot-spot mutations of CD74 and P2RY8 genes in survival status of leukemia patients, highlighting their as novel therapeutic targets or prognostic indicators for leukemia patients. Summary of Graphical Abstract: We identified 223 leukemia-associated somatic missense mutation hotspots concentrated in 41 different genes from 2297 leukemia patients in the TCGA database. Differential analysis of leukemic and normal samples from the TCGA and GTEx databases revealed that 39 of these 41 genes showed significant differential expression in leukemia. These 39 genes were subjected to PCA analysis, univariate Cox analysis, survival analysis, multivariate Cox regression analysis, GSEA pathway enrichment analysis, and then the association with leukemia survival prognosis and related pathways were investigated.

Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Honokiol Nanoparticles Using a New Polysaccharide Polymer as its Carrier.

OBJECTIVE: To improve the solubility of Honokiol (HNK), Honokiol nanoparticles (HNK-NPs) were prepared using a new biodegradable polysaccharide polymer as its carrier. METHODS: HNK-NPs were prepared by hydrophilic polymer coagulation method, and the processing parameters were optimized according to average particle size and PDI by a single factor experiment. The morphology of the optimized nanoparticles was investigated by TEM, and the in vitro release was carried out to evaluate the optimized HNK-NPs. RESULTS: The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of the HNK-NPs were 77.75 ± 2.63% and 13.46 ± 0.39%, respectively. The obtained nanoparticles of HNK-NPs were spherical-like under the electron microscope with a mean particle size of 198.50 ± 0.01 nm and a Zeta potential of -52.60 ± 1.00 mV. The in vitro release results showed that the cumulative release rates of nanoparticles were 48.28 ± 9.80% and 81.12 ± 4.35% within 2 h and 8 h, respectively, showing a stable release behavior. The average particle size and PDI of HNK-NPs solution prepared by the hydrophilic polymer condensation method had no obvious change at 72h. CONCLUSION: HNK-NPs were successfully prepared by the phase separation method. This new polysaccharide polymer should be an ideal carrier to help improve the solubility of HNK.

Screening of symbiotic Streptomyces spp. and optimization of microalgal growth in a microalgae-actinomycetes co-culture system.

Microalgal biodiesel as a substitute for fossil energy has attracted extensive attention. However, the high cost of microalgae cultivation limits the industrial production of microalgal biodiesel. The co-culture system may offer a means to increase microalgae's biomass production. In this study, Streptomyces strains were selected to construct and optimize co-culture systems with Monoraphidium sp. HDMA-11 and the algal cell biomass, lipid content, phycocyanin content, starch content, and fatty acid composition were determined. The results showed that Streptomyces nojiriensis significantly promoted Monoraphidium sp. HDMA-11 growth and a co-culture system were established. Orthogonal experiments showed that the Monoraphidium sp. HDMA-11 biomass was further increased when the initial culture pH was 7.5, the inoculation time of Streptomyces strain supernatants was 36 h, the volume ratio of microalgal actinomycetes was 1:1, and no additional acetic acid was added. Under these conditions, compared with monocultured Monoraphidium sp. HDMA-11, the cell biomass and lipid productivity of the co-culture system increased by 525.8 and 155.1%, respectively. These results suggest that S. nojiriensis supernatant potentially enhances microalgae biomass and may represent a new method to improve microalgae growth.

In Search of Differences in the Perception of Safety Climate by Employees of an International Manufacturing Company.

The implementation of effective workforce safety programmes ought to be linked to an understanding of the specificity of the work in the organisation concerned, taking into consideration the assessment of the level of safety expressed by the professional group representing it at the executive level. The main purpose of the study presented in the paper, which is part of a broader project of researching safety culture in the organisation, is a diagnosis of the safety climate in the Polish branch of an international manufacturing company. The following research question was formulated: Is the examined international manufacturing company a homogeneous organisation from the point of view of assessing its safety culture? The research was exploratory. In total, 203 respondents, which amounts to 35% of the employees, participated in the study. The selection of the sample was representative-in proportion to the number of employees in individual departments and their positions in the examined organisation. The presented paper includes an analysis of the results obtained on the basis of the abbreviated version of the Safety Climate Questionnaire, a self-developed tool to assess ten separate dimensions of safety climate. The results of a single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) along with post hoc tests prove that there is a statistically significant difference between the respondents representing different positions in the organisation and different areas of employment. The position held in the company significantly differentiates the employees in a statistically significant way-in eight out of eleven diagnostic areas, including the Summary Safety Climate Indicator (SSCI). In the case of department, statistically significant differences were found in seven out of eleven diagnostic areas. Education proved to be the factor that differentiates the respondents the least in terms of the assessment of workplace safety climate. Statistically significant differences occurred only in three out of eleven diagnostic areas. The observed differences in the assessment of the dimensions of workplace safety climate point to the need for the promotion of more diversified and individualised measures, taking into account the specificity of work and the nature of hazards in a given position, and the creation of practical safety programmes not only in the procedural and technical dimensions but also in social and psychological ones.

Optimization for the production of a polyketone 3S,4S-DMD from Panus lecomtei (Agaricomycetes) by submerged fermentation.

3,4-Dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-chroman derivatives have diverse physiological properties. A polyketone (3S,4S)-3,4-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromom (3S,4S-DMD) with antibacterial activity was isolated from the solid culture of rare edible fungus Panus lecomtei. However, the yield of 3S,4S-DMD in solid culture of P. lecomtei is very low and the production period are too long. In this work, efficient accumulation of 3S,4S-DMD in P. lecomtei by submerged fermentation is studied. The key fermentation factors of P. lecomtei for 3S,4S-DMD production were optimised by single-factor experiment successively, and then a Box-Behnken design (BBD) experiment was carried out to further enhance 3S,4S-DMD production. A maximum 3S,4S-DMD yield of 196.3 mg/L was obtained at 25.78 g/L glucose, 1.67 g/L MgSO4 · 7H2O, 40°C and 197 r/min, respectively, which increased by 1.3-fold in comparison with that in the non-optimised fermentation conditions. Furthermore, an enhanced yield of 3S,4S-DMD (261.6 mg/L) was obtained in 5-L agitated fermenter. The 3S,4S-DMD productivity in flask and fermenter reached to 7.26 and 8.07 mg/g per day, respectively, which considerably increased by over 121-fold in comparison with that in the solid fermentation (0.06 mg/g per day). This study presents a potential method for the production of 3S,4S-DMD by submerged fermentation.

Optimization via response surface methodology of the synthesis of a dust suppressant and its performance characterization for use in open cut coal mines.

To relieve dust pollution in open cut coal mines and reduce the hazards of coal dust pollution to the environment and workers we optimized the synthesis of a dust suppressant by graft copolymerization of environmentally friendly soy protein isolate with methyl methacrylate. This dust suppressant could effectively control dust pollution in open cut coal mines. The optimized conditions for graft copolymerization in this case were determined by a response surface experiment designed with Design-Expert 10 software. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy showed a significant morphology change of the dust suppressant and the generation of a rigid and dense layer on its surface after interacting with coal dust. The layer exhibited good bonding and dust suppression performance. The analysis with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the appearance of new absorption peaks near 1300, 1072, and 1631 cm-1, demonstrating effective graft copolymerization. The proposed dust suppressant exhibited excellent wind erosion resistance, with a resistance that exceeded 90% at a wind speed of 6.5 m/sec. The successful graft copolymerization and effective bonding and curing of the dust suppressant on coal dust were experimentally verified. This is of great significance to the control of coal dust pollution.

Raw and processed data set for optimization of bio-oil production from microwave co-pyrolysis of food waste and low-density polyethylene with response surface methodology.

This scientific data article is related to the research work entitled "Optimization of bio-oil production from microwave co-pyrolysis of food waste and low-density polyethylene with response surface methodology" published in "Journal of Environmental Management" (10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113345). In this work, collection of Food Waste (FW) and Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) for 7 consecutive days and its characterization was done. Based on the characterization, the composition of simulated FW was fixed for different experimental runs. Valorization of feedstock (FW and LDPE) with increasing temperature with/without the presence of microwave susceptor was analyzed. Statistical significance of LDPE and microwave susceptor addition on bio-oil yield and Total Acid Number (TAN) was verified with single-factor ANOVA. The outcomes of the present dataset will be helpful for the researchers and engineers working in the field of bio-oil generation from microwave co-pyrolysis of mixed waste.

Optimization of the Artemisia Polysaccharide Fermentation Process by Aspergillus niger.

In order to investigate the fermentation process of Artemisia polysaccharides, this paper showcases an investigation into the effects of fermentation time, fermentation temperature, strain inoculum, Artemisia annua addition, and shaker speed on the polysaccharides production of Artemisia annua. The yield of Artemisia polysaccharides content was determined based on the optimization of single-factor test, and then a response surface test was conducted with temperature, inoculum, and time as response variables and the yield of Artemisia polysaccharides as response values. The fermentation process was then optimized and the antioxidant activity of Artemisia polysaccharides was monitored using DPPH, ABTS+, OH, and total reducing power. The optimum fermentation process was determined by the test to be 5% inoculum of Aspergillus niger, temperature 36°C, time 2 d, shaker speed 180 r/min, and 4% addition of Artemisia annua, and the extraction of Artemisia polysaccharides was up to 17.04% by this condition of fermentation. The polysaccharides from Artemisia annua fermented by Aspergillus Niger had scavenging effects on DPPH, ABTS, and OH free radicals.

Enhanced Production of Mycophenolic Acid from Penicillium brevicompactum via Optimized Fermentation Strategy.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an occurring antibiotic produced through Penicillium brevicompactum. Its production was achieved by systematic process optimization under submerged fermentation. In shake flask, single-factor test experiments, Box-Behnken design (BBD) experiments, and fermentation strategy were determined, and the MPA yield was reached at 3002 ± 47, 3610 ± 51, and 4748 ± 59 µg/mL, respectively. For fermentation strategy, MPA production was 58.1% higher than that initial fermentation condition without optimization. Then, the optimized medium was further carried out in 5-L stirred fermenter for 180 h; MPA titer was increased from 3712 ± 65 µg/mL to 5786 ± 76 µg/mL, 55.9% higher than that of single-factor optimized medium. The results of this investigation will provide a vital step toward industrial-scale production of MPA.

[Pollution Characterization and Comprehensive Water Quality Assessment of Rain-source River: A Case Study of the Longgang River in Shenzhen].

Rain-source urban rivers are an important part of the urban ecosystem. Due to the small water environment capacity and the rapid development of the regional economy and society, they are vulnerable to serious pollution. The goal of this study was to identify the main pollution characteristics of river water quality and to carry out a scientific comprehensive water quality assessment. Water samples from 12 sampling locations of the Longgang River in Shenzhen, a typical rain-source urban river, were collected from January to December in 2018. According to the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002), 22 water quality indicators were analyzed, and the water quality of Longgang River was comprehensively evaluated using the single-factor assessment method, comprehensive pollution index method, and principal component analysis method. The results of the single-factor assessment method showed that water quality of all sampling sites of the Longgang River met the Class V of the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002), and the Tiaojiao Shui and Longxi River met the Class Ⅳ and Class Ⅲ of the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002), respectively. The results of the comprehensive pollution index method showed that the water quality of 12 sampling sites was clean or relatively clean. Both the results of the comprehensive pollution index and principal component comprehensive score showed that the water quality of Longxi River, Nanyue River, and Tianjiao Shui were the best among all sampling sites. There is still room for improvement in the Wutongshan River, Dakang River, Ailian River, Dingshan River, and Huangsha River, and significant consideration should be given to parameters such as nutrients (TN, TP, and NH4+-N), organic matter (COD and BOD5), fecal coliform, and anionic surfactants. The three methods were a combination of qualitative and quantitative evaluation. The results of each method were not identical. Thus, it is very necessary to explore the comprehensive water quality assessment using various methods for making scientific and reasonable water pollution control strategies.

A new soil sampling design method using multi-temporal and spatial data fusion.

The distribution of soil pollutants is receiving increasing attention. The accurate determination of the soil pollution distribution in an area is becoming more important. To date, many soil quality surveys have already been carried out in China, and the use of these surveys to reflect soil pollution is worth examining. This article provides an example of the application of combined two-phase data to assess soil contamination in a region. Based on data acquired during two soil sampling phases in 2005 and 2015, we chose a typical watershed in southeast China as the study area. We analysed the data using spatial interpolation analysis, compared the results, and extracted points to perform point combination based on site conditions. Ultimately, these analyses allowed us to develop a new method involving the use of multi-period data to evaluate the soil quality on a regional scale. In the ten years from 2005 to 2015, apparent changes in soil pollution occurred. We found that the area with no change in soil pollution accounts for 46.98% of the total basin and the area demonstrating a soil pollution increase accounts for 47.25% of the total basin, while the area exhibiting a soil pollution reduction only accounts for 5.78% of the whole area. The average accuracy of the combined points increased to 89% from 76 and 81%. The analysis of the land-use types and spatial locations during the two periods revealed no direct relationship between the soil contamination changes and the changes in the total number of land-use types, but a correlation was observed with the intensity of human activities at the spatial locations. This paper proposes a new method for the spatial assessment of soil pollution based using multiple periods of existing data on the above analysis.

Preparation and performance characterization of a new dust suppressant with a cross-linked network structure for use in open-pit coal mines.

In an effort to control dust pollution in open-air environments such as pit coal mines and coal transportation systems, a new dust suppressant with a cross-linked network structure was prepared. Graft copolymerization of soy protein isolate (SPI) and methacrylic acid (MAA), using potassium persulfate (KPS) as the initiator and hexametaphosphoric acid (SHMP) as the cross-linking agent, formed the network structure. The optimal MAA/SPI mass ratio for the dust suppressant was determined through a single-factor experiment to be 3:4, with 0.8 and 0.2 g of SHMP and KPS, respectively. The grafting reaction required 30 min at 60 °C. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to characterize the structure and application performance of the dust suppressant. The experimental results showed that the graft copolymerization reaction successfully formed the desired cross-linked network, and that when the cross-linked network material was sprayed on coal dust, it formed a dense, solidified shell, which effectively resisted wind erosion and served as a dust suppressant. The average reduction of the total suspended particulate matter of an open-air coal pile reached 79.95%, demonstrating effective dust suppression.

Preparation and quality evaluation of Leonurine hydrochloride tablets / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To prepare Leonurine hydrochloride tablets and evaluate the quality. METHODS The wet granulation technology was adopted ；leonurine hydrochloride was used as the crude drug ，and the types of fillers ，disintegrants，binders and lubricants were screened by single-factor experiments. Combined with orthogonal experiments ，using the cumulative dissolution rate within 15 minutes（using water as dissolution media ）as index ，the proportion of disintegrants ，the mass fraction of binder solution，and the proportion of lubricants were screened and verified. The in vitro dissolution behavior of the prepared Leonurine hydrochloride tablets （dissolution media were hydrochloric acid solution of pH 1.2，acetic acid-sodium acetate solution of pH 4.5， phosphate buffer solution of pH 6.8，water），tablet appearance ，hardness，friability and content uniformity were tested according to the general principles in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅳ）. RESULTS The optimal formulation of Leonurine hydrochloride tablets included leonurine hydrochloride crude drug of 500 mg，dextrin of 9 250 mg，crosslinking polyving y- pyrrolidone of 200 mg，magnesium stearate of 50 mg，1％ hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose solution of 4 mL. The average 15-minute cumulative dissolution rate of the three batches of tablets was 81.25％（RSD＝1.12％，n＝3）. In above 4 dissolution media，the dissolution equilibrium of prepared tablets could be reached within 30 minutes，and the cumulative dissolution rates exceeded 85％. The prepared tablets had uniform beige in color ，smooth surface ，complete edge ，no mottle ，spot，foreign matter ， etc.，hardness of 57.3 N（n＝6），weight loss rate of 0.15％. The content uniformity was in accordance with relevant provisions in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅳ）. CONCLUSIONS Leonurine hydrochloride tablets are successfully prepared ， and the quality comply with relevant regulations.