Exames para o diagnóstico da síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono: conhecimentos gerais para o cirurgião dentista que atua na área do sono / Investigations for the diagnosis of the syndrome obstructive sleep apnea: general knowledge for the dentist surgery that works in the sleep area

A Síndrome da Apneia e Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAHOS) foi descrita há quase três décadas na literatura, porém somente há pouco tempo tem conseguido o crescente interesse dos cirurgiões-dentistas; por isso foi feita esta revisão de literatura sobre a inter-relação entre a análise cefalométrica e os pacientes portadores desta patologia. Os estudos revisados mostram que existem diferenças significantes entre uma série de características da via aérea superior e das dimensões esqueléticas entre os pacientes com SAHOS e indivíduos normais. Foi observado que a análise cefalométrica tem sido utilizada como um importante meio auxiliar no diagnóstico e no planejamento do tratamento da Síndrome da Apneia e Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono, associando um grande número de variáveis à prevalência desta síndrome. Esses conhecimentos básicos são de grande importância para o Cirurgião Dentista que atua na área da Odontologia do Sono(AU)

The Syndrome Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) was described almost three decades ago in the literature, but only recently has stimulated a growing interest of dental surgeons; therefore was done this review of literature on the interrelationship between cephalometric analysis and patients with this pathology. The reviewed studies show that there are significant differences between a number of characteristics of the upper airway and skeletal dimensions between OSA patients and people in their normal stages. It was observed that the cephalometric analysis has been used as an important tool in the diagnosis and treatment planning Syndrome Obstructive Sleep Apnea, associating an extensive number of variables to the prevalence of this syndrome. This basic knowledge is of great importance for the Dental Surgeon who works in the area of Odontology Sleep(AU)

Insomnia as an expression of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome--the effect of treatment with nocturnal ventilatory support.

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and insomnia often coexist, and it is estimated that nearly half of those who suffer from the former report symptoms of the latter. The fact that these patients have no other causes of insomnia indicates that it is a sign of OSAS. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of nocturnal ventilatory support (NVS) in the treatment of insomnia secondary to OSAS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to conduct the retrospective study, the authors reviewed the medical records of patients with insomnia and OSAS that had received NVS. Patients with psychiatric disorders, sleep movement disorders, psycho-physiological insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, inadequate sleep hygiene, use and abuse of hypnotic agents, stimulants, antidepressants, anxiolytics and alcohol, were excluded. For the selected patients, the effects of NVS in terms of clinical signs and symptoms of insomnia, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score, and number of sleep hours were analyzed, before and after treatment with NVS. RESULTS: After reviewing 1241 medical records, 56 patients were selected, with a mean age of 60.9±10.0 years. Twenty-two (39.3%) suffered from intermediate insomnia, 19 (33.9%) had initial insomnia, eight (14.3%) had the mixed type, and seven patients (12.5%) had terminal insomnia. The majority of patients (n=48; 85.7%) were treated with auto-titrating continuous positive airway pressure (APAP). Forty-four patients (78.6%) overcame insomnia; insomnia symptoms persisted in nine (16.1%), and three (5.4%) patients abandoned during the medical follow-up. There was an association between the type of insomnia and its resolution and, in percentage terms patients with the mixed type did not manage to overcome insomnia symptoms (75%). There was a statistically significant difference between patients that overcame insomnia and those who did not in terms of the average time which elapsed between the initiation of treatment with NVS and compliance with the adherence criteria: 161±61 days for the former, and 225±141 days for the latter (p=0.003). Before and after the NVS treatment, patients slept an average of 5.29±1.37 and 6.37±1.55h per night, respectively (p<0.001). Among the patients who overcame insomnia, six did not meet the treatment adherence criteria: five adhered more than 4h/night in less than 70% of all nights (60.6±3.2%), and one patient adhered less than 4h in all nights (3.5h/night). CONCLUSION: NVS has proved effective in treating insomnia secondary to OSAS, and favorable results could be observed even in patients that did not meet the criteria of NVS adherence. Results suggest that all insomnia subtypes, except the mixed subtype, may derive from OSAS.

Sleep alterations in children with refractory epileptic encephalopathies: a polysomnographic study.

Data on the relationship between sleep disturbances and refractory epileptic encephalopathies (EEs) are scarce. Our aim was to assess, by means of nocturnal polysomnography, if children with EEs present with objective alterations in sleep organization. Twenty-three children with EEs (12 males; mean age: 8.7±1.4years) and 40 healthy controls (22 males; mean age: 8.8±1.1years) underwent an overnight full polysomnography (PSG). Relative to controls, children with EEs showed a significant reduction in all PSG parameters related to sleep duration time in bed (TIB-min p<0.001), total sleep time (TST-min p<0.001), and sleep percentage (SPT-min p<0.001), as well as significantly higher REM latency (FRL-min p<0.001), rate in stage shifting (p=0.005), and number of awakenings/hour (p=0.002). Relative to controls, children with EEs also showed significant differences in respiratory parameters (AHI/h p<0.001, ODI/h p<0.001, SpO2% p<0.001, SpO2 nadir% p<0.001) and a higher rate of periodic limb movements (PLMs% p<0.001). Our findings suggest that sleep evaluation could be considered mandatory in children with refractory epileptic encephalopathy in order to improve the clinical management and the therapeutic strategies.

Cataplexy as a side effect of modafinil in a patient without narcolepsy.

Narcolepsy is a disease in which there is diurnal excessive sleepiness with sleep attacks and a prevalence in the general population of 1/4000 individuals. Classically, it is characterized by cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations and fragmented sleep. The use of modafinil in the treatment of narcolepsy is the first option of treatment for diurnal excessive sleepiness. Although considered a safe drug for use in patients with narcolepsy, being utilized for more than 20 years, modafinil possesses a series of side effects, some of them still not fully researched or described. Side effects such as headache, nausea, anxiety, insomnia, lumbago, diarrhea, dyspepsia, rhinitis and vertigo are the most frequent. However, the clinical follow-up of patients under treatment with modafinil must be intensive and the side effects ought to be noted and evaluated. The under-response to treatment or the unexpected side effects must always be directed to differential diagnostics. The objective of this article is to describe an unexpected side effect of the use of modafinil in a patient with incorrect diagnosis of narcolepsy.

Kleine-Levin Syndrome: A case report.

The Kleine-Levin Syndrome is a differential diagnosis for patients with diurnal excessive sleepiness and a suspicion of narcolepsy. It is characterized by paroxysmal attacks of diurnal excessive sleepiness, associated with one or more symptoms of hyperphagia, hypersexuality, coprolalia and copropraxia. During crisis intervals, there are no symptoms. This pathology predominantly manifests itself in teenagers, being more frequent among males. The course of this disease is unpredictable, with variable duration and frequency. The most accepted physiopathology is that of a hypothalamic dysfunction, although and recently, there has appeared a hypothesis of a post-infectious autoimmune disorder. These patients show an elevated body mass index, which can predispose to association with comorbidities such as the sleep obstructive apnea syndrome. Treatment involves medications with different effects, but there is no specific and effective therapy. Our article shows a classic case of Kleine-Levin Syndrome associated with sleep obstructive apnea syndrome, a rare association in the literature.

Aplicación de distracción osteogénica mandibular en niños con el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño / Application of a mandibular osteogenic distraction in children with sleep obstructive apnea

Objetivos: mostrar los resultados de los primeros pacientes con síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) de tipo periférico esqueletal tratados en nuestro país con osteogénesis por distracción mandibular. Métodos: se trataron 9 pacientes con distracción osteogénica mandibular bilateral, con distractores marca Leibinger y Synthes. El periodo de latencia fue de 72 horas. La tasa de distracción mandibular, a razón de 1,0 mm cada 12 horas y la contención fue de 8 semanas. Luego se inició el tratamiento ortodóncico posquirúrgico. Se evaluaron los resultados a través de polisomnografía y estudios cefalométricos antes de la intervención, luego y al año del tratamiento. Resultados: el 89 por ciento de los casos fueron curados, el 11 por ciento tuvo mejoría. Dentro de las complicaciones encontradas, el 55 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron limitación temporal de la apertura bucal, que remitió con fisioterapia, y dos pacientes necesitaron traqueostomía con fines anestésicos. Conclusiones: la osteogénesis por distracción mandibular resultó ser un método terapéutico eficaz para el tratamiento del SAOS de tipo periférico, esqueletal(AU)

Objectives: to show the results from the first patients presenting with sleep obstructive apnea syndrome (SOAS) of skeletal peripheral type treated in our country with osteogenesis by mandibular distraction. Methods: Nine patients were treated with bilateral mandibular osteogenic distraction using Leibinger and Synthes distraction devices. Latency period was of 72 hours. Mandibular distraction rate at 1,0 mm each 12 hours and restraint was of 8 weeks. Then, postsurgical orthodontics treatment was started. Results were assessed by polysomnography and cephalometry studies before intervention, after it and at a year of treatment. Results: The 89 percent of cases had a good recovery, the 11 percent showed an improvement. Complications included: a temporary limitation of mouth opening in 55 percent disappearing with physiotherapy and two patients needed tracheostomy for anesthetic purposes. Conclusions: Osteogenesis by mandibular distraction was an effective therapeutical method for treatment of peripheral skeletal SOAS(AU)

Aplicación de distracción osteogénica mandibular en niños con el síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño / Application of a mandibular osteogenic distraction in children with sleep obstructive apnea

Objetivos: mostrar los resultados de los primeros pacientes con síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) de tipo periférico esqueletal tratados en nuestro país con osteogénesis por distracción mandibular. Métodos: se trataron 9 pacientes con distracción osteogénica mandibular bilateral, con distractores marca Leibinger y Synthes. El periodo de latencia fue de 72 horas. La tasa de distracción mandibular, a razón de 1,0 mm cada 12 horas y la contención fue de 8 semanas. Luego se inició el tratamiento ortodóncico posquirúrgico. Se evaluaron los resultados a través de polisomnografía y estudios cefalométricos antes de la intervención, luego y al año del tratamiento. Resultados: el 89 por ciento de los casos fueron curados, el 11 por ciento tuvo mejoría. Dentro de las complicaciones encontradas, el 55 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron limitación temporal de la apertura bucal, que remitió con fisioterapia, y dos pacientes necesitaron traqueostomía con fines anestésicos. Conclusiones: la osteogénesis por distracción mandibular resultó ser un método terapéutico eficaz para el tratamiento del SAOS de tipo periférico, esqueletal(AU)

Objectives: to show the results from the first patients presenting with sleep obstructive apnea syndrome (SOAS) of skeletal peripheral type treated in our country with osteogenesis by mandibular distraction. Methods: Nine patients were treated with bilateral mandibular osteogenic distraction using Leibinger and Synthes distraction devices. Latency period was of 72 hours. Mandibular distraction rate at 1,0 mm each 12 hours and restraint was of 8 weeks. Then, postsurgical orthodontics treatment was started. Results were assessed by polysomnography and cephalometry studies before intervention, after it and at a year of treatment. Results: The 89 percent of cases had a good recovery, the 11 percent showed an improvement. Complications included: a temporary limitation of mouth opening in 55 percent disappearing with physiotherapy and two patients needed tracheostomy for anesthetic purposes. Conclusions: Osteogenesis by mandibular distraction was an effective therapeutical method for treatment of peripheral skeletal SOAS(AU)