ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists' Hospital Pharmacy in Canada Report presents data from pharmacy departments that service hospitals with at least 50 acute care beds. This report provides valuable data on pharmacy distribution, clinical, and management services in relation to hospital size, type, and geographic region. Pharmacy and hospital leadership use these extensive data in identifying baseline, benchmarking current, and planning enhanced pharmacy services. However, for most of Canada's small hospitals, such data remain unknown, and leadership remains uninformed. OBJECTIVE: To gather and analyze data about current pharmacy distribution, clinical, and management services in hospitals with fewer than 50 acute care beds receiving third-party remote pharmacy (telepharmacy) services. METHODS: In April 2019, pharmacy administrators of hospitals in Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan that had fewer than 50 acute care beds and were using third-party telepharmacy services were invited to complete a comprehensive survey addressing concepts similar to those in the Hospital Pharmacy in Canada Survey. The following data on clinical pharmacy practice were collected: models of care, assignments to patient care programs, pharmacists' activities, performance indicators, and professional evaluation. The description of pharmacy distribution services comprised type of system, technology, location, hours of operation, method of medication order entry and verification, and medication administration records. Details on facilities' parenteral admixture infrastructure, policy for and provision of sterile compounding, and pharmacy department human resources, including composition and staffing ratios, were also collected. RESULTS: Of the 27 hospitals in Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan that were invited to participate, 24 (89%) completed the survey. The median facility size was 19 acute care beds. CONCLUSIONS: Previously unavailable in Canada, these quantitative data from small hospitals supported by telepharmacy services provide facts about pharmacy distribution, clinical, and management services to inform hospital and pharmacy leaders. Creation of a survey unique to small hospitals, whether or not they use telepharmacy services, could provide a valuable resource to assist in the benchmarking, planning, and enhancement of pharmacy services in remote and rural communities.
CONTEXTE: Le Rapport sur les pharmacies hospitalières canadiennes de la Société canadienne des pharmaciens d'hôpitaux expose les données provenant des services de pharmacie qui appuient les hôpitaux comptant au moins 50 lits de soins aigus. Il offre de précieuses données sur les services de distribution des médicaments, les services cliniques et de gestion en relation avec la taille, le type et la région géographique des hôpitaux. Les équipes de direction des pharmacies et des hôpitaux utilisent ces données exhaustives pour déterminer une base de référence, évaluer les services de pharmacie actuels et planifier l'amélioration des services. Cependant, la plupart des petits hôpitaux du Canada ne disposent pas de ce type de données, et les équipes de direction n'en sont pas informées. OBJECTIF: Réunir et analyser des données sur la distribution de médicaments, les services cliniques et la gestion des services pharmaceutiques actuels dans les hôpitaux comptant moins de 50 lits de soins aigus, qui reçoivent des services de pharmacie à distance (services de télépharmacie) fournis par des tiers. MÉTHODE: En avril 2019, les administrateurs de pharmacie d'hôpitaux en Ontario, au Québec et en Saskatchewan remplissant ces critères ont été invités à répondre à une enquête exhaustive abordant des concepts similaires à ceux de Sondage sur les pharmacies hospitalières canadiennes. Les données suivantes sur la pratique de la pharmacie clinique ont été recueillies: modèles de soins, affectation des pharmaciens à des programmes particuliers de soins des patients, activités des pharmaciens, indicateurs de performance et évaluation professionnelle. La description des systèmes de distribution des médicaments par les pharmacies comprenait: le type de système, la technologie, le lieu, les heures de service, le mode de saisie et de vérification des ordonnances de médicaments ainsi que les dossiers d'administration. Les détails concernant l'infrastructure pour l'administration de solutions parentérales, la politique relative aux composés stériles et à leur distribution ainsi que les ressources humaines des services de pharmacie, y compris la composition et les ratios en personnel, ont également été recueillis. RÉSULTATS: Sur les 27 hôpitaux en Ontario, au Québec et en Saskatchewan invités à participer à l'enquête, 24 (89 %) y ont répondu. La taille moyenne des installations était de 19 lits de soins aigus. CONCLUSIONS: Autrefois indisponibles au Canada, ces données quantitatives provenant de petits hôpitaux soutenus par des services de télépharmacie livrent des faits concernant le système de distribution des médicaments au sein des pharmacies, les services cliniques et de gestion, qui permettent de guider les cadres des hôpitaux et de la pharmacie. La création d'une enquête unique destinée aux petits hôpitaux, utilisant ou non des services de télépharmacie, pourrait constituer une précieuse ressource pour aider à évaluer, à planifier et à améliorer les services pharmaceutiques dans les communautés rurales et éloignées.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to know the healthcare-associated infection (HAI)s in small and medium sized hospitals, less than 400 beds. METHODS: We had web based surveillance for HAIs in 27 hospitals from August to October 2010. The surveillance performed in 1-2 ICUs and 1 general ward in each hospitals by CDC definition. And for the multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs), we reviewed all of blood culture results. RESULTS: We identified 319 HAIs among 269,436 patients days. The HAIs rate was 1.18 (CI 1.05-1.32)/1,000 patient-days. Urinary tract infection was the most common HAI (52.4%) in this study followed by pneumonia (18.9%), blood-stream infections (14.2%), surgical site infection (7.9%), and others (6.6%). There were 76.5% of device associated infections in UTI, 46.7% in BSI, and 18.3% in pneumonia. The rate of HAIs in ICU was higher than that of in general ward (4.6 vs 0.9/1,000 patient-days). However, the indwelling catheter associated urinary tract infection rate was lower in ICU (2.6 vs 4.4/1,000 device days). There were no significant differences in central line-associated blood stream infection rate (1.5 vs 1.8) and ventilator-associated pneumonia rate (3.0 vs 0.0). The common microorganisms found in HAIs were Escherichia coli (19.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (13.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.7%). Moreover, 90.9% of S. aureus were resistant to methicillin, and 38.2% of P. aeruginosa and 44.4% of Acinetobacter baumannii were resistant to imipenem. Total of 66 MDROs were isolated from blood culture and the result shows that the MRSA was 84.6% (56 case), carbapenmen-resistant Acinetobacter spp. was 10.6% (7 case), and vancomycin-resistant enterococci was 4.6% (3 case). CONCLUSION: The characteristics of HAIs in small and medium sized hospitals will be contributed to the decision making of governance policy for infection control and to provide comparable data for these hospitals.
