Mapping intervention practices in social occupational therapy in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Social occupational therapy developed in Brazil in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a practice approach to the social issues experienced by vulnerable populations. AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse the theoretical-methodological framework which has supported social occupational therapy practices and interventions in Brazil. METHOD: In a scoping review following PRISMA- ScR, the following databases were searched for publications reporting the practices and interventions of social occupational therapy: Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS) and The Cochrane Library. RESULTS: Twenty-six publications met the inclusion criteria. The interventions were aimed at socially vulnerable children and young people at risk of violations of their rights. The studies employed active/participatory pedagogical methodologies which make the participant groups' protagonism central to their learning and intervention process. These approaches are supported by social and human science epistemologies. CONCLUSIONS: Social occupational therapy has inaugurated a paradigm shift by prioritising working with populations in situations of vulnerability arising from socioeconomic, cultural, political and identity issues. This perspective is anchored in theoretical approaches which are strongly linked to collective social actions which arose from the conditions of Brazil's period of military dictatorship. SIGNIFICANCE: At a time when there has been increasing emphasis on addressing marginal groups and widening health inequalities social occupational therapy practice in community development contexts around a focus on vulnerability has been of increasing interest in the wider knowledge sphere of the profession. This article presents a scoping review for anglophone readers.

Individual bias and fluctuations in collective decision making: from algorithms to Hamiltonians.

In this paper, we reconsider the spin model suggested recently to understand some features of collective decision making among higher organisms (Hartnettet al2016Phys. Rev. Lett.116038701). Within the model, the state of an agentiis described by the pair of variables corresponding to its opinionSi=±1and a biasωitoward any of the opposing values ofSi. Collective decision making is interpreted as an approach to the equilibrium state within the nonlinear voter model subject to a social pressure and a probabilistic algorithm. Here, we push such a physical analogy further and give the statistical physics interpretation of the model, describing it in terms of the Hamiltonian of interaction and looking for the equilibrium state via explicit calculation of its partition function. We show that, depending on the assumptions about the nature of social interactions, two different Hamiltonians can be formulated, which can be solved using different methods. In such an interpretation the temperature serves as a measure of fluctuations, not considered before in the original model. We find exact solutions for the thermodynamics of the model on the complete graph. The general analytical predictions are confirmed using individual-based simulations. The simulations also allow us to study the impact of system size and initial conditions on the collective decision making in finite-sized systems, in particular, with respect to convergence to metastable states.

Organizaciones Odontológicas Universitarias: ¿Cómo Opera la Comunicación en este Campo Social?

RESUMEN: La comunicación es el proceso de síntesis de información, codificación y comprensión dentro de una organización, aún más en espacios clínicos formativos como campo social, ya que se encuentra en estrecha relación con el cómo se desenvuelven los individuos en un determinado sistema -donde la comunicación actúa como una herramienta de coordinación en las relaciones humanas- la interrogante reposa entonces en un análisis de la estructura, mediados por las relaciones comunicacionales que se llevan a cabo al interior de los centros universitarios de formación odontológica en Chile.

ABSTRACT: Communication is the process of synthesis of information, codification and understanding within an organization, even more so in clinical formative spaces as a social field, since it is in close relationship with the way individuals develop in a given system -where communication acts as a tool of coordination in human relations- the question then rests on an analysis of the structure, mediated by the communicational relationships that take place within the university centers of dental training in Chile.

Transforming environmental governance: critical action intellectuals and their praxis in the field.

Over the past decade, widespread concern has emerged over how environmental governance can be transformed to avoid impending catastrophes such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and livelihood insecurity. A variety of approaches have emerged, focusing on either politics, technological breakthrough, social movements, or macro-economic processes as the main drivers of change. In contrast, this paper presents theoretical insights about how systemic change in environmental governance can be triggered by critical and intellectually grounded social actors in specific contexts of environment and development. Conceptualising such actors as critical action intellectuals (CAI), we analyze how CAI emerge in specific socio-environmental contexts and contribute to systemic change in governance. CAI trigger transformative change by shifting policy discourse, generating alternative evidence, and challenging dominant policy assumptions, whilst aiming to empower marginalized groups. While CAI do not work in a vacuum, nor are the sole force in transformation, we nevertheless show that the praxis of CAI within fields of environmental governance has the potential to trigger transformation. We illustrate this through three cases of natural resource governance in Nepal, Nicaragua and Guatemala, and Kenya, where the authors themselves have engaged as CAI. We contribute to theorising the 'how' of transformation by showing the ways CAI praxis reshape fields of governance and catalyze transformation, distinct from, and at times complementary to, other dominant drivers such as social movements, macroeconomic processes or technological breakthroughs.

Overweight and obesity among children in rural areas: The importance of culture.

AIMS: This paper focuses on how social inequality is associated with overweight and obesity in children. There is a lack of research with a focus on an important distinction in social inequality, namely geography. The aim of this study was to reduce this knowledge gap by looking closely at the links between rurality and overweight. METHODS: The findings in this paper are based on in-depth interviews with school nurses and teachers in rural Norway. The focus was on their experiences with and knowledge about overweight and obesity numbers in rural versus urban areas. RESULTS: We used Bourdieu's terminology to address the challenges related to urban-rural differences, and found that cultural factors connected to tradition, identity and courtesy play an important role in the rural overweight and obesity discourse. CONCLUSIONS: Actors and 'experts' working with overweight and obesity and national guidelines need to understand rural contexts and customs and address problems of the countryside on rural, not exclusively urban, premises. Different contexts imply different needs when it comes to reducing the inequalities between rural and urban areas regarding overweight and obesity.

The relevance of social dreaming for action research: exploring jail workers' unconscious thinking of the changes in the prison organization.

The contribution focuses on how dreams can be investigated as social phenomena in a manner which illuminates the role of the individual in a particular group and elucidates unconscious group processes in an organization. The article presents an experience of adopting Lawrence's social dreaming (SD) matrices in a new a specific field: an Italian prison which has shifted in the last two decades from a punitive to a rehabilitative mission. The aim of the experience was twofold: i) to help jail workers, through a formative experience, gaining a deeper understanding of how the new prison environment influences their emotional experience and work functioning; ii) to collect the emotional climate, the feelings, and the critical issues among the prison staff, in order to gain insights for the authorities responsible for the regulation of correctional facility. The experience of SD included 4 matrices, involving a total of 12 participants: 7 prison officers and 5 educators. The main thematic areas emerged from the matrices are related to: trust, competence, professional identity, separateness and privacy, safety, and to the gender differences. All the themes are presented and discussed, along with dreams and free associations. The present work is, to our knowledge, the first attempt to apply the tool of social dreaming to the context of correctional facility all over the world. The described experience might serve as an example of the applicability of this mode of analytic exploration to institutions or organizations, and the contribution opens to reflection and some implications.

Discapacidad y configuración del Capital Emocional (CE): el caso de tres padres / Disability and configuration of Emotional Capital (EC): the case of three fathers / Incapacidade e configuração do Capital Emocional (CE): o caso de três pais

El objetivo del artículo es mostrar la configuración del CE a partir del análisis de los relatos de vida de tres padres cuyos hijos e hijas presentan discapacidad. Los argumentos de las teorías de los campos sociales de Bourdieu y de la antropología de las emociones planteada por Hochschild aportan al piso teórico del concepto. La metodología utilizada fue el enfoque narrativo-biográfico a través de los relatos de vida. Se concluye que el CE surge desde la ruptura ideológica -de la normalidad- que ocurre en el momento del diagnóstico de discapacidad de sus hijos e hijas, pero se acumula desde la confrontación con la estructura social. Sólo uno de los padres logra adquirir CE, pues cuando las personas viven sus vidas en marcos ideológicos establecidos que no se cuestionan, es imposible acumular CE.

The aim of the article is to demonstrate the configuration of Emotional Capital (EC) through the analysis of the life stories of three fathers whose children have disabilities. The main components of Bourdieu's social field theory and the anthropology of emotions proposed by Hochschild provide the theoretical framework for this study. The methodology used was the biographical-narrative approach through the collection and analysis of life stories. It is concluded that EC emerges from the ideological break with normality that occurs at the time of diagnosis of the disability of their children, and accumulates through confrontations with social structures. Only one of the fathers succeeds in acquiring EC because when people live their lives in established ideological frameworks that are not questioned it is impossible to accumulate EC.

O objetivo do artigo é mostrar a configuração do Capital Emocional (CE) a partir da análise das histórias de vida de três pais cujos filhos têm deficiência. Os argumentos da teoria de campo social de Bourdieu e a antropologia das emoçãµes suscitadas por Hochschild fornecem o piso teórica para este conceito. A metodologia utilizada foi a abordagem narrativa-biográfica através de histórias de vida. Conclui-se que a CE surge da ruptura ideológica de normalidade que ocorre no momento do diagnóstico da deficiência de seus filhos, e acumula-se a partir do confronto com a estrutura social. Apenas um dos pais consegue adquirir CE, porque quando as pessoas vivem suas vidas em quadros ideológicos estabelecidos que não são questionadas, é impossível acumular CE.

La constitución subjetiva de la violencia social / The subjective constitution of social violence

La teoría psicoanalítica se encarga de las relaciones del psiquismo de un sujeto y como este hace lazo social. Es decir, el psicoanálisis no trata de explicar el fenómeno "violencia, en una especie de violentología que haría del psicoanalista o de la investigación desde el psicoanálisis un campo "experto" para "La violencia", al psicoanálisis le corresponde un campo situado entre ese fenómeno social llamado violencia y la inscripción que hace un sujeto en ese campo.

The psychoanalytic theory is charged with the relationships of the psyche of a subject and how this social network is. In other words, the psychoanalysis is not about explaining the phenomenon of "violence, in a kind of violence that has influenced the psychoanalyst, or of research from the psychoanalysis, into an" expert "field for" the violence, "which corresponds to a field situated between them. social phenomenon called violence and the inscription that there is a subject in this field.