Entendiendo a la caries dental como una enfermedad socialmente transmitida

La salud oral abarca el estado de la boca, influyendo en funciones esenciales y dimensiones psicosociales. Las enfermedades orales representan la mayor carga de enfermedad crónica no transmisible a nivel mundial. En Chile, la prevalencia de caries es significativa, situándonos en los primeros lugares de la región de las Américas. Inicialmente, el abordaje de la caries se centraba en su manifestación, sin comprender claramente su proceso. Se asumía una perspectiva infectocontagiosa, pero en la actualidad, se entiende como una enfermedad crónica no transmisible mediada por bacterias, asociada a cambios ecológicos. Se propone que la caries dental es una enfermedad socialmente transmitida, con determinantes sociales y comerciales influyentes. La responsabilidad individual no es suficiente; se debe explorar estrategias de abordaje río arriba, yendo a las causas fundamentales. Es crucial reconocer que las condiciones socioeconómicas y culturales limitan las opciones de cuidado de la salud, y la prevención y el acceso a tratamientos adecuados son desafíos complejos. Se hace un llamado a ir más allá de la odontología tradicional, instando a trabajar en actividades de abogacía junto a la academia, sociedades científicas y el sector gremial para abordar las causas fundamentales y ofrecer alternativas saludables a toda la población.

Oral health encompasses the condition of the mouth influencing essential functions and psychosocial dimensions. Oral diseases constitute the largest burden of non-communicable chronic diseases globally. In Chile, the prevalence of caries is significant, positioning us among the top in the Americas region. Initially, the approach to caries focused on its manifestation without a clear understanding of its process. An infectious perspective was assumed, but presently, it is recognized as a non-communicable chronic disease mediated by bacteria and associated with ecological changes. It is proposed that dental caries is a socially transmitted condition influenced by social and commercial determinants. Individual responsibility is insufficient; upstream approaches must be explored, addressing fundamental causes. Recognizing that socioeconomic and cultural conditions significantly limit healthcare choices, prevention, and access to appropriate treatments become complex challenges. A call is made to transcend traditional dentistry, urging collaboration in advocacy activities with academia, scientific societies, and the professional sector to address root causes and provide healthy alternatives for the entire population.

From Synapse to Supper: A Food Preference Recipe with Olfactory Synaptic Ingredients.

C1ql3 protein and its receptor Bai3 are involved in synaptic organization and function. In this issue of Neuron, Wang et al. (2020) report that both are essential for synaptic function between the anterior olfactory nucleus and the olfactory bulb and for the generation, but not recall, of associative olfactory memories determining food preference in mice.

Data on social transmission of food preference in a model of autism induced by valproic acid and translational analysis of circulating microRNA.

This article contains data of Social Transmission of Food Preference in an animal model of autism and the evaluation of a set of microRNA analyzed in autistic patients and animal model of autism. The analyses of the absolute consumption of two flavored food by male rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA) and treated with resveratrol (RSV), showed that VPA animals show a trend to eat less of the flavored food presented by a demonstrator rat. We also identified 13 microRNA with similar levels among rodents' experimental groups, as well as 11 microRNA with no alterations between autistic and control subjects. Further evaluation of mechanisms of VPA and RSV actions on behavioral and molecular alterations can shed light in important biomarkers and etiological triggers of autistic spectrum disorders.

Frequency-Dependent Social Transmission and the Interethnic Transfer of Female Genital Modification in the African Diaspora and Indigenous Populations of Colombia.

We present a quantitative account based on ethnographic and documentary research of the prevalence of female genital modification (FGMo) in the African diaspora and indigenous populations of Colombia. We use these data to test hypotheses concerning the cultural evolutionary drivers of costly trait persistence, attenuation, and intergroup transmission. The uptake of FGMo by indigenous populations in Colombia is consistent with frequency-dependent hypotheses for the social transmission of the FGMo trait from the African diaspora population in the period following the era of slavery in Colombia. The prevalence and severity of practices related to FGMo decline with level of sociocultural integration into mainstream Colombian culture. Our results provide empirical support for the cultural evolutionary models proposed by Ross et al. (2015) to describe the transmission dynamics of FGMo and other costly traits. Analysis of costly trait dynamics contributes knowledge useful to applied anthropology and may be of interest in policy design and human rights monitoring in Colombia and elsewhere.

Perceptions of overweight in US and global cultures.

We explored the hypothesis that perceptions of overweight vary in accord with the prevalence of overweight in specific populations. The present study investigated this relationship in samples from diverse groups in the US and four other countries. The perceptual threshold for overweight is the scalar point at which individuals determine the transition from normal to overweight. Perceptual thresholds for overweight were obtained from 812 adults in Korea, Mexico, Ukraine, Tanzania, and the US (Black, Hispanic, White and college student samples). A linear relationship was observed between the perceptual threshold for overweight and the population prevalence (r=0.52, adjusted R(2)=0.22, F (1/15)=5.24, p<.05), and this relationship was considerably stronger in the non-US samples. This finding links with the results of other studies documenting the influence of the social environment on both weight perception and weight transmission. Together, they suggest that the socio-cultural milieu and weight norms are components of the obesogenic environment and argue for the inclusion of weight norm interventions in weight management programs and public health initiatives.