The moderating role of optimism between social trauma and depression among Chinese college students: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Although there is a robust relationship among social trauma, optimism, and depression, the inner mechanism of this correlation remains unclear and need to be further explored. The mainly purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between social trauma, optimism, and depression among college students in China. More specifically, examined the moderating role of the optimism between social trauma and depression in Chinese college students. METHODS: A sample of 464 Chinese college students (54.7% female, Mage=19.29) from three universities were selected by the convenient sampling, and the Social Trauma Questionnaire (STQ), the Optimism Questionnaire (OPQ), and the Self-Rating Depression (SDS) were completed by these Chinese undergraduates. The descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and hierarchical regression analysis were used to examine the results. RESULTS: (1) The social trauma was positively associated with depression, whereas the optimism was negatively associated with social trauma, and depression; (2) The social trauma had a significant correlation with depression, and the optimism could moderate the relationship between social trauma and depression. More specifically, the further study showed that there was a significant positive relation between social trauma and depression under the low optimism level, however, there was a non-significant relation between social trauma and depression under the high optimism level. CONCLUSION: The optimism is the protective mechanism of college students' mental health (e.g., depression), it could weaken the trauma that associated with social trauma among college students.

Appraisals of Social Trauma and Their Role in the Development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder.

Cognitive theories of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) feature appraisal of trauma as a critical factor in the development and maintenance of the disorder. Here we explored appraisals of social trauma (severe rejection or humiliation). Participants were outpatients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and clinically significant PTSD symptoms (PTSS) after social trauma (n = 15); two clinical control groups of either SAD (n = 32) or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; n = 13); and a control group with no diagnoses (n = 38). Measures included a clinical interview to assess social trauma and related open-ended appraisals and the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI). Raters blind to group assignment performed content analyses of appraisals. Results showed that the PTSS group scored significantly higher than either clinical group on the PTCI SELF subscale. Only the SELF subscale predicted a diagnosis of both PTSS and SAD. All but one PTSS participant reported primarily negative beliefs about their social trauma, and the most common categories were flawed self and others are critical or cruel. Post-traumatic appraisals implicated in the course of PTSD are significant in how individuals respond to social trauma, with negative self-cognitions linked to both PTSS and SAD.

Experiencia sobre el proceso de salud-enfermedad-atención en pacientes con artritis reumatoidea pertenecientes a la comunidad Wichí de Misión Chaqueña "El Algarrobal", Salta / Experience on the health-disease-care process in patients with rheumatoid arthritis belonging to the Wichí community of Mission Chaqueña "El Algarrobal", Salta

Introducción: se ha reportado que la prevalencia de artritis reumatoidea (AR) en la comunidad Wichí representa la más alta informada por el Grupo Latinoamericano para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Reumáticas en los Pueblos Originarios (GLADERPO). El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la experiencia sobre el proceso de salud-enfermedad-atención de pacientes con AR de la comunidad Wichí de Misión Chaqueña "El Algarrobal", Salta. Materiales y métodos: estudio narrativo. Diseño de corte etnográfico. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas y observaciones registradas. Se utilizaron guías de entrevistas y observación. Los aspectos incluidos fueron: concepción del proceso salud-enfermedad, percepción de la AR en la vida diaria, el acceso al sistema de salud, utilización de recursos tradicionales y de medicina tradicional. Resultados: se realizaron 10 entrevistas. Los aspectos más relevantes fueron la concepción del proceso salud-enfermedad asociado al trauma social pasado y al concepto de voluntad Wichí. Se evidenció la combinación de estrategias para mejorar el dolor (biomedicina, medicina tradicional y acompañamiento religioso). Además, se observó una relación unidireccional con el sistema de salud. Conclusiones: la AR es una enfermedad con un impacto negativo en la comunidad Wichí. Se requieren otras actividades, desde otras disciplinas, para mejorar el acceso al sistema de salud y la continuidad de los tratamientos.

Introduction: the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the Wichí community has already been published, representing the highest reported by the Grupo Latinoamericano para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Reumáticas en los Pueblos Originarios (GLADERPO). The objective was to describe the experience of the health-disease-care process of patients with RA from the Wichí community of Misión Chaqueña "El Algarrobal", Salta. Materials and methods: study with ethnographic design. Semi-structured interviews and recorded observations were conducted. Interview and observation guides were used. The aspects included were: conception of the health-disease process; perception of RA in daily life, access to the health system, use of traditional resources and traditional medicine. Results: ten interviews were conducted. The most relevant aspects were the conception of the health-disease process, associated with past social trauma and the concept of "Wichí good will". The combination of strategies to improve pain (biomedicine, traditional medicine and religious accompaniment) was evidenced. In addition, a unidirectional relationship with the health system was observed. Conclusions: RA is a disease with a negative impact on the Wichí community. Other activities from other disciplines are necessary to improve access to the health system and continuity of treatment.

Social Trauma and Testimony: A Reading of Maryan S. Maryan's Notebooks Inspired by Sándor Ferenczi.

The purpose of this paper is to present the relational dimension of trauma according to Sándor Ferenczi, illustrating it by using the testimonial material produced during the analysis of Maryan S. Maryan, a visual artist, survivor of Auschwitz. Furthermore, a few formulations are proposed on being witness to traumatic experiences in psychoanalytic practice, as well as what can be considered as ethics and politics in psychoanalysis when facing situations of social trauma and violence.

Tracheal trauma in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Tracheal disruption is a previously unreported complication of nonhuman primate social trauma. Two cases were identified in rhesus macaques with subcutaneous emphysema. These cases resolved with medical management and demonstrate that the combined use of radiography and tracheoscopy allows rapid assessment and diagnosis of tracheal trauma in nonhuman primates.

A escuta psicanalítica do traumático social ­ ênfase racismo / Psychoanalytic listening of social trauma ­ emphasis on racism

Neste trabalho a palavra equidade vai ressoar em direção ao funcionamento das instituições, em particular as de psicanálise, e à escuta analítica do traumático social, com ênfase no racismo. As instituições tendem a ser conservadoras em sua natureza, mas são compostas por pessoas que se renovam no decorrer do tempo e podem abrir-se para mudanças. Ao se tornarem permeáveis aos sofrimentos e mal-estar que advém do campo social e comunitário podem adotar posicionamentos que favoreçam seu envolvimento nessas problemáticas. É destacado como a escuta analítica pode encontrar pontos cegos quando os/as analistas/terapeutas se fecham em bolhas de ressonância mútua, não se sensibilizando e nem se colocando na pele do outro diferente de si mesmo ou de seu grupo social. Torna-se fundamental perceber como a cultura racista onde fomos criados impregna nosso inconsciente, através dos Ideais do Eu, com a crença de que o branco seria a medida do que é universal e belo e, ao mesmo tempo, negando nossa realidade racista.(AU)

In this paper the word equity will resonate towards the functioning of institutions, in particular those of psychoanalysis, and the listening to the social trauma, with an emphasis on racism. Institutions tend to be conservative in nature, but they are made of people who renew themselves over time and can be open to change. By becoming permeable to the sufferings that come from the social and community field they may adopt positions that favor their envolvement in these issues. It highlights that analytical listening can find blind spots when analysts/therapists close themselves in bubbles of mutual resonance, not putting themselves in the shoes (skin) of others, diferents from themselves or their social group. It becomes fundamental to understand how the racist culture where we were raised impregnates our unconscious, through the ideals of the Ego, with the belief that white people would be the measure of what is universal and beautiful and, at the same time, denying our racist reality.

En este trabajo la palabra equidad resonará hacia el funcionamiento de las instituciones, en particular las del psicoanálisis, y a la escucha analítica del trauma social, com énfasis en el racismo. Las instituciones tienden a ser de naturaleza conservadora, pero están formadas por personas que se renuevan con el tiempo y pueden abrirse a cambios. Al volverse permeable a los sufrimientos y malestares que vienen del campo social y de la comunidad pueden adoptar posiciones que favorezcan su implicación en estos problemas. Se destaca que la escucha analítica puede encontrar puntos ciegos cuando los analistas/terapeutas se cierran en burbujas de resonancia mutua, no sensibilizarse y no ponerse en la piel de otra persona que no sea uno mismo o su próprio grupo social. Se hace imprescindible comprender cómo la cultura racista en la que nos criamos impregna nuestro inconsciente, a través de los Ideales del Yo, con la creencia de que el blanco sería la medida de lo universal y bello y, al mismo tiempo, negar nuestra realidade racista.(En este trabajo la palabra equidad resonará hacia el funcionamiento de las instituciones, en particular las del psicoanálisis, y a la escucha analítica del trauma social, com énfasis en el racismo. Las instituciones tienden a ser de naturaleza conservadora, pero están formadas por personas que se renuevan con el tiempo y pueden abrirse a cambios. Al volverse permeable a los sufrimientos y malestares que vienen del campo social y de la comunidad pueden adoptar posiciones que favorezcan su implicación en estos problemas. Se destaca que la escucha analítica puede encontrar puntos ciegos cuando los analistas/terapeutas se cierran en burbujas de resonancia mutua, no sensibilizarse y no ponerse en la piel de otra persona que no sea uno mismo o su próprio grupo social. Se hace imprescindible comprender cómo la cultura racista en la que nos criamos impregna nuestro inconsciente, a través de los Ideales del Yo, con la creencia de que el blanco sería la medida de lo universal y bello y, al mismo tiempo, negar nuestra realidade racista.(AU)

Social trauma as a contributory factor in Filipino's vaccine hesitancy.

Despite of the Government's effort to persuade the public to participate in its vaccination program against COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy remains to be a big challenge in the Philippines. While various efforts were undertaken to promote the safety and efficacy of vaccines against COVID-19, it is imperative that the Philippine government considers social traumas as a factor in vaccine hesitancy. This study proposes Judith Herman's stages of trauma recovery as a possible framework that could be utilize by the government in its drive to increase public trust.

Rethinking sense of coherence: Perceptions of comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness in a group of Palestinian health care providers operating in the West Bank and Israel.

Drawing on a salutogenic perspective, we explored sense of coherence (SOC) in a group of Palestinian mental health care providers living and working in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories (West Bank). Specifically, we conducted a qualitative exploration of the cultural characteristics of SOC and its components (comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness) in two groups of Palestinian Muslim helpers. We found that context-specific features of SOC can mobilize generalized resistance resources for coping with traumatic and stressful experiences, even in an environment characterized by political instability, military violence, and social trauma. Ten main themes emerged from the thematic content analysis: acceptance, reacting to adversity, acknowledging human insecurity (comprehensibility), self-control, talking to family, education as a resource for survival, connecting to the severity of the event, responsibility as a source of control (manageability), religiosity, and sense of belonging (meaningfulness). The Islamic faith, as expressed through the concepts of Sumud and Taslim, seemed to permeate individuals' ability to attribute meaning to historical and transgenerational trauma, as well as to their ongoing traumatic conditions, thus acting as their ultimate source of health and wellbeing. A holistic, spiritual, and collectivist outlook helped respondents to approach their lives with optimism. We discuss the implications for mental health care providers and future research directions.

Trauma na epidemia brasileira de covid-19: contribuições a partir de Lacan, Ferenczi e Kai Erikson / Trauma in the Brazilian epidemic of covid-19: contributions from Lacan, Ferenczi and Kai Erikson / Trauma en la epidemia brasileña de la covid-19: contribuciones desde Lacan, Ferenczi y Kai Erikson / Le trauma dans l'épidémie brésilienne de covid-19: contributions depuis Lacan, Ferenczi et Kai Erikson

RESUMO A covid-19 foi classificada como uma pandemia pela oms. Até o momento, não há tratamento ou vacina para a doença. Ao mesmo tempo que o Brasil é o país epicentro da doença na América Latina, o presidente da República, Jair Bolsonaro, manifesta-se contrário às medidas de isolamento social, minimizado a importância e a gravidade das consequências da doença no país, além de defender a retomada da economia em detrimento das questões sanitárias. A pandemia pode ser considerada uma situação traumática, que coloca o sujeito em contato com um sentimento de imobilidade e impotência. Busca-se debater a situação da população brasileira diante da covid-19, principalmente a da parcela mais vulnerável, relacionando suas vivências à noção de trauma, a partir dos psicanalistas Sándor Ferenczi e Jacques Lacan e do sociólogo Kai Erikson.

ABSTRACT covid-19 was classified as a pandemic by the who. So far, there is no treatment or vaccine for the disease. At the same time that Brazil is the epicenter of the disease in Latin America, the President of the Republic, Jair Bolsonaro, opposes social isolation measures, minimizing the importance and severity of the consequences of the disease in the country, in addition to defending the importance of the return of the economy at the expense of health issues. The pandemic can be considered a traumatic situation, which puts the subject in contact with a feeling of immobility and helplessness. In this sense, we seek to debate the situation of the Brazilian people in face of covid-19, especially the most vulnerable ones, relating their experiences to the notion of trauma, from the psychoanalysts Sándor Ferenczi and Jacques Lacan, in addition to the sociologist Kai Erikson.

RESUMEN La covid-19 fue clasificada como una pandemia por la oms. Hasta ahora, no hay tratamiento o vacuna para la enfermedad. Al mismo tiempo que Brasil es el epicentro de la enfermedad en América Latina, el presidente de la República, Jair Bolsonaro, se opone a las medidas de aislamiento social, minimizando la importancia y la gravedad de las consecuencias de la enfermedad en el país, además de defender la importancia del retorno de la economía a expensas de los problemas de salud. La pandemia puede considerarse una situación traumática, que pone al sujeto en contacto con un sentimiento de inmovilidad e impotencia. En este sentido, buscamos debatir la situación de la población brasileña frente a la covid-19, especialmente los más vulnerables, relatando sus experiencias en relación al trauma, a partir de los psicoanalistas Sándor Ferenczi y Jacques Lacan, además del sociólogo Kai Erikson.

RÉSUMÉ Le covid-19 a été classé comme pandémie par l'oms. Jusqu'à présent, il n'y a pas de traitement ni de vaccin contre la maladie. Alors que le Brésil est l'épicentre de la maladie en Amérique latine, le président de la République, Jair Bolsonaro, se manifeste contraire aux mesures d'isolement social, minimisant l'importance et la gravité des conséquences de la maladie dans le pays. En plus, il défende l'importance du retour de l'économie au détriment des problèmes sanitaires. La pandémie peut être considérée comme une situation traumatique, qui met le sujet en contact avec un sentiment d'immobilité et d'impuissance. En ce sens, nous cherchons à débattre la situation de la population brésilienne face au covid-19, en particulier du groupe le plus vulnérable, en associant leurs expériences à la notion de trauma présenté par les psychanalystes Sándor Ferenczi et Jacques Lacan, ainsi que par le sociologue Kai Erikson.

Loss of Close Relationships and Loss of Religious Belonging as Cumulative Ostracism: From Social Death to Social Resurrection.

BACKGROUND: Ostracism is a negative experience that has been studied primarily in laboratory settings. This study extends current research by investigating ostracism in daily life, analyzing the transition from social death to social resurrection of Catholic partners who suffered ostracism both in the couple (with the consequent divorce) and in the religious community they belong to (ban from religious practices). Therefore, we introduce the notion of 'cumulative ostracism'. METHOD: Data are composed of the biographical narratives of n = 25 participants in a religious experience group in a period of 7 months. A narrative analysis was used within the framework of the temporal need-threat model. RESULTS: Participants' narratives are consistent with the temporal need-threat model. The ostracism experience, both in the couple and in the religious group, is characterized by the sequence: immediate stage, coping stage and resignation stage. Moreover, the cumulative ostracism suffered by the participants presents an analogy with the cumulative trauma that occurs in intra-family abuse. Social resurrection occurs through the encounter with a new religious group that allows ostracized people to experience a Catholic religious affiliation again. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reflect the existing theory and add to the existing laboratory research by capturing ostracism-unique dynamics in real life.

Social trauma and its association with posttraumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder.

The key characteristic of a traumatic event as defined by the Diagnostic and Mental Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) seems to be a threat to life. However, evidence suggests that other types of threats may play a role in the development of PTSD and other disorders such as social anxiety disorder (SAD). One such threat is social trauma, which involves humiliation and rejection in social situations. In this study, we explored whether there were differences in the frequency, type and severity of social trauma endured by individuals with a primary diagnosis of SAD (n = 60) compared to a clinical control group of individuals with a primary diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD, n = 19) and a control group of individuals with no psychiatric disorders (n = 60). The results showed that most participants in this study had experienced social trauma. There were no clear differences in the types of experiences between the groups. However, one third of participants in the SAD group (but none in the other groups) met criteria for PTSD or suffered from clinically significant PTSD symptoms in response to their most significant social trauma. This group of SAD patients described more severe social trauma than other participants. This line of research could have implications for theoretical models of both PTSD and SAD, and for the treatment of individuals with SAD suffering from PTSD after social trauma.

Escape From Traumas: Emigration And Hungarian Jewish Identity After The Holocaust.

Unlike other European countries, at the turn of the 20th century, Hungary ensured complete legal and religious equality for Jews living in the country. As a result, they became strongly assimilated and identified themselves as Hungarian. Leading up to and during WWII, there was a gradual and steady deterioration of those legal and religious conditions, and the "betrayal" and persecution of Jews caused unspeakable trauma all over the world. After the defeat of the Nazis, only a small number of Holocaust survivors returned to their home country; the majority emigrated. This study provides a psychoanalytical analysis of the changes in Hungarian survivors' psychic realities and the construction of their new identities, depending on the survival strategy they chose. The hypothesis is that the rebuilding of the demolished identity and the level of trauma elaboration depend on whether this process was done at the place of the trauma or in a different society. The study uses psychoanalytic and social psychology literature to follow the impacts of the emigration process, to draw conclusions and apply them to trauma elaboration after the Holocaust.

A paradigm shift: relationships in trauma-informed mental health services.

Trauma-informed approaches emerged partly in response to research demonstrating that trauma is widespread across society, that it is highly correlated with mental health and that this is a costly public health issue. The fundamental shift in providing support using a trauma-informed approach is to move from thinking 'What is wrong with you?' to considering 'What happened to you?'. This article, authored by trauma survivors and service providers, describes trauma-informed approaches to mental healthcare, why they are needed and how barriers can be overcome so that they can be implemented as an organisational change process. It also describes how past trauma can be understood as the cause of mental distress for many service users, how service users can be retraumatised by 'trauma-uninformed' staff and how staff can experience vicariously the service user's trauma and can themselves be traumatised by practices such as restraint and seclusion. Trauma-informed mental healthcare offers opportunities to improve service users' experiences, improve working environments for staff, increase job satisfaction and reduce stress levels by improving the relationships between staff and patients through greater understanding, respect and trust. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: •Appreciate broad-based definitions of trauma•Gain an understanding of what trauma-informed approaches are and why they have emerged, including the potential for (re)traumatisation in the mental health system•Consider how to practise trauma-informed approaches, including in 'trauma-uninformed' organisations, and the potential barriers to and opportunities from doing so. DECLARATION OF INTEREST: A. S. is funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Post-Doctoral Fellowship. This article presents independent research partially funded by the NIHR. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR or the Department of Health.

Comentario al caso Ana / Commentary of the case Ana

El material clínico presentado permite vislumbrar el derrotero posible en el Yo adolescente y su posibilidad de resistir la sobreidentificación que la amenaza ante la imposibilidad materna de metabolizar lo traumático de su propia vida. Por otra parte, el sufrimiento familiar está profundamente enraizado en lo traumático de la historia social argentina.

The presented clinical material allows to glimpse the possible course in adolescent I and its capacity to resist the overidentification that threatens it before the maternal impossibility to metabolize the traumatic of its own life. On the other hand, family suffering is deeply rooted in the traumatic nature of Argentine social history.

Le matériel clinique présenté laisse entrevoir l'évolution possible de l'adolescente et sa capacité à résister à la suridentification qui la menace avant l'impossibilité maternelle de métaboliser le traumatisme de sa propre vie. Par ailleurs, la souffrance familiale est profondément enracinée dans la nature traumatique de l'histoire sociale argentine.

Trauma social em idade avançada / Social trauma during old age

O paradoxo vivido na contemporaneidade permite simultaneamente o convívio entre diferentes gerações, e a potenciação de processos de estigmatização promotores de discriminação. As circunstâncias de violência e exclusão de grande subtileza, a que as pessoas de idade avançada são expostas, têm impactos físicos e psicológicos no seu bem-estar e na sua longevidade. A intensidade da desumanidade neste grupo etário manifesta-se de forma estrutural pela desigualdade social, pela naturalização da pobreza, originando discriminação, de forma interpessoal pela alteração das interações, nas relações sociais quotidianas de forma institucional, na aplicação e ou omissão das políticas sociais. A consignação das pessoas de idade avançada a uma perda significativa de estatuto social e familiar é potenciadora de traumas psicológicos de cariz moral e afetivo, com proporções muito profundas nas vidas deste grupo etário. Ao longo deste artigo serão evidenciadas e discutidas as questões potenciadoras do trauma social nas pessoas de idade avançada, relacionando-as com os processos de economia de mercado provocada pela globalização, que alteraram o modo como estes sujeitos são incluídos e/ou excluídos da sociedade de produção.

Living with different generations of people and the capacity of stigma processes which promote discrimination form a paradox. Violence and subtle exclusion meted to elderly people have physical and psychological impacts on their welfare and their old age. The dehumanization intensity experienced by people within this age bracket is structurally manifested by social inequality, the naturalization of poverty leading towards discrimination, the changing of interactions within daily social relationships, in the application or omission of social policies. The drifting of elderly people towards significant losses of social and family status establishes psychological traumas of a moral and affective nature, with great depth in the lives of these people. The debate evidences and discusses the potential issues of the social trauma in the elderly and relates them to market economy processes caused by globalization that changed the way these people are included and/or excluded within productive society.

UNTOLD STORIES AND THE POWER OF SILENCE IN THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF SOCIAL TRAUMA.

There are intergenerational secrets and unprocessed experiences that very often don't have a voice or an image associated with them but loom in our minds nonetheless. What haunts are not the dead, but the gaps left within us by the secrets of others. This paper will look at the conflict that occurs when unspoken events and memories of one generation haunt the next one. It is my contention that the second-generation survivors of trauma can be deeply affected by something that did not directly happen to them. Utilizing my own personal narrative I will examine how being the daughter of a woman who escaped the Holocaust, and her silence about those events affected my personal development and later my work with patients. I will also explore the unspoken secret that a patient's mother kept from her, paralleling the writer's mother's secret.

Trauma and Contemporary Forms of Subjectivity: Contributions of Argentine Psychoanalysis.

This paper offers arguments to justify the relevance of psychoanalysis-psychoanalyses-in present-day Argentina and reflects on the stance taken by psychoanalysts with different theoretical perspectives in the face of the havoc wreaked by state terror (1976-1983). To this end, the author focuses on the pioneers' traits, the significance of the Argentine Psychoanalytic Association in the 1950s and 1960s, and the impact of the departure of the Plataforma Group in 1971. The establishment of the latter opened the way for the development of a psychoanalysis tied to popular movements, sensitive to social conflict, and close to human rights organizations. The author explores both on psychoanalysts' intervention to address the social trauma resulting from the theft of babies during the dictatorship, and on their relationship with Grandmothers of Plaza de Mayo.

PSYCHOANALYSIS IN CHINA: AN ESSAY ON THE RECENT LITERATURE IN ENGLISH.

Using extensive quotation, the author reviews the introduction and current state of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy in China from the vantage point of recent publications in English. Psychoanalysis was briefly introduced to China before the Communist era, then forbidden, and has experienced an accelerated reintroduction since the late 1980s. The author briefly summarizes the cultural and historical background of China relevant to the introduction of psychoanalysis, the traumatic history of China, and the deep structure of thought and philosophical differences from Western culture that challenge a simple imposition of psychoanalytic ideas and practice, and some psychological effects of rapid cultural change throughout China. Training programs in China, the general enthusiasm for analysis among the Chinese, and a number of notable contributions by Western and Chinese authors are discussed. Also surveyed are the use of distance technology for training and treatment, the personal experience of Chinese senior and junior colleagues, and ongoing challenges to the continuing growth of psychoanalysis and analytic psychotherapy in China.

Injuries in marginal workers and social trauma in female: Important cause of the paradigm shift in eye injury over a decade.

BACKGROUND: Changing profile of work force can give rise different types of injuries. PURPOSE: To analyse causative factors (Host-Agent-Event) in ocular trauma over last 15 years. METHODS: Hospital based prospective study during 1997-2012. Detailed information on nature of trauma; agent and setting were recorded. RESULTS: Cohort included 12365 eye injuries, 1241 serious cases. Prevalence - 0.45 /10000 Mean age 45.8 with bi- modal pattern of incidence, 3:1 male-female ratio. 80% closed globe, 48% workplace injury (90% in marginal labourers with an exponential annual increase). 10% cases from garage mechanics.60% of eye injuries in female were related to "social violence". Multivariate analysis has detected new causative agents. CONCLUSION: Significant change in parameters of trauma (Host-Agent-Event) is resulting in paradigm shift in eye injury. Unorganised unaccustomed labour in workplace injury and "social trauma" in females has become an important cause of eye injury.