Examining State Licensing Requirements for Select Master's-Level Behavioral Health Providers for Children.

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined licensing requirements for select children's behavioral health care providers. METHODS: Statutes and regulations as of October 2021 were reviewed for licensed clinical social workers, licensed professional counselors, and licensed marriage and family therapists for all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. RESULTS: All jurisdictions had laws regarding postgraduate training and license portability. No jurisdiction included language about specialized postgraduate training related to serving children and families or cultural competence. Other policies that related to the structure, composition, and authority of licensing boards varied across states and licensure types. CONCLUSIONS: In their efforts to address barriers to licensure, expand the workforce, and ensure that children have access to high-quality and culturally responsive care, states could consider their statutes and regulations.

Mental Health Screening of People Deprived of Liberty, Analyzed Through the Brief Jail Mental Health Screening (BJMHS) in Three Colombian Establishments / Tamizaje de Salud Mental de Personas Privadas de la Libertad, analizada por medio del Brief Jail Mental Health Screening (BJMHS) en tres establecimientos colombianos / Triagem de Saúde Mental de Pessoas Privadas de Liberdade, analisada através do Brief Jail Mental Health Screening (BJMHS) em três estabelecimentos colombianos

Introduction. People deprived of liberty, due to their condition and characteristics, suffer greater changes in their health than the general population, particularly in personality disorders,consumption of psychoactive substances, and suicidal tendencies. The prison system is aware of these risks, and universally, multiple approaches to the subject have been developed, as evidenced by the abundant literature, for its early detection. Objective. Apply the screening instrument, the Brief Jail Mental Health Screening (BJMHS) test, to a sample of people deprived of Liberty upon admission to three Colombian prisons, to establish the prevalence of mental health in these institutions. Methodology. The type of study was cross-sectional in a population of incarcerated individuals in three institutions, two Colombian prisons for men, and one for women, between 2019 and 2020. The final validated sample was 417 people, 22.3% women and 77.7% men, for mental health screening, applied to the admission of the population deprived of liberty in prisons. Results. The global prevalence of mental health was 46.0% with a 95% Confidence interval (41.3% to 50.8%) for the Buen Pastor prison; 46.2% with a 95% Confidence Interval (35.9% to 56.6%), for the Modelo prison 51.5% with a 95% Confidence interval (43.0% to 60.0%); and for the Picota prison with 42.0% with a 95% Confidence interval (34.9% to 49.1%). A greater impact on mental health was found in people accused or convicted of crimes against sexual freedom, integrity and training. against public safety, and against the family. Discussion. Given the unique conditions of the prison population and the universality of mental disorders, early detection of their functional level and degree of impairment is indispensable. Conclusion. The prevalence of mental health found in Colombian prisons has a similar magnitude to the same populations in various parts of the world, showing greater reliability in men than in women. Keywords: Mental Health; Prisoners; Mass Screening; Mental Status and Dementia Tests; Public Health Surveillance; Social Work, Psychiatric

Introducción. Las personas privadas de la libertad, por su misma condición y características, padecen mayores alteraciones en su salud que la población general, en particular con relación a los trastornos de la personalidad, consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, y tendencias suicidas. El sistema carcelario es conocedor de estos riesgos, y universalmente, se han desarrollado múltiples abordajes del tema como lo demuestra la abundante literatura, para su detección temprana. Objetivo. Establecer la prevalencia de salud mental y asociaciones de los factores de nivel educativo, edad, sexo, de la situación jurídica de las personas privadas de la libertad, a través del instrumento de tamizaje, Brief Jail Mental Health Screening (BJMHS) (Breve Evaluación de Salud Mental en la Cárcel), a una muestra de personas privadas de la libertad a su ingreso en tres centros carcelarios colombianos. Metodología. Estudio observacional de corte transversal en una población de tres cárceles de Colombia de los años 2019 y 2020, dos cárceles para varones, y una para mujeres. La muestra final validada, fue de 417 personas, 22.3% a mujeres y 77.7% a hombres, para el tamizaje en salud mental, aplicada al ingreso a los establecimientos carcelarios. Resultados. La prevalencia global de trastornos mentales fue de 46.0% con un Intervalo de Confianza de 95% (41.3% a 50.8%), para la cárcel Buen Pastor fue de 46.2% con un Intervalo de Confianza 95% (35.9% a 56.6%), para la cárcel Modelo 51.5% con un Intervalo de Confianza 95% (43.0% a 60.0%), y para la cárcel Picota con un 42.0% con un Intervalo de Confianza 95% (34.9% a 49.1%). Se encontró una mayor afectación en salud mental en personas sindicadas o condenadas por delitos contra la libertad, integridad y formación sexuales, contra la seguridad pública, y contra la familia. Discusión. Dadas las singulares condiciones de la población carcelaria y la universalidad de afectaciones mentales, es indispensable una detección temprana de su nivel funcional y grado de afectación. Conclusión. Se encontró una prevalencia de trastornos mentales en las cárceles de Colombia, de una magnitud consistente con similares poblaciones reportadas en la literatura universal, arrojando mayor relevancia en hombres que en mujeres. Palabras clave: Salud Mental; Tamizaje Masivo; Prisioneros; Pruebas de Estado Mental y Demencia; Vigilancia en Salud Pública; Asistencia Social en Psiquiatría

Introdução. Pessoas privadas de liberdade, pela mesma condição e características, sofrem maiores alterações em sua saúde do que a população em geral, principalmente em relação a transtornos de personalidade, consumo de substâncias psicoativas e tendências suicidas. O sistema penitenciário está ciente desses riscos e foram desenvolvidas, universalmente, múltiplas abordagens para a questão, como demonstrado pela abundante literatura, para detecção precoce. Objetivo. Estabelecer a prevalência da saúde mental e associações dos fatores escolaridade, faixa etária, sexo e situação jurídica de pessoas privadas de liberdade, através do instrumento de triagem Brief Jail Mental Health Screening (BJMHS) (Breve Triagem de Saúde Mental na Prisão), a uma amostra de pessoas privadas de liberdade ao serem admitidas em três presídios colombianos. Metodologia. Estúdio observacional de corte transversal em uma população de três prisões da Colômbia dos anos 2019 e 2020, dois prisões para varões, e um para mulheres. A amostra final validada, foi de 417 pessoas, 22.3% para mulheres e 77.7% para homens, para a triagem da saúde mental, aplicada ao ingresso nos estabelecimentos penitenciários. Resultados. A prevalencia global de transtornos mentais foi de 46.0% com um Intervalo de Confiança de 95% (41.3% a 50.8%); para o presídio Buen Pastor foi de 46.2% com um Intervalo de Confiança de 95% (35.9% a 56.6%); para o presídio Modelo 51.5% com um Intervalo de Confiança de 95% (43.0% a 60.0%); e para o presídio Picota 42.0% com um Intervalo de Confiança de 95% (34.9% a 49.1%). Foi encontrado um maior impacto na saúde mental em pessoas acusadas ou condenadas por crimes contra a liberdade, integridade e formação sexual, contra a segurança pública e contra a família. Discussão. Dadas as condições únicas da população prisional e a universalidade dos transtornos mentais, é essencial a detecção precoce do seu nível funcional e do seu grau de afetação. Conclusão. Foi encontrada uma prevalência de transtornos mentais nas prisões colombianas, de magnitude consistente com populações semelhantes relatadas na literatura universal, mostrando maior relevância em homens do que em mulheres. Palavras-chave: Saúde Mental; Prisioneiros; Programas de Rastreamento; Testes de Estado Mental e Demência; Vigilância em Saúde Pública; Serviço Social em Psiquiatria

Can social support be improved in people with a severe mental illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

People with a severe mental illness often have less social support than other people, yet these people need social support to face the challenges in their lives. Increasing social support could benefit the person's recovery, but it is not clear whether interventions that aim to improve social support in people with a severe mental illness are effective. A systematic literature search and review in MEDLINE (PubMed), PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane, JSTOR, IBSS, and Embase was performed. Studies were included if they had a control group and they were aimed at improving social support in people with a severe mental illness who were receiving outpatient treatment. Summary data were extracted from the research papers and compared in a meta-analysis by converting outcomes to effect sizes (Hedges's g). Eight studies (total n = 1538) that evaluated ten different interventions met the inclusion criteria. All but one of these studies was of sufficient quality to be included in the review. The studies that were included in the meta-analysis had a combined effect size of 0.17 (confidence interval: 0.02 to 0.32), indicating a small or no effect for the interventions that were evaluated. A subgroup analysis of more personalized studies showed a combined effect size of 0.35 (CI = 0.27 to 0.44), indicating a noteworthy effect for these more personalized studies. This evaluation of interventions aimed at improving social support in people with a severe mental illness suggests that these interventions in general have little or no clinical benefit. However, in a subgroup analysis the more personalized interventions have a larger effect on improving social support and merit further research.

Epidemiología de la morbilidad psiquiátrica en el Ecuador / Epidemiology of psychiatric morbidity in Ecuador

RESUMEN Fundamento: La presencia cada vez más creciente de personas con trastornos psiquiátricos atendidas en servicios de salud públicos del Ecuador, suscita el desarrollo de estudios epidemiológicos que permitan conocer cómo se distribuyen estos trastornos entre los diferentes grupos, para una planificación adecuada de servicios de salud mental; sin embargo, existen estudios disponibles con diferencias en el diseño, los instrumentos y la selección de la muestra, que afectan los resultados y sus conclusiones, como son el subregistro y el sobre diagnóstico de trastornos mentales. Objetivo: Analizar diferencias metodológicas entre los estudios de morbilidad psiquiátrica en población general, asimismo, los diferentes resultados obtenidos de estas investigaciones. Metodología: Estudio comparativo de investigaciones de morbilidad psiquiátrica en población general, basado en el análisis de publicaciones durante el período 2000 al 2019 en el Ecuador. Resultados: Se registraron trece estudios, cuatro encuestas y dos estudios nacionales sobre consumo de drogas, uno de prevalencia psiquiátrica, y seis de tamizaje de trastornos mentales, en poblaciones con edades de 13 a 75 años. Los instrumentos más utilizados fueron de tamizaje y la clasificación diagnóstica más utilizada fue el Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales, cuarta versión (DSM-IV). La prevalencia empleada fue, puntual, último mes, anual y de vida. Los trastornos más frecuentes fueron la ansiedad, la depresión, el trastorno estrés postraumático y el de comportamiento debido al consumo de drogas. Conclusiones: Los estudios de morbilidad psiquiátrica realizados en Ecuador, son heterogéneos en el empleo de instrumentos, sujetos y cálculo de la muestra, así como sus resultados, por lo que es pertinente el desarrollo de investigaciones de este tipo, que se ajusten a la realidad y recursos del país, y que sus hallazgos, sean de utilidad en la planificación de servicios y políticas de salud mental en el Ecuador.

ABSTRACT Background: The growing presence of people with psychiatric disorders assisted in public health services in Ecuador, promotions the development of epidemiological studies that allow to know how these disorders are distributed among unlike groups, so for an adequate planning of mental health services; however, there are available studies with differences in the design, instruments and sample selection, which affect the results and conclusions, such as under-registration and over-diagnosis of mental disorders. Objective: To analyze methodological differences between studies of psychiatric morbidity of overall population, as well as the unlike results obtained from these investigations. Methodology: Comparative study of psychiatric morbidity research of overall population, based on the analysis of publications from 2000 to 2019 in Ecuador. Results: Thirteen studies were registered, four surveys and two national studies on drug use, one on psychiatric prevalence, and six on screening for mental disorders, in populations aged 13 to 75 years. Screening instruments were used the most, the same for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as the diagnostic classification, fourth version (DSM-IV). The prevalence used was point prevalence, last month, annual and of lifetime. The most frequent disorders were anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress and behavior due to drug use. Conclusions: The studies on psychiatric morbidity conducted in Ecuador are heterogeneous in the use of instruments, subjects and sample calculation, as well as their results, so it is pertinent to develop researches from this nature adjusted to the country´s reality and resources, consequently, its findings be useful for the planning of mental health services and policies in Ecuador.

Vida y obra de Oscar Valdivia Ponce, a cien años de su nacimiento / Life and work of Oscar Valdivia Ponce, one hundred years after his birth

RESUMEN Recientemente se cumplieron 100 años del nacimiento de Oscar Valdivia Ponce (1919-2001), médico psiquiatra y Sanmarquino de formación. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una aproximación a su vida y obra, considerando su trayectoria sobresaliente en la clínica e investigación científica histórica, social y cultural. El principal aporte de Valdivia consistió en intentar conocer y comprender al hombre peruano y su relación con su cultura. Escribió además sobre la historia de la psiquiatría peruana, teniendo su doctrina una raigambre esencialmente cultural y social. Corresponde a nuestra generación reconceptualizar lo estudiado por Valdivia acorde con el cuerpo de conocimientos que poseemos. Cada generación de médicos, en general, y psiquiatras, en particular, tiene que volver a pensar qué es lo que está haciendo, así lo hubiera querido el maestro.

ABSTRACT Recently it was celebrated one hundred years of the birth of Oscar Valdivia Ponce (1919-2001), a psychiatrist and "Sanmarquino" by training. This article aims to realize an approach to his life and work, considering his engagement in the historical, social and cultural scientific research. The main contribution of Valdivia was getting to learn and understand the Peruvian men and his relationship to culture. He also wrote about the history of Peruvian Psychiatry, rooted on a cultural and social doctrine. It behooves our generation to reconceptualize what Valdivia researched according to the body of knowledge that we have. Each generation of physicians, in general, and psychiatrists, in particular, has to rethink what they are doing, as Valdivia would have wanted.

Service Receipt and Mental Disorders in Child Welfare and Mental Health Systems in Los Angeles County.

OBJECTIVE: Use of administrative data from child welfare (CW) and mental health systems in Los Angeles County provided a unique opportunity to more closely examine mental health needs of children dually served by these systems. This study examined the presence of mental disorders and correlates of receipt of mental health services by diagnostic classification in this population. METHODS: Data were obtained for 3,191 children receiving services from Los Angeles County's Department of Children and Family Services and Department of Mental Health (DMH) between July 2011 and July 2012. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models examined the relationship between sociodemographic and CW-related characteristics and receipt of outpatient services by clinician-diagnosed mental disorder. RESULTS: Of the 3,191 referred children, 68% met criteria for one of the four diagnostic classifications. Mood disorders were the most common diagnosis (30%), followed by anxiety disorders (20%), behavior disorders (9%), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (9%). Children with prior DMH involvement received more services regardless of diagnosis. Older children (ages ≥15) received more services than younger children, whereas younger children were more likely to receive family therapy. Race-ethnicity did not play a significant role in predicting service receipt. CONCLUSIONS: The unique mental health needs of CW-involved children were exemplified by the differences found in the percentages of children with diagnoses of mental disorders between this sample and children in the general population. Because of family and placement disruptions among CW-involved children, it is important that the provision of individual therapy is not overlooked in favor of family therapy.