Chinese Mothers' Reactions to Adolescents' Positive Emotions: Relations to Adolescents' Emotional Adjustment and Mothers' Socialization Goals.

When adolescents have positive emotions, parents' reactions that enhance or dampen the intensity or duration of adolescents' emotions have been documented to play a critical role in adolescents' emotional adjustment in Western societies. These parental reactions are theorized to be culturally embedded parenting practices in the emotion socialization process. However, research is limited in examining the implications of parents' enhancing and dampening reactions for adolescents' emotional adjustment in non-Western societies. Moreover, it remains to be explored how these parental reactions might be guided by parents' culturally shaped socialization goals for adolescents, and further influence adolescents' adjustment. To address these key issues, a two-wave longitudinal study spanning approximately 1.5 years was conducted among adolescents in China (N = 233; Mage = 12.19 years, SD = 0.60; 48% girls). Based on adolescents' reports, it was found that Chinese mothers' enhancing reactions to adolescents' positive emotions, which were related to their greater endorsement of self-development socialization goals (i.e., wanting adolescents to develop confidence, autonomy, and uniqueness), predicted adolescents' increased emotional well-being (i.e., self-esteem, vitality, and experience of positive emotions) and decreased emotional ill-being (i.e., depression, anxiety and experience of negative emotions) over time. Contrastingly, mothers' dampening reactions to adolescents' positive emotions, which were related to their less endorsement of self-development and greater endorsement of filial piety socialization goals (i.e., wanting adolescents to respect and obey parents), predicted adolescents' decreased emotional well-being over time. The findings broaden the cultural understanding of parents' emotion-related socialization practices, and provide insights into practical endeavors at optimizing parents' reactions to adolescents' positive emotions in culturally sensitive ways and ultimately promoting adolescents' mental health.

Parents' Self-Development Socialization Goals and Chinese Adolescents' Academic Motivation: The Mediating Role of Parents' Autonomy Support.

The socialization goals parents hold for their adolescents, which reflect the qualities, skills, or behaviors they want their adolescents to acquire, play an important role in shaping adolescents' adjustment via parenting practices. Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies that examine the longitudinal implications of parents' socialization goals for adolescents' academic motivation, especially in non-Western cultures. Moreover, evidence is still scarce regarding the full process from parents' socialization goals to parenting practices and further to adolescents' academic adjustment. To address these gaps, the current two-wave longitudinal study spanning one year examined whether two critical socialization goals endorsed by parents in Chinese culture, namely self-development (i.e., parents wanting adolescents to be unique, autonomous, and self-assertive) and academic achievement socialization goals (i.e., parents wanting adolescents to achieve academic success), predicted Chinese adolescents' academic motivation over time via parents' autonomy support. Two hundred and eighty-five Chinese adolescents (Mean age = 12.29 years, SD = 0.64, range = 11-14, 51% girls) reported on perceived parental socialization goals and autonomy support, as well as different aspects of their own academic motivation (i.e., academic interest, mastery orientation, and persistent responses to academic failure). Results showed that perceived parents' self-development socialization goals positively predicted adolescents' academic motivation one year later, which was mediated by parents' increased autonomy support. The findings highlight the positive role of parents' self-development socialization goals in Chinese adolescents' academic adjustment in the changing society, and identify the underlying socialization processes via parenting practices.

Cultural Bias in Parent Reports: The Role of Socialization Goals When Parents Report on Their Child's Problem Behavior.

It has been called into question whether widely used screening instruments for child mental health can provide comparable results across countries and cultures. Socialization goals can influence whether and to what extent a parent considers a behavior to be problematic and thus might influence parental reports on their child's behavior. We tested comparability of parental reports between native German (N = 116) and Turkish origin (N = 77) parents in Germany in an online study using a vignette approach. Parents were asked to rate the perceived problem severity of the same behavior depicted in the vignettes. We expected and found that parents of Turkish origin in Germany rate the externalizing problem behaviour depicted in the vignettes as more problematic compared to native German parents. The effect was fully mediated by parental approval of the socialization goals obedience and collectivism. We also controlled for social desirability responding and an extreme response style.

Expectativas sobre socialização de crianças entre 6 e 11 anos de idade em dois contextos urbanos em Moçambique / Socialization expectations of children between 6 and 11 years of age in two urban contexts in Mozambique

A psicologia de desenvolvimento ocupa-se em conhecer como ocorre o processo de desenvolvimento humano. O conhecimento de sistemas de crenças parentais metas de de socialização na educação de crianças contribui para uma maior compreensão desenvolvimento infantil. O objetivo geral desta tese foi de analisar as concepções maternas sobre expectativas de socialização de crianças de 6 a 11 anos de idade em dois contextos urbanos em Moçambique. É um estudo de natureza misto exploratório e sequencial constituído por três artigos científicos. O artigo 1 teve como objetivo apresentar uma revisão integrativa das metas de socialização parentais para crianças em diferentes contextos. Utilizou-se a busca dos estudos, nas seguintes bases de dados: Portal da Capes, Scielo Brasil, Google Acadêmico, consulta à plataforma Lattes com os descritores "metas de socialização", "desenvolvimento infantil "e "parentalidade". Constatou-se que as metas de socialização diferem em função do contexto, com tendência de predominância do modelo "relacional" para o contexto com características não-urbanas e modelo "autonomia" para contexto com características urbanas. O artigo 2 teve como objetivo compreender a associação entre valores culturais, metas de socialização e crenças parentais e o contexto de vida (rural e urbano) de uma amostra de mães moçambicanas. Participaram do estudo 100 mães, sendo 48 da zona urbana e 52 da zona periurbana da cidade de Quelimane, em Moçambique. Responderam aos seguintes instrumentos: Questionário sociodemográfico, Escala de crenças parentais e Escala de Metas de Socialização. A partir da análise dos resultados, constatou-se que no contexto urbano as mães apresentaram médias maiores na dimensão autonomia do que a interdependência em suas crenças sobre práticas assim como em metas de socialização. Por outro lado, as mães do contexto peri-urbano apresentaram médias maiores da dimensão de interdependência do que a autonomia, tanto em suas crenças sobre práticas quanto em suas metas de socialização. O artigo 3 teve como objetivo investigar as expectativas maternas com relação às metas de socialização de crianças em dois contextos urbanos de Moçambique. Participaram do estudo 6 mães, sendo 3 do contexto urbano e 3 do contexto peri-urbano. Responderam a um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. Constatou-se que para o contexto urbano, existe uma tendência de construção de metas de socialização voltadas para independência e no contexto peri-urbano há uma tendência de metas de socialização voltadas mais para a interdependência. O conhecimento adquirido sobre expectativas maternas de socialização em crianças permitirá compreender de que forma é estabelecida a vida cotidiana das crianças, e como se expressa em hábitos de cuidado rotineiros tomando em conta o ambiente em que a criança vive podendo influenciar na elaboração de políticas públicas que visam a promoção de práticas saúdaveis de desenvolvimento humano.

Developmental psychology is concerned with knowing how the human development process occurs. The knowledge of child development contributes to the improvement of parental belief systems and consequently in child socialization goals. The aim of this thesis is to analyze maternal conceptions about socialization expectations of children aged 6 to 11 years old in two urban contexts in Mozambique. It is a mixed exploratory and sequential study consisting of three scientific articles. Article 1 aimed to present an integrative review of parental socialization goals for children living in different contexts. We used a search tool for studies, the Capes database, Scielo Brasil, Google Academic, and Lattes Platform with the descriptors "socialization goals", "child development" and "parenting". It was found that the socialization goals differ depending on the context, with a predominance of the "relational" model for the context with non-urban characteristics and the "autonomy" model for the context with urban characteristics. Article 2 aimed to understand the association between cultural values, socialization goals and parental beliefs and the life context (rural and urban) of a sample of Mozambican mothers. A total of 100 mothers participated in the study, 48 from the urban area and 52 from the peri-urban area of Quelimane city, in Mozambique. The participants responded to the following instruments: Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Parental Beliefs Scale and Socialization Goals Scale. From the analysis of the results, it was found that mothers living in the urban context presented higher averages in the autonomy dimension than in the interdependence in their beliefs about practices as well as in socialization goals. Article 3 aimed to investigate maternal expectations regarding children's socialization goals in two urban contexts in Mozambique. Six mothers participated in the study, being 3 from the urban context and 3 from the peri-urban context. They responded to a semi-structured interview script. From the interview it was found that for the urban context, there is a tendency to build socialization goals geared towards independence and in the peri urban context and a tendency towards socialization goals geared more towards interdependence. With the knowledge acquired about maternal expectations of socialization in children, it will be possible to understand how the daily life of children is established, and how it is expressed in routine care habits, taking into account the environment in which the child lives, which can influence the elaboration of public policies aimed at promoting healthy human development practices.

Differential Associations Between Parents' Versus Children's Perceptions of Parental Socialization Goals and Chinese Adolescent Depressive Symptoms.

Although prior studies have demonstrated the associations between parental socialization goals and parenting practices, as well as parenting practices and adolescent depressive symptoms, respectively, research examining the comprehensive developmental pathways among these constructs (i. e., the path from parental socialization goals to parenting practices to adolescent depressive symptoms) is scarce, especially in the Chinese context. Grounded in the integrative model of parenting, this study investigated the associations between parental socialization goals and adolescent depressive symptoms by examining the indirect pathways through parents' autonomy support and psychological control as well as the moderating effect of educational stage. In Study 1, 345 Chinese adolescents and their primary caregivers completed a measure on parental socialization goals. Adolescents also reported on their depressive symptoms. Results showed that children who reported more self-development parental goals showed fewer depressive symptoms. However, parents' reports of goals or child-parent perceptual discrepancies were not related to children's depressive symptoms. Drawing on this finding, 424 middle school and 301 high school Chinese adolescents completed measures regarding parental socialization goals, autonomy support, psychological control, and their own depressive symptoms in Study 2. Results showed that parental autonomy support linked the associations of self-development and achievement-oriented parental goals and children's depressive symptoms among middle school students, whereas parental psychological control linked such associations among high school students. Our findings provide a more holistic view on how parents' socialization goals are related to children's depressive symptoms via their parenting practices. We also discussed the practical implications for the clinical work regarding adolescent depressive symptoms.

The Long-Term Socialization Goals of Chinese and Korean Immigrant Mothers in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: The socialization goals of immigrant parents in the United States for their children reflect the childrearing priorities of both their culture of origin and the mainstream culture. These goals, which guide parenting, likely have shared and unique characteristics with other immigrant groups from the same geographical region of origin. The current study aimed to explore and compare the socialization goals of Chinese and Korean immigrant mothers in the United States; the role of child gender in mothers' socialization goals was also investigated. METHODS: Ninety-six Chinese (M age = 37.60) and 97 Korean immigrant mothers (M age = 35.87) with preschool-age children living in the United States were interviewed regarding their socialization goals. The qualitative interview transcripts were coded by trained research assistants. RESULTS: The interviews revealed seven socialization goals (Self-maximization, Lovingness,Personal Integrity, Proper Demeanor, Religious Values, Self-control, and No High Expectations) across both groups. Findings demonstrated that Chinese and Korean immigrant mothers were similar on their endorsement of five socialization goals. However, group differences were found for goals of Religious Values and No High Expectations, which further differed across child gender. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlighted the common socialization priorities of Chinese and Korean immigrant mothers of young children in urban contexts, but also the need to examine sub -ethnic groups separately to understand their shared and unique parenting experiences. These findings have meaningful implications for clinicians and other professionals towards providing more effective services to Asian immigrant families in the U.S.

Metas Parentais de Socialização sobre Emoções: Um Estudo Exploratório / Parent's Goals of Socialization about Emotions: An Exploratory Study / Metas Parentales de Socialización de Emociones: Un Estudio Exploratorio

Estudar metas parentais de socialização emocional permite conhecer particularidades de contextos socioculturais e seus impactos no desenvolvimento infantil. Para analisar essas metas em mães e pais e sua relação com a valorização da autonomia ou da relação, realizou-se um estudo exploratório em que foram entrevistadas 60 duplas mãe-pai de filhos com até três anos, residentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. As respostas das entrevistas foram analisadas por uma técnica de análise de conteúdo e, posteriormente, foram calculadas frequências de evocações para as categorias identificadas e empregados procedimentos estatísticos descritivos e testes de associação entre grupos. Os resultados indicaram que as características emocionais desejadas por mães e pais para os filhos quandoadultos sinalizavam valorização da autonomia, independência e autoconfiança emocional, com as condições para o seu desenvolvimento estando principalmente centradas no contexto. A atuação parental prevalente foi a de educar/orientar para o desenvolvimento das metas emocionais que estabeleceram. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre mães e pais, nem entre mães-pais de meninos e meninas quanto a quaisquer dos aspectos investigados. Sugere-se novos estudos abarcando distintas configurações familiares, com participantes de variados níveis de escolaridade e em outros contextos socioculturais.(AU)

Studying parental socialization goals allows us to understand the characteristics of sociocultural contexts and its impacts on child development. In order to analyze such goals in mothers and fathers and its relationship with their values regarding autonomy and relatedness, an exploratory study was conducted in which we interviewed 60 mother-father couples of children up to three years of age, living in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Interview responses were analyzed by a content analysis technique and, subsequently, emission frequencies were calculated for the identified categories and descriptive statistical procedures and association tests between groups were employed. Results showed that the emotional characteristics that the parents desired for their children as adults valued autonomy, independence and emotional self-confidence, with the conditions for child development mostly centered in contextual factors. The most frequently reported parental behavior was involvement in education/guidance towards their child developmental goals. No differences were found between mothers and fathers, neither between parents of girls or boys regarding any of the variables analyzed. Further studies are suggested covering different family configurations, with participants of varying levels of education and in other socio-cultural contexts.(AU)

Estudiar metas parentales de socialización emocional permite conocer particularidades de contextos socioculturales y sus impactos en el desarrollo infantil. Para analizar esas metas en madres y padres y su relación con la valorización de la autonomía o de la relación, se realizó un estudio exploratorio y se entrevistó 60 dobles madre-padre de hijos con hasta tres años, residentes en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Las respuestas de la entrevista se analizaron mediante técnica de análisis de contenido y, posteriormente, se calcularon las frecuencias de emisión para las categorías identificadas y se emplearon procedimientos estadísticos descriptivos y pruebas de asociación entre grupos. Los resultados indicaron que las características emocionales deseadas por madres y padres para los hijos cuando adultos señalaban valorización de autonomía, independencia y autoconfianza emocional, con las condiciones para su desarrollo estando principalmente centradas en el contexto. La actuación parental prevalente fue la de educar/orientar para el desarrollo de las metas emocionales que establecieron. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre madres y padres, ni entre madres-padres de niños y niñas en cuanto a cualquiera de los aspectos investigados. Se sugieren estudios adicionales que abarquen diferentes configuraciones familiares, participantes de diferentes niveles de educación y en otros contextos socioculturales.(AU)

Metas de socialização de pais e mães de diferentes configurações familiares do Rio de Janeiro / Parents' socialization goals of different family settings in Rio de Janeiro / Metas de socialización de padres y madres de diferentes configuraciones familiares de Río de Janeiro

As metas de socialização têm a sua construção mediada pelas crenças parentais e, por conseguinte, pela cultura, sendo de considerável relevância que sejam investigadas de acordo com os contextos nos quais estão inseridas. Com o objetivo de identificá-las em diferentes tipos de família, participaram do estudo 40 pais e mães residentes na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com filhos entre sete e 11 anos de idade, de três configurações familiares: 10 casais de famílias nucleares, 10 mães de famílias mononucleares e cinco casais de famílias reconstituídas. Foi utilizado um questionário sociodemográfico para coletar dados como idade, gênero e tipo de família e o Inventário de metas de socialização/desenvolvimento para identificar as trajetórias de socialização. Os resultados apontaram que não houve diferenças significativas entre autonomia e relação na amostra geral (Z=-0,96; p>0,05),assim como, não houve diferenças significativas na comparação entre pais e mães nem na dimensão de autonomia (U=138,50; p>0,05), nem na dimensão de relação (U=163,50; p>0,05). Contudo, famílias nucleares tenderam para metas autônomo-relacionais, enquanto famílias mononucleares e reconstituídas para metas relacionais. Tais resultados sugerem, portanto, a relevância em considerar a pluralidade de arranjos familiares nas investigações das metas de socialização.(AU)

Parents' socialization goals have its construction mediated by parental beliefs and therefore by culture, so it's considerably relevant that they be investigated according to the contexts in which they are inserted. In order to identify socialization goals of different family types, 40 parents resident in Rio de Janeiro with children between 7 and 11 years old participated in the study. They belonged to three family settings: 10 couples of nuclear families, 10 single mothers of parent families and 5 couples of remarried families. A sociodemographic questionnaire was used to collect data such as age, gender and family type. And the Inventory of socialization/development goals was used to identify the socialization trajectories. Results did not reveal significant differences between autonomy and relatedness in general sample (Z=-0,96; p>0,05). As well as did not reveal significant differences in comparison between mothers and fathers, nor in autonomy dimension (U=138,50; p>0,05) neither in relatedness dimension (U=163,50; p>0,05).. However, nuclear families tended to autonomous relational goals, whereas single patents and remarried families tended for relational goals. Therefore, these results suggest the relevance of considering the plurality of family arrangements in investigation of socialization goals.(AU)

Las metas de socialización tienen su construcción mediada por las creencias parentales y, por consiguiente, por la cultura, siendo de considerable relevancia que sean investigadas de acuerdo con los contextos en los que están insertas. Con el objetivo de identificarlas en diferentes tipos de familia, participaron del estudio 40 padres y madres residentes en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, con hijos entre 7 y 11 años de edad, de tres configuraciones familiares: 10 parejas de familias nucleares, 10 madres de familias mononucleares y 5 parejas de familias reconstituidas. Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico para recoger datos como edad, género y tipo de familia y el Inventario de metas de socialización/desarrollo para identificar las trayectorias de socialización. Los resultados mostraron que no hubo diferencias significativas entre autonomía y relación en la muestra general (Z = -0,96; p> 0,05). Así como, no hubo diferencias significativas en la comparación entre padres y madres ni en la dimensión de autonomía (U=138,50; p>0,05) ni en la dimensión de relación (U=163,50; p>0,05). Sin embargo, las familias nucleares se inclinaron a metas autónoma-relacionales, mientras las familias mononucleares y reconstituidas a metas relacionales. Por lo tanto, tales resultados sugieren la relevancia de considerar la pluralidad de arreglos familiares en las investigaciones de las metas de socialización.(AU)

Maternal socialization goals and the spontaneous prosocial behavior of children in rural contexts.

The purpose of this descriptive-correlational study was to investigate possible associations between maternal socialization goals and prosocial behavior (spontaneous helping) among children living in a rural context. This study involved 39 dyads of mothers, aged 17 to 48 years (M = 24.28 years, SD = 5.97), and their children, with a mean age of 24 months. The data collection included a Sociocultural Sociodemographic Characterization Questionnaire (SSCQ), a Socialization Goals Questionnaire (SGQ), and a Spontaneous Prosocial Behavior Task (SPBT). Most importantly, we found that the maternal socialization goal to "Learning to support others" exhibited a significant correlation (r = 0.40, p < 0.05) with the helping task performed by the children. This finding sustains the hypothesis that maternal goals, which emphasize the importance of their children in learning to help others, are correlated with an increased frequency of prosocial behavior in young children, around their second birthday.

Socialization Goals, Parental Psychological Control, and Youth Anxiety in Chinese Students: Moderated Indirect Effects based on School Type.

With rates of adolescent anxiety on the rise in China, it is imperative to investigate whether certain parenting beliefs and practices may be related to anxiety. Specifically, we tested whether parents' socialization goals relate to parental psychological control, and subsequently, adolescents' anxiety. We also tested if attending a "key" school (i.e., more competitive and achievement-oriented) or typical school moderated relations. Two hundred forty-seven high-school students (Mage = 15.62, 57.5% girls) and a caregiver (59.5% mothers) participated. Caregivers completed measures of their socialization goals and their own psychological control. Adolescents reported on their perceptions of parental psychological control and their own anxiety. Psychological control was positively related to youth anxiety. Moderated indirect effects were found. For youth in typical schools, parents who strongly value academic achievement (i.e., achievement oriented goals) and those who strongly value broadening one's experiences in new places and with new people (i.e., self-development in context goals) had youth who experienced more anxiety, and this relation occurred indirectly through greater parental psychological control. For youth in key schools, only parents' achievement oriented goals were related to youth anxiety indirectly through parental psychological control. Parents' interdependence oriented socialization goals were unrelated to either psychological control or anxiety.

A valorização da obediência infantil como meta de socialização em diferentes configurações familiares / Valorization of child obedience as socialization goal in different family settings / La valorización de la obediencia infantil como meta de socialización en diferentes configuraciones familiares

Estudos apontam que as metas de socialização da obediência são frequentemente valorizadas na criação de filhos. Contudo, a maior parte deles focaliza mães de famílias nucleares, não considerando a pluralidade de configurações familiares do contexto atual. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar as metas de socialização da obediência infantil em famílias nucleares, monoparentais e reconstituídas. Participaram da pesquisa pais e mães de 50 famílias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com filhos de até dois anos de idade completos. Os participantes responderam ao Inventário de Metas de socialização/desenvolvimento (Keller et al., 2006). Os resultados não apontaram diferenças significativas na valorização das metas de socialização da obediência entre os três tipos de família. Famílias monoparentais, nucleares e reconstituídas valorizaram com a mesma intensidade a meta "aprender a obedecer aos pais" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) e a meta "aprender a obedecer as pessoas mais velhas" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099). No entanto, em famílias reconstituídas, foi observada uma maior valorização da obediência em pais e mães de meninas quando comparados a pais e mães de meninos (U=16, p=0.012). Além disso, em famílias monoparentais notou-se que quanto mais jovens são os filhos, mais valorizada é a obediência (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Entende-se que a aprendizagem da obediência aparece, de fato, como uma das mais importantes metas de socialização, na medida em que consiste em uma característica priorizada desde os primeiros anos de vida.

Literature shows that socialization goals related to obedience are frequently valued in childrearing practices. However, previous studies were mostly restricted to observation of maternal beliefs in groups of nuclear families, not fully considering the variety of family configurations in modern contexts. The present study aims at investigating socialization goals related to child obedience in nuclear, remarried and single parent families. Parents of 50 families from the state capital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, constituted the sample, all with children up to two years of age. Participants filled the Socialization Goals Inventory (Keller et al., 2006). Results did not reveal significant differences in how parents valued socialization goals of obedience among the three different family types. Nuclear, remarried and single parent families valued the goal "learn to obey parents" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) and "learn to obey older people" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099) with the same intensity. However, in remarried families there was a higher valorization of obedience by parents of girls in comparison of parents of boys (U=16, p=0.012). Moreover, in single parent families, valorization of obedience was negatively correlated with the parents valorization of obedience, the younger their children, the more parents valued obedience as socialization goal (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Obedience appears to be highly valued by different types of Brazilian families, regardless of their configuration, and is prioritized since the first years of children's lives.

Los estudios apuntan que las metas de socialización de la obediencia se valoran en la crianza de hijos. Sin embargo, investigaciones anteriores detuvieron su foco de investigación en madres de familias nucleares, no considerando la pluralidad de configuraciones familiares del contexto actual. Siendo así, el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo investigar las metas de socialización de la obediencia infantil en familias nucleares, monoparentales y reconstituidas. Participaron de la investigación padres y madres de 50 familias de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro con hijos de hasta dos años de edad completos. Los participantes respondieron al Inventario de Metas de socialización / desarrollo (Keller et al., 2006). Los resultados no apuntaron diferencias significativas en la valorización de las metas de socialización de la obediencia entre los tres tipos de familia. Familias nucleares, monoparentales y reconstituidas valoraron con la misma intensidad la meta "aprender a obedecer a los padres" (H(2)=0.179, p=0.914) y la meta "aprender a obedecer las personas mayores" (H(2)=4.634, p=0.099). Sin embargo, en familias reconstituidas, se observó una mayor valoración de la obediencia en padres y madres de niñas cuando comparadas a padres y madres de niños (U=16, p=0.012). Además, en familias monoparentales, se notó que cuanto más jóvenes son los hijos, más valorada es la obediencia (ρ=-0.81, p=0.005). Se entiende que el aprendizaje de la obediencia aparece como una de las más importantes metas de socialización y consiste en una característica priorizada desde los primeros años de vida.

Maternal socialization goals and the spontaneous prosocial behavior of children in rural contexts

The purpose of this descriptive-correlational study was to investigate possible associations between maternal socialization goals and prosocial behavior (spontaneous helping) among children living in a rural context. This study involved 39 dyads of mothers, aged 17 to 48 years (M = 24.28 years, SD = 5.97), and their children, with a mean age of 24 months. The data collection included a Sociocultural Sociodemographic Characterization Questionnaire (SSCQ), a Socialization Goals Questionnaire (SGQ), and a Spontaneous Prosocial Behavior Task (SPBT). Most importantly, we found that the maternal socialization goal to "Learning to support others" exhibited a significant correlation (r= 0.40, p < 0.05) with the helping task performed by the children. This finding sustains the hypothesis that maternal goals, which emphasize the importance of their children in learning to help others, are correlated with an increased frequency of prosocial behavior in young children, around their second birthday. (AU)

Children's Self-Regulation in Cultural Contexts: The Role of Parental Socialization Theories, Goals, and Practices.

Self-regulation is a complex multidimensional construct which has been approached mainly in Western cultural contexts. The present contribution examines the importance of considering the culture-sensitive nature of self-regulation by reviewing theory and research on the development of children's self-regulation in different cultural contexts. This review of theory and research allows to suggest that widely shared values in a cultural group influence parental socialization theories, goals, and practices, which in turn have an impact on how children learn to self-regulate, the forms of self-regulation they develop, and the goals associated with self-regulation. Thus, this article concludes that more specific research is required to relate both the developmental and the cultural aspects of children's self-regulation.

Imagining Her Future: Diversity in Mothers' Socialization Goals for Their Adolescent Daughters.

According to developmental niche theory, members of different cultural and ethnic groups often have distinct ideas about what children need to become well-adapted adults. These beliefs are reflected in parents' long-term socialization goals for their children. In this study, we test whether specific themes that have been deemed important in literature on diverse families in the United States (e.g., Strong Black Woman [SBW], marianismo, familismo) are evident in mothers' long-term socialization goals. Participants included 192 mothers of teenage daughters from a low-income city in the United States (58% Latina, 22% African American, and 20% European American [EA]/White). Socialization goals were assessed through a q-sort task on important traits for a woman to possess and content analysis of open-ended responses about what values mothers hoped they would transmit to their daughters as they become adults. Results from ANCOVAs and logistic regression indicate significant racial/ethnic differences on both tasks consistent with hypotheses. On the q-sort task, African American mothers put more importance on women possessing traits such as independence than mothers from other racial/ethnic groups. Similarly, they were more likely to emphasize self-confidence and strength in what they hoped to transmit to their daughters. Contrary to expectation, Latina mothers did not emphasize social traits on the q-sort; however, in open-ended responses, they were more likely to focus on the importance of motherhood, one aspect of marianismo and familismo. Overall, results suggest that these mothers' long-term socialization goals incorporate culturally relevant values considered important for African American and Latino families.

Metas de socialização e práticas educativas de mães de crianças com câncer: um estudo comparativo com mães de crianças sem diagnóstico de doença / Socialization goals and educational practices of mothers of children with cancer: a comparative study with mothers of children without diagnose of disease / Metas de socialización y las prácticas educativas de madres de niños con cáncer: un estudio comparativo con madres de niños sin diagnostico de enfermedad

Metas de socialização e práticas educativas constituem importantes temas na pesquisa recente em diferentes subáreas da Psicologia. Informam a respeito de aspectos relevantes da parentalidade e do desenvolvimento de crianças. O presente trabalho visou aprofundar o estudo sobre tais metas e práticas a partir de situações de vida particularmente difíceis, como uma doença crônica de filho(a). Comparou dados de mães cujos filhos estão em tratamento oncológico com os de mães de crianças saudáveis. Participaram deste estudo 20 mães de crianças de três a cinco anos que estavam em tratamento no Instituto Nacional de Câncer e 20 mães de crianças da mesma idade, saudáveis, todas residentes no Rio de Janeiro. Foram aplicados instrumentos de coleta de informação sociodemográfica e sobre metas de socialização, e realizada entrevista semiestruturada para investigar práticas educativas. Verificou-se que as metas de socialização das mães de crianças em tratamento oncológico apresentaram diferenças em relação às outras mães, no sentido de valorizarem mais características individualistas (bem-estar, desenvolvimento pessoal) do que sociocêntricas (bom comportamento, exercício de papéis sociais). Quanto às práticas educativas, identificou-se tendência das mães de crianças em tratamento oncológico a adotarem mais práticas coercitivas em situações ligadas ao tratamento e mais práticas indutivas em outras situações.

Parental socialization goals for their children and the practices adopted to achieve these goals constitute an important theme in recent research in Social Psychology. This study aims to further study on the impacts of complicated life situations on these goals and practices. It compares mothers whose children are undergoing cancer treatment with mothers of healthy children. The study accessed 20 mothers of children from three to five years that were undergoing cancer treatment at the National Cancer Institute and 20 mothers of children in the same age interval without disease diagnosis, all residents in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Instruments were applied to collect socio-demographic information and data about socialization goals and semi-structured interviews were conducted to investigate educational practices. It was found that the socialization goals of mothers of children undergoing cancer treatment are different from those of the other mothers in the sense of valuing more individualistic (welfare, personal development) than sociocentric treats (good behavior, exercise of social roles). As for the educational practices, it identified a tendency of mothers of children undergoing cancer treatment to adopt more coercive practices when facing the need of medical interventions and more inductive practices in other situations.

Metas de socialización de madres para sus hijos y prácticas adoptadas para lograr estas metas constituyen importante tema de investigación en Psicología Social. Este estudio objetiva investigar los impactos de situaciones de vida complicadas en estos objetivos y practicas. Compara madres de hijos en tratamiento del cáncer con madres de niños sanos. Incluye 20 madres de niños de tres a cinco años sometidos a tratamiento contra el cáncer en el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer y 20 madres de niños de la misma edad sin diagnóstico de enfermedad, todos residentes en Río de Janeiro. Cuestionarios se aplicaron para recopilar información sociodemográfica y datos sobre objetivos de socialización y entrevistas semi-estructuradas se llevaron a cabo para investigar las prácticas educativas. Se encontró que los objetivos de socialización de las madres de los niños sometidos a tratamiento contra el cáncer son diferentes de los de las otras madres en el sentido de valorar más características individualistas (bienestar, desarrollo personal) que sociocéntricas (buena conducta, ejercicio de roles sociales). En cuanto a las prácticas educativas, se identificó una tendencia de las madres de niños sometidos al tratamiento a adoptar prácticas más coercitivas cuando enfrentan necesidad de intervenciones médicas y prácticas más inductivas en otras situaciones.

Metas de socialização da emoção: um estudo de mães residentes no meio rural / Emotional socialization goals: a research with mothers residing in rural areas / Objetivos de socialización emocional: una investigación con madres residentes en áreas rurales

Este estudo investigou as metas de socialização da emoção de 40 mães de crianças, com idade entre 1 e 35 meses, residentes num município do interior do estado do Pará. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos para a coleta de dados: Formulário de Identificação dos Participantes (FIP), Formulário de Dados Sociodemográficos (FDSD) e Questionário de Metas de Socialização da Emoção (QMSE). Empregou-se a análise temática categorial para o tratamento dos dados do questionário. As frequências de respostas dos participantes para cada categoria e os dados sociodemográficos foram analisados de maneira descritiva. Constatou-se que a maioria das mães mencionou metas relacionadas à automaximização (47,7%) e à emotividade (19,3%). Além disso, a maior parte destas ressaltou a preocupação de exercer um papel ativo no desenvolvimento emocional dos filhos (44,7%), contribuindo diretamente para que a criança adquira características emocionais desejadas a partir do aconselhamento e exemplos diários (69,7%). Tais resultados sugerem que as mães, no meio rural, permanecem na companhia da criança durante um longo período de sua rotina diária, por isso, tendem a transmitir com mais intensidade certas emoções (felicidade, amabilidade e afetividade ao próximo), além de auxiliar na compreensão das experiências emocionais vivenciadas na infância. Nessa lógica, constata-se que as etnoteorias parentais prototípicas do contexto rural influenciam as mães na definição das metas de socialização da emoção, e, por esta razão, sugere-se novos estudos que possam captar suas permanências e mudanças.

This study investigated the emotional socialization goals in 40 mothers of children with 1 to 35 months aged, resident in a county of Pará State. The following instruments were used to data collect: Participants Identification Form (FIP), Sociodemographic Data Form (FDSD) and Emotional Socialization Goals Questionnaire (QMSE). A categorical thematic analysis was implemented, as support to the questionnaire data. The frequencies of responses for each category and the sociodemographic data, were analyzed through a descriptive method. It was verified that the majority of mothers mentioned goals related to automaximization (47.7%) and emotivity (19.3%). Moreover, the majority emphasized their concern to play an active role in children's emotional development (44.7%), directly contributing to the child's acquisition of desired emotional characteristics from daily advices and examples (69.7%). These results suggest that mothers of rural environment remain with their children for a long period of their daily routine. Therefore, these mothers tend to transmit certain emotions (e.g.happiness, kindness and affection to others) more intensely, besides helping in comprehension of emotional and socialization goals. For this reason, new investigations might be necessary, in order to capture permanences and changes of such behaviors.

Este estudio investigó los objetivos de socialización emocional en 40 madres, con niños de 1 a 35 meses de edad, residentes en un condado del estado de Pará. Fueron utilizados los siguientes instrumentos para la obtención de datos: Formulario de identificación de participantes (FIP), Formulario de datos sociodemográficos (FDSD) y Cuestionario de metas de socialización emocional (QMSE). Un análisis temático categórico fue implementada, como apoyo a los datos del cuestionario. Las frecuencias de las respuestas para cada categoría y los datos sociodemográficos, se analizaron por médio de un procedimiento descriptivo. Así, se comprobó que la mayoría de las madres mencionaron objetivos relacionados con la automaximización (47,7%) y emotividad (19,3%). Por otra parte, la mayoría enfatizó su preocupación por desempeñar un papel activo en el desarrollo emocional de los niños (44,7%), contribuyendo directamente a la adquisición de características emocionales deseadas por parte del niño a partir de consejos y ejemplos diarios (69,7%). Estos resultados sugieren que las madres del medio rural permanecen con sus hijos durante un largo período de su rutina diaria. Por lo tanto, estas madres tienden a transmitir más intensamente ciertas emociones (por ejemplo felicidad, bondad y afecto a los demás), además de ayudar a la comprensión de los objetivos emocionales y de socialización. Por esta razón, podrían ser necesarias nuevas investigaciones para captar las permanencias y cambios de tales comportamientos.

Metas de socialização e estratégias de ação de pais e mães de crianças com síndrome de Down / Socialization goals and action strategies of parents of children with down síndrome / Objetivos de socialización y estrategias de acción de los padres de niños con síndrome de Down

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal investigar as metas de socialização e estratégias de ação que pais e mães têm para os seus filhos com Síndrome de Down (SD). Participaram 24 mães e 19 pais de crianças com SD, com média de idade de 22 meses, residentes na região de Itajaí, localizada no sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se como instrumentos a Entrevista de Metas de Socialização e um questionário sociodemográfico. Empregou-se a análise temática categorial para o tratamento dos dados da entrevista. As frequências de respostas dos participantes para cada categoria e, também os dados do questionário sociodemográfico foram analisados por meio de testes estatísticos paramétricos e não paramétricos. Os resultados indicaram que os genitores compartilhavam metas de socialização semelhantes: o autoaperfeiçoamento, relacionado à autonomia e independência, foi a meta significativamente mais almejada. A expectativa de que a criança com SD tenha um desenvolvimento típico também foi uma das preocupações dos genitores em relação ao futuro dos filhos. Os genitores se assemelharam quanto às estratégias empregadas: ambos atribuíram principalmente a si a responsabilidade de assegurar que a criança atinja os objetivos almejados. Conclui-se que a mudança na visão da deficiência, o aumento da expectativa de vida da população com SD, a criação de políticas públicas e o fato das crianças estarem inseridas em contextos institucionais pode ter interferido no predomínio de valores dos genitores, relacionados à autonomia e independência dos filhos com SD.

The present study aimed to investigate socialization goals and strategies that guide parents' actions towards children with Down Syndrome (DS). In total, 24 mothers and 19 fathers of children with DS participated, with an average age of 22 months and living in the Itajaí region, located in Southern Brazil. Data were gathered from parents' answers to the Socialization Goals Interview and a socio-demographic questionnaire. A categorical thematic analysis was applied for the treatment of data interview. Parametric and non-parametric statistics were also used to analyze part of the data from both surveys. Results indicated that parents shared similar socialization goals: self-improvement related to autonomy and independence was pointed out as the most desired objective. The expectation that children with DS have a typical development was also one of the parents' concerns regarding children's future. Parents had similar opinions about the strategies employed. Mainly, they attributed to themselves the responsibility to ensure that children could achieve the desired goals. It is possible to conclude that the change in the way DS condition is perceived, an increase in life expectancy of people with Down syndrome, the creation of public policies and the fact that children are placed in institutional contexts may have influenced parents' predominant values about autonomy and independence of children with DS.

El propósito de este estudio fue el de investigar los objetivos y estrategias de socialización que los padres tienen para sus hijos con síndrome de Down (SD). Participaron 24 madres y 19 padres de niños con síndrome de Down, con una edad promedio de 22 meses y que viven en la región de Itajaí, ubicada en el sur del Brasil. Se realizó una entrevista sobre las metas de socialización y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Se aplicó el análisis temático categórico para el tratamiento de los datos de la entrevista. Las frecuencias de las respuestas de los participantes a cada categoría y los datos de los cuestionarios sociodemográficos también fueron analizados. Los resultados indicaron que los padres comparten metas similares; ellos desean de manera significativa el autoperfeccionamiento relacionado con la autonomía y la independencia de sus hijos. La expectativa de que los niños con síndrome de Down tengan un desarrollo típico fue también una de las preocupaciones de los padres. Los progenitores emplearon estrategias semejantes: ambos se atribuyeron para sí la responsabilidad de asegurar que el niño logre los objetivos deseados. Se concluye que el cambio en la forma como se percibe la condición de SD, el aumento en la expectativa de vida de las personas con este síndrome, la creación de políticas públicas y el hecho de que los niños sean ubicados en instituciones, pueden haber influenciado los valores predominantes de los padres con respecto a la autonomía e independencia de los niños con síndrome de Down.

Relación entre nivel académico y metas de socialización en madres de niños preescolares / Relationship between academic level and socialization goals in mothers of preschoolers

En esta investigación se analizó cómo el nivel académico de madres de niños en edad preescolar se relaciona con sus metas de socialización. Utilizando una metodología mixta se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 172 madres de niños entre 3 y 4 años y medio de edad que viven en Bogotá y varios municipios de la zona cundiboyacense. Las entrevistas fueron sometidas a análisis de contenido de tipo categorial para calcular la frecuencia con que se mencionaron distintas metas de socialización y examinar si hubo una relación significativa entre el nivel de formación académica de las madres y su preferencia por metas de socialización asociadas a la independencia o la interdependencia. Los resultados indican que a mayor nivel académico, mayor es el énfasis en metas de socialización asociadas a la independencia.

This research examined how academic level of mothers of preschoolers relates to their socialization goals. Using a mixed methodology, structured interviews were applied to 172 mothers of children between 3 and 4 1/2 years old, who lived in Bogotá and several municipalities of the Cundinamarca-Boyacá area. The interviews were analyzed through categorical content analysis to calculate the frequency with which different socialization goals were mentioned, and to examine whether there was a significant relationship between the level of education of mothers and their preference for socialization goals associated with independence and / or interdependence. The results indicate that the higher the educational level, the greater the emphasis on socialization goals associated with independence.

Concepções de desenvolvimento infantil e metas de socialização maternas em contexto não urbano / Concepts of child development and maternal socialization goals in non-urban context / Concepciones de desarrollo infantil y metas de socialización maternas en contexto no urbano

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar as concepções de mães sobre desenvolvimento infantil e as metas de socialização para seus filhos em um contexto não urbano. Utilizou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada e um questionário sobre os dados sociodemográficos com 30 mães de crianças na faixa etária entre 06 e 36 meses. As respostas das entrevistas semiestruturadas foram analisadas em categorias temáticas. Os resultados mostraram concepções positivas das mães em relação ao desenvolvimento de seus filhos, à valorização de cuidados com a saúde, afetividade, educação e socialização da criança, assim como metas orientadas para o modelo autônomo relacional de socialização, com estratégias mais centradas na figura materna. Esses resultados são discutidos, considerando a perspectiva cultural e contextual do desenvolvimento infantil, como também as características sociodemográficas dos participantes.

The present research aims to identify mothers’ concepts of child development and socialization goals in a non-urban context. Participated 30 mothers of children ranging in age from 06 to 36 months. A semi structured interview and a questionnaire about socio demographic data were applied, the answers from the semi-structured interviews were analyzed by themes. The results showed positive conceptions of mothers about the development of their children, valuing health care, affection, education and socialization of children, as well as targeted goals for relational autonomous model of socialization, with more focused strategies in maternal figure. These results were discussed considering the cultural and contextual perspective of child development, as well as the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer las concepciones de desarrollo infantil y las metas de socialización maternas para sus hijos en un contexto no urbano. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada y un cuestionario sobre los datos sociodemográficos con 30 madres de niños en edades entre 06 y 36 meses. Las respuestas de las entrevistas semiestructuradas fueron analizadas en categorías temáticas. Los resultados mostraron concepciones positivas de las madres con relación al desarrollo de sus hijos, valoración de cuidados con la salud, afectividad, educación y socialización del niño, así como metas orientadas hacia el modelo autónomo relacional de socialización, con estrategias más centradas en la figura materna. Estos resultados fueron discutidos considerando la perspectiva cultural y contextual del desarrollo infantil, como también las características sociodemográficas de los participantes.

Concepções de desenvolvimento infantil e metas de socialização maternas em contexto não urbano / Concepts of child development and maternal socialization goals in non-urban context / Concepciones de desarrollo infantil y metas de socialización maternas en contexto no urbano

ResumoA presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar as concepções de mães sobre desenvolvimento infantil e as metas de socialização para seus filhos em um contexto não urbano. Utilizou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada e um questionário sobre os dados sociodemográficos com 30 mães de crianças na faixa etária entre 06 e 36 meses. As respostas das entrevistas semiestruturadas foram analisadas em categorias temáticas. Os resultados mostraram concepções positivas das mães em relação ao desenvolvimento de seus filhos, à valorização de cuidados com a saúde, afetividade, educação e socialização da criança, assim como metas orientadas para o modelo autônomo relacional de socialização, com estratégias mais centradas na figura materna. Esses resultados são discutidos, considerando a perspectiva cultural e contextual do desenvolvimento infantil, como também as características sociodemográficas dos participantes.(AU)

AbstractThe present research aims to identify mothers’ concepts of child development and socialization goals in a non-urban context. Participated 30 mothers of children ranging in age from 06 to 36 months. A semi structured interview and a questionnaire about socio demographic data were applied, the answers from the semi-structured interviews were analyzed by themes. The results showed positive conceptions of mothers about the development of their children, valuing health care, affection, education and socialization of children, as well as targeted goals for relational autonomous model of socialization, with more focused strategies in maternal figure. These results were discussed considering the cultural and contextual perspective of child development, as well as the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants.(AU)

ResumenEl presente trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer las concepciones de desarrollo infantil y las metas de socialización maternas para sus hijos en un contexto no urbano. Se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada y un cuestionario sobre los datos sociodemográficos con 30 madres de niños en edades entre 06 y 36 meses. Las respuestas de las entrevistas semiestructuradas fueron analizadas en categorías temáticas. Los resultados mostraron concepciones positivas de las madres con relación al desarrollo de sus hijos, valoración de cuidados con la salud, afectividad, educación y socialización del niño, así como metas orientadas hacia el modelo autónomo relacional de socialización, con estrategias más centradas en la figura materna. Estos resultados fueron discutidos considerando la perspectiva cultural y contextual del desarrollo infantil, como también las características sociodemográficas de los participantes.(AU)