The Impact of the Older Person's Grant Expansion on Hypertension Among Older Men in Rural South Africa: Findings From the HAALSI Cohort.

Background and Objectives: Hypertension is a major modifiable contributor to disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa. We exploited an expansion to age eligibility for men in South Africa's noncontributory public pension to assess the impact of pension eligibility on hypertension in a rural, low-income South African setting. Research Design and Methods: Data were from 1 247 men aged ≥60 in the population-representative Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa in 2014/2015. We identified cohorts of men from 0 (controls, aged ≥65 at pension expansion) through 5 years of additional pension eligibility based on their birth year. Using the modified Framingham Heart Study hypertension risk prediction model, and the Wand et al. model modified for the South African population, we estimated the difference in the probabilities of hypertension for men who benefitted from the pension expansion relative to the control. We conducted a negative control analysis among older women, who were not eligible for pension expansion, to assess the robustness of our findings. Results: Older men with 5 additional years of pension eligibility had a 6.9-8.1 percentage point greater probability of hypertension than expected without the pension expansion eligibility. After accounting for birth cohort effects through a negative control analysis involving older women reduced estimates to a 3.0-5.2 percentage point greater probability of hypertension than expected. We observed a mean 0.2 percentage point increase in the probability of hypertension per additional year of pension eligibility, but this trend was not statistically significant. Discussion and Implications: Although the Older Person's Grant is important for improving the financial circumstances of older adults and their families in South Africa, expanded pension eligibility may have a small, negative short-term effect on hypertension among older men in this rural, South African setting.

Spatio-temporal pattern and associate factors of intestinal infectious diseases in Zhejiang Province, China, 2008-2021: a Bayesian modeling study.

BACKGROUND: Despite significant progress in sanitation status and public health awareness, intestinal infectious diseases (IID) have caused a serious disease burden in China. Little was known about the spatio-temporal pattern of IID at the county level in Zhejiang. Therefore, a spatio-temporal modelling study to identify high-risk regions of IID incidence and potential risk factors was conducted. METHODS: Reported cases of notifiable IID from 2008 to 2021 were obtained from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Moran's I index and the local indicators of spatial association (LISA) were calculated using Geoda software to identify the spatial autocorrelation and high-risk areas of IID incidence. Bayesian hierarchical model was used to explore socioeconomic and climate factors affecting IID incidence inequities from spatial and temporal perspectives. RESULTS: From 2008 to 2021, a total of 101 cholera, 55,298 bacterial dysentery, 131 amoebic dysentery, 5297 typhoid, 2102 paratyphoid, 27,947 HEV, 1,695,925 hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and 1,505,797 other infectious diarrhea (OID) cases were reported in Zhejiang Province. The hot spots for bacterial dysentery, OID, and HEV incidence were found mainly in Hangzhou, while high-high cluster regions for incidence of enteric fever and HFMD were mainly located in Ningbo. The Bayesian model showed that Areas with a high proportion of males had a lower risk of BD and enteric fever. People under the age of 18 may have a higher risk of IID. High urbanization rate was a protective factor against HFMD (RR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.88, 0.94), but was a risk factor for HEV (RR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01-1.10). BD risk (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.10-1.18) and enteric fever risk (RR = 1.18, 95% CI:1.10-1.27) seemed higher in areas with high GDP per capita. The greater the population density, the higher the risk of BD (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.23-1.36), enteric fever (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.00-1.25), and HEV (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.09-1.21). Among climate variables, higher temperature was associated with a higher risk of BD (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.23-1.41), enteric fever (RR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.33-1.50), and HFMD (RR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.08-1.38), and with lower risk of HEV (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.78-0.89). Precipitation was positively correlated with enteric fever (RR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00-1.08), HFMD (RR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00-1.06), and HEV (RR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03-1.08). Higher HFMD risk was also associated with increasing relative humidity (RR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.16-1.24) and lower wind velocity (RR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.84-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: There was significant spatial clustering of IID incidence in Zhejiang Province from 2008 to 2021. Spatio-temporal patterns of IID risk could be largely explained by socioeconomic and meteorological factors. Preventive measures and enhanced monitoring should be taken in some high-risk counties in Hangzhou city and Ningbo city.

Socioeconomic, health-care access and clinical determinants of disease severity in Multiple Sclerosis in Chile.

BACKGROUND: MS severity may be affected by genetic, patient-related, disease-related and environmental factors. Socioeconomic status, including income and healthcare access, amongst others, may also have a role in affecting diagnostic delay or therapy prescription. In Chile, two main healthcare systems exist, public-healthcare and private-healthcare, nonetheless universal care laws (e.g., access to High Efficacy Therapy-HET), including both systems, have been recently enacted for people with MS. OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of Socioeconomic Conditions (SEC), clinical variables and public health policies on the impact of disease severity of MS patients in Chile. METHODS: Multicentric, observational, cross-sectional study including patients from two reference centres (1 national reference centre from the private-health system and 1 regional reference centre from the public-health system). SEC and clinical variables included healthcare insurance (private or public), subclassification of health insurance according to monthly income, sex, age at onset, diagnostic delay, disease duration, diagnosis before HET law (as a proxy of HET delay), and current HET treatment. Progression Index (PI), EDSS ≥6.0 and Progressive MS diagnosis were used as outcome measures. Multivariable binary logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: We included 604 patients (460 private-health, 144 public-health), 67% women, 100% white/mestizo, 88% RRMS, mean age 42±12 years, mean age at onset 32±11 years, mean disease duration 10±6 years, median diagnostic delay 0 (0-34) years, 86% currently receiving any DMT, 55% currently receiving HET, median EDSS at last visit of 2.0 (0-10), and median PI 0.17 (0-4.5). Lower monthly income was associated with higher EDSS and higher PI. In the multivariable analysis, public-healthcare (OR 10.2), being diagnosed before HET-law (OR 4.89), longer diagnostic delay (OR 1.26), and older age at onset (OR 1.05) were associated with a higher risk of PI>0.2, while current HET (OR 0.39) was a protective factor. Diagnosis before HET-law (OR 7.59), public-healthcare (OR 6.49), male sex (OR 2.56), longer disease duration (OR 1.2) and older age at onset (OR 1.1) were associated with a higher risk of Progressive MS. Public-healthcare (OR 5.54), longer disease duration (OR 1.14) and older age at onset (OR 1.08) were associated with a higher risk of EDSS ≥6.0 while current treatment with HET had a trend as being a protective factor (OR 0.44, p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: MS severity is impacted by non-modifiable factors such as sex and age at onset. Interventions focused on shortening diagnostic delay and encouraging early access to high-efficacy therapies, as well as initiatives that may reduce the disparities inherent to lower socioeconomic status, may improve outcomes in people with MS.

Changes in socioeconomic resources and mental health after the second COVID-19 wave (2020-2021): a longitudinal study in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: During the 2020/2021 winter, the labour market was under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in socioeconomic resources during this period could have influenced individual mental health. This association may have been mitigated or exacerbated by subjective risk perceptions, such as perceived risk of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 or perception of the national economic situation. Therefore, we aimed to determine if changes in financial resources and employment situation during and after the second COVID-19 wave were prospectively associated with depression, anxiety and stress, and whether perceptions of the national economic situation and of the risk of getting infected modified this association. METHODS: One thousand seven hundred fifty nine participants from a nation-wide population-based eCohort in Switzerland were followed between November 2020 and September 2021. Financial resources and employment status were assessed twice (Nov2020-Mar2021, May-Jul 2021). Mental health was assessed after the second measurement of financial resources and employment status, using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). We modelled DASS-21 scores with linear regression, adjusting for demographics, health status, social relationships and changes in workload, and tested interactions with subjective risk perceptions. RESULTS: We observed scores above thresholds for normal levels for 16% (95%CI = 15-18) of participants for depression, 8% (95%CI = 7-10) for anxiety, and 10% (95%CI = 9-12) for stress. Compared to continuously comfortable or sufficient financial resources, continuously precarious or insufficient resources were associated with worse scores for all outcomes. Increased financial resources were associated with higher anxiety. In the working-age group, shifting from full to part-time employment was associated with higher stress and anxiety. Perceiving the Swiss economic situation as worrisome was associated with higher anxiety in participants who lost financial resources or had continuously precarious or insufficient resources. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the association of economic stressors and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights the exacerbating role of subjective risk perception on this association.

Socioeconomic Inequalities of Undiagnosed Diabetes in a Resource-Poor Setting: Insights from the Cross-Sectional Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011.

Diabetes mellitus is rising disproportionately but is not frequently diagnosed until complications appear, which results in adverse health consequences. We estimated the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes among adult diabetic patients and associated socioeconomic inequalities in Bangladesh. We used nationally representative cross-sectional Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2011 data. Among patients with diabetes, we identified undiagnosed cases as having fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, never having taken prescribed medicine and being told by health professionals. Among 938 patients with diabetes, 53.4% remained undiagnosed. The poorest (75.9%) and rural (59.0%) patients had significantly higher undiagnosed cases than the richest (36.0%) and urban (42.5%), respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the likelihood of being undiagnosed was lower among patients with age ≥ 70 years vs. 35⁻39 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19, 0.64) and patients with higher education vs. no education (AOR = 0.36; 95% CI 0.21, 0.62). Conversely, a high level of physical activity and being in a poor socioeconomic quintile were associated with a higher risk of remaining undiagnosed for diabetes. The Concentration Index (C) also showed that undiagnosed diabetes was largely distributed among the socioeconomically worse-off group in Bangladesh (C = -0.35). Nationwide diabetes screening programs may reduce this problem in Bangladesh and other similar low-income settings.

Perspectivas socioeconômicas da violência sexual no Brasil: dinâmica e níveis de associações causais / Socioeconomic perspectives of sexual violence in Brazil: dynamics and levels of causal associations

A violência sexual tem um impacto importante sobre os indivíduos, as famílias e na sociedade em geral. Além de ser uma violação de direitos humanos, causa danos profundos no bem-estar físico, sexual, reprodutivo, emocional, mental e social. Contudo, devido à sua natureza, a sua ocorrência e impactos são frequentemente velados, resultando em uma significativa subestimação do nível real do dano causado. Este tipo de agravo tem sido registrado em todos os países, porém o tema ainda é pouco investigado nos países em desenvolvimento. Nesta perspectiva, objetivou-se com este trabalho conhecer, sob o prisma conceitual e epidemiológico, a situação da violência sexual no Brasil, analisar sua evolução ao longo dos anos e sua associação com características contextuais e iniquidades sociais. Para tanto, este estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de seis diferentes desenhos no intuito de contemplar ao máximo as vertentes que envolvem um fenômeno tão complexo. No primeiro estudo foi realizado um ensaio conceitual sobre a violência sexual. Nos demais estudos optou-se por uma abordagem epidemiológica utilizando desenhos ecológicos com modelos estatísticos distintos. Quanto às unidades de análise, utilizou-se dados individuais, dos municípios e unidades federativas brasileiras. O desfecho analisado em todos os estudos foi a ocorrência de violência sexual, em diferentes cálculos, com dados coletados pelo Sistema de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (VIVA) e/ou Sistema Nacional de Estatísticas de Segurança Pública e Justiça Criminal (SINESPJC). As variáveis independentes utilizadas foram características individuais coletadas pelo VIVA; características contextuais relacionadas a educação, condições econômicas, sociais e de emprego extraídos do Censo Brasileiro; e variáveis contextuais acerca dos serviços de saúde, serviços sociais e segurança pública, obtidos respectivamente do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES), do Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamento Público em Saúde (SIOPS), Censo do Sistema Único de Assistência Social (Censo SUAS) e dos Anuários Brasileiros de Segurança Pública. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, comparações de médias, análise de Poisson multinível, análise de regressão linear múltipla para dados em painel, análise de desigualdade e Regressão linear múltipla. Os resultados apontam para uma construção desigual de gênero na sociedade brasileira, com padrão hegemônico masculino estabelecedor de comportamentos e de posições sociais, que tem favorecido a violência sexual. Quanto aos fatores associados, ambas características individuais e contextuais, possuem relação com a violência sexual, observando-se um forte efeito contextual, em nível de unidades federativas. Os registros de violência sexual foram mais prevalentes em municípios e unidades federativas brasileiras com melhores condições socioeconômicas. Tais registros variaram ao longo dos anos de 2010 a 2014 entre as unidades federativas brasileiras, havendo, no geral, um incremento ao longo dos anos. No mesmo período houve uma melhoria nos indicadores de condições econômicas e sociais dos estados e nos municípios brasileiros, estando os maiores registros de violência sexual associados as melhores condições de vida em todos os anos. Observou-se aumento na desigualdade da taxa de notificações de violência sexual em função da renda domiciliar e do IDH. Caracterizou-se uma inversão nas notificações de violência sexual estruturada pela iniquidade social no Brasil. Houve um aumento na taxa de notificação da violência sexual, a qual foi acompanhada por um aumento simultâneo da desigualdade de notificações. As taxas de registros de violência sexual variam de acordo com o sistema de registro. No geral, o sistema policial registrou mais violência sexual que o sistema dos serviços de saúde. Há um considerável subnotificação de violência sexual no sistema VIVA, especialmente na região Sul do país e em municípios de pequeno porte populacional. Contudo em algumas unidades federativas, o registro do VIVA se mostra mais eficiente em captar a violência sexual que o sistema policial. Fatores contextuais também estão associados ao subregistro de violência sexual em distintos sistemas de informações sobre o tema. Conclui-se que políticas de equidade de gênero mais incisivas lastreadas pela redução da violência estrutural ainda são necessárias no Brasil para enfrentamento da violência sexual. Adicionalmente, também são necessárias garantias de direitos básicos, como educação e renda, tanto para redução das estatísticas do agravo quanto para melhoria do registro deste agravo nos sistemas nacionais de informações. Uma distribuição de renda mais equitativa e incremento do desenvolvimento social são também fatores relevantes para combate da violência sexual no país. Por fim, compreende-se que para a construção de políticas de saúde mais assertivas no combate à violência sexual, é necessária a compilação de informações de diferentes fontes, considerando haver, atualmente, uma considerável subnotificação do sistema VIVA, principal ferramenta governamental de análise situacional da violência no país (AU).

Sexual violence has a major impact on individuals, families and society in general. In addition to being a violation of human rights, it causes profound damage to physical, sexual, reproductive, emotional, mental and social well-being. However, due to their nature, their occurrence and impacts are often veiled, resulting in a significant underestimation of the actual level of damage caused. This type of injury has been registered in all countries, but the issue is still little investigated in developing countries. In this perspective, this paper aimed to know, from a conceptual and epidemiological point of view, the situation of sexual violence in Brazil, analyze its evolution over the years and its association with contextual characteristics and social inequities. To do so, this study was developed from six different designs in order to contemplate as much as possible the strands that involve such a complex phenomenon. In the first study a conceptual essay on sexual violence was carried out. In the other studies, an epidemiological approach was adopted using ecological designs with different statistical models. As for the units of analysis, individual data were used, from the municipalities and Brazilian federal units. The results analyzed in all the studies were the occurrence of sexual violence, in different calculations, with data collected by the Violence and Accident Surveillance System (VIVA) and / or National System of Public Security and Criminal Justice Statistics (SINESPJC). The independent variables used were individual characteristics collected by VIVA; contextual characteristics related to education, economic, social and employment conditions extracted from the Brazilian Census; and contextual variables related to health services, social services and public safety, obtained respectively from the National Registry of Health Establishments (CNES), the Public Health Information System (SIOPS), the Census of the Single Social Assistance System SUAS) and the Brazilian Yearbooks of Public Security. Descriptive analyzes, mean comparisons, multilevel Poisson analysis, multiple linear regression analysis for panel data, inequality analysis and multiple linear regression were performed. The results point to an unequal gender structure in Brazilian society, with a male hegemonic pattern that establishes behaviors and social positions, which has favored sexual violence. As for the associated factors, both individual and contextual characteristics are related to sexual violence, observing a strong contextual effect, at the level of federative units. The records of sexual violence were more prevalent in Brazilian municipalities and federative units with better socioeconomic conditions. These records varied over the years 2010 to 2014 between the Brazilian federal units, with an overall increase over the years. In the same period there was an improvement in the indicators of economic and social conditions in the Brazilian states and municipalities, with the highest records of sexual violence associated with the best living conditions in all years. There was an increase in the inequality of the rate of notifications of sexual violence as a function of household income and HDI. There was a reversal in the reports of sexual violence structured by social inequality in Brazil. There was an increase in the reporting rate of sexual violence, which was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in reporting inequality. Rates of records of sexual violence vary according to the registration system. In general, the police system recorded more sexual violence than the health services system. There is considerable underreporting of sexual violence in the VIVA system, especially in the southern region of the country and in small towns. However, in some federative units, the VIVA registry is more efficient in capturing sexual violence than the police system. Contextual factors are also associated with sub-registration of sexual violence in different information systems on the subject. It is concluded that more incisive gender equality policies backed by the reduction of structural violence are still necessary in Brazil to confront sexual violence. In addition, guarantees of basic rights, such as education and income, are also needed, both to reduce the statistics of the problem and to improve the registration of this grievance in the national information systems. More equitable income distribution and increased social development are also relevant factors in combating sexual violence in the country. Finally, it is understood that for the construction of more assertive health policies in the fight against sexual violence, it is necessary to compile information from different sources, considering that there is currently a considerable underreporting of the VIVA system, the main governmental tool of situational analysis of violence in the country (AU).

Case report of Actinomyces turicensis meningitis as a complication of purulent mastoiditis.

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by Actinomyces spp. including brain abscess, actinomycoma, subdural empyema and epidural abscess are well described, however reports of Actinomyces-associated meningitis are scarcely reported. CASE REPORT: We present the case of a 43-year-old Hungarian male patient with poor socioeconomic status who developed acute bacterial meningitis caused by Actinomyces turicensis originating from the left side mastoiditis. The bacterial cultures of both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and purulent discharge collected during the mastoid surgery showed slow growing Gram-positive rods that were identified by automated systems (API, VITEK) as A. turicensis The bacterial identification was confirmed by 16S rRNA PCR and subsequent nucleic acid sequencing. No bacterial growth was detected in blood culture bottles after 5 days of incubation. Hence, multiple antibacterial treatments and surgical intervention the patient passed away. CONCLUSIONS: Anaerobes are rarely involved in CNS infections therefore anaerobic culture of CSF samples is routinely not performed. However, anaerobic bacteria should be considered as potential pathogens when certain risk factors are present, such as paranasal sinusitis, mastoiditis in patients with poor socioeconomic condition. To the best of our knowledge, our case report is the first description of A. turicensis meningitis that has been diagnosed as consequence of purulent mastoiditis.

Different Risk Factors for Very Low Birth Weight, Term-Small-for-Gestational-Age, or Preterm Birth in Japan.

From 1985 to 2013, the mean birth weight of infants in Japan decreased from 3120 g to 3000 g, and the low-birth-weight rate among live births increased from 6.3% to 9.6%. No prospective study has elucidated the risk factors for poor fetal growth and preterm birth in recent Japanese parents, such as increased parental age, maternal body figure, assisted reproductive technology (ART), and socioeconomic status. Participants were mother-infant pairs (n = 18,059) enrolled in a prospective birth cohort in Hokkaido, Japan from 2002 to 2013. Parental characteristics were obtained via self-reported questionnaires during pregnancy. Medical records helped identify very-low-birth-weight (VLBW; <1500g), term-small-for-gestational-age (term-SGA), and preterm-birth (PTB; <37 weeks) infants. We calculated relative risks (RRs) for PTB, VLBW, and term-SGA birth based on parental characteristics. The prevalence of PTB, VLBW, and term-SGA was 4.5%, 0.4%, and 6.5%, respectively. Aged parents and ART were risk factors for PTB and VLBW. Maternal alcohol drinking during pregnancy increased the risk; a parental educational level of ≥16 years reduced risk of term-SGA. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI of <18.5 kg/m² increased the risk of PTB and term-SGA. The RR for low BMI was highest among mothers who have low educational level. Among various factors, appropriate nutritional education to maintain normal BMI is important to prevent PTB and term-SGA in Japan.

Análise comparativa entre hábitos alimentares e condições socioeconômicas no controle glicêmico de crianças com diabetes melito tipo 1: capital x interior da Bahia / Comparative analysis of eating habits and socioeconomic conditions in glycemic control of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: capital x interior of Bahia

Objetivo: conhecer os hábitos alimentares e as condições socioeconômicas de crianças com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1) e as possíveis diferenças entre as que residem na capital e as do interior do estado da Bahia. Metodologia: estudo de corte transversal realizado entre abril e agosto de 2013, nos Serviços de Endocrinologia Pediátrica de dois hospitais públicos universitários de Salvador, Bahia. As condições socioeconômicas foram obtidas por meio do Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil (CCEB) e as características sociodemográficas e os hábitos alimentares foram mensurados por um questionário estruturado para pesquisa. Estas variáveis foram comparadas aos resultados da hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). Resultados: participaram do estudo 68 crianças portadoras de DM1, das quais a maioria 36 (52,9%) residiam no interior do estado e 32 (47,1%) são oriundas de Salvador. Quando comparado o controle glicêmico, com base na localidade, constata-se no grupo residente em Salvador um maior número de crianças (9) com valores de HbA1c dentro dos parâmetros adequados (13,2%), já no grupo de crianças residentes no interior da Bahia o controle glicêmico dentro das condições estabelecidas pela ADA foi percebido apenas em 4 (5,9%) participantes. Discussão: a residência nas cidades do interior da Bahia, baixo nível de escolaridade e hábitos alimentares precários, foi predominante em relação a capital, pode ser relacionado à falta de serviços públicos especializados nessas localidades. Razões para explicar o mau controle glicêmico em crianças residentes em Salvador, bem como no interior da Bahia, fundamenta-se na realidade que manter níveis mais baixos de HbA1c é uma dificuldade persistente, mesmo para centros de referência. Conclusão: hábitos alimentares e condições socioeconômicas dos participantes do estudo mostraram associação negativa com resultados de HbA1c, o que confirma a importância destas variáveis como preditores do controle glicêmico. Os resultados apresentados servem como subsídios para uma reflexão sobre as políticas e práticas implementadas no estado acerca da alimentação e condições socioeconômicas que assegurem melhores condições de atenção e cuidado para essas crianças, contribuindo assim para um melhor controle glicêmico nessa população.

Objective: Knowing the eating habits and socioeconomic conditions of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and possible differences between those living in the capital and those in the interior of the state of Bahia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study carried out between April and August 2013 at the Pediatric Endocrinology Services of two public university hospitals in Salvador, Bahia. Socioeconomic conditions were obtained through the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB) and the sociodemographic characteristics and eating habits were measured by a questionnaire structured for research. These variables were compared to the results of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Results: 68 children with DM1 participated in the study, of those 36 (52.9%) lived in the interior of the state and 32 (47.1%) came from Salvador. When comparing the glycemic control, based on the locality, a greater number of children (9) with HbA1c values within the appropriate parameters were found in the resident group in Salvador (13.2%), and in the group of children living in the interior of Bahia, the glycemic control under the conditions established by the ADA was perceived only in 4 (5.9%) participants. Discussion: Residence in the cities of the interior of Bahia, low level of schooling and precarious eating habits, was predominant in relation to the capital, can be related to the lack of specialized public services in these localities. Reasons to explain poor glycemic control in children living in Salvador, as well as in the interior of Bahia, is based on the reality that maintaining lower levels of HbA1c is a persistent difficulty, even for reference centers. Conclusion: Eating habits and socioeconomic conditions of the study participants showed a negative association with HbA1c results, confirming the importance of these variables as predictors of glycemic control. The results presented serve as subsidies for a reflection on the policies and practices implemented in the state regarding food and socioeconomic conditions that ensure better attention and care conditions for those children, thus contributing to a better glycemic control in that population.

Mediation of the effect of childhood socioeconomic position by educational attainment on adult chronic disease in Chile.

OBJECTIVES: We estimated the roles of childhood socioeconomic position (ChSEP) and education attainment on chronic diseases in Chilean adults, mediated through structural determinants and health behaviors, to identify potential pro-equity interventions. METHODS: We analyzed Chile's longitudinal Social Protection Surveys, a national sample of 14,788 adults with follow-up to 2009. Controlled direct effects (CDE) and natural effects (NDE and NIE) of ChSEP and education on number of chronic diseases were estimated with negative binomial models. RESULTS: CDE of low ChSEP with education fixed at 12 years showed a 12% increase with 4% indirect effects. CDEs at favorable levels of BMI, smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity were similar. CDE estimates for education adjusted for ChSEP were larger with negligible mediation. CDEs for women were generally larger. CONCLUSIONS: Low ChSEP exerts a primarily direct effect on later chronic disease, modestly mediated by education. Education attainment showed larger direct effects with minimal mediation by behaviors. Strengthening current-early child development and education policies, particularly gender aspects, may reduce social inequalities and key pathways for reducing chronic disease inequalities in Chile.

Malnutrición: impacto de los hábitos, variables constitutivas y condiciones socioeconómicas en la población adulta urbana en la Argentina / Malnutrition: Impact of Habits, Individual Factors and Living Conditions in Adult Urban Population in Argentina / Subnutrição: impacto dos hábitos, variáveis constitutivos e condições socioeconómicas na população adulta urbana na Argentina

Introducción: el término malnutrición se refiere a los desequilibrios en la ingesta de energía, proteínas y/o nutrientes involucrados, tanto en la desnutrición como en la obesidad. El objetivo del trabajo es identificar el efecto de las variables constitutivas del sujeto, sus hábitos y condiciones socioeconómicas sobre categorías nutricionales de la población adulta urbana de la Argentina. Materiales y métodos: se estima un modelo logístico multinomial, aplicado a los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo de 2005 y 2009. Se presentan, además, indicadores de riesgo relativo asociados con cada cofactor. Resultados: La desnutrición se asocia con las variables constitutivas y socioeconómicas, mientras que en la obesidad intervienen además los hábitos. Discusión: La complejidad de los problemas nutricionales en la Argentina, originada en la heterogeneidad en hábitos alimentarios y condiciones de vida, torna complejas las intervenciones necesarias para solucionarlos, destacando el carácter multidimensional de la problemática (médica, social, económica).

Introduction: Malnutrition refers to imbalances (either deficit or excess) in energy intake, protein and/or nutrients, including underweight and obesity. The aim of this work is to identify the contribution of individual factors, habits and life conditions in nutritional status. Material and methods: Estimates of relative risk ratios are obtained from a multinomial logistic model using microdata from the National Survey of Risk Factors conducted in 2005 and 2009 among adult population in Argentinean cities. Results: Malnutrition is associated with constitutive and socioeconomic variables, while habits are also important in obesity cases. Discussion: Both types of problems coexist in Argentina due to a high heterogeneity in life styles, turning it difficult to design public interventions aimed to solve them. This complexity highlights the importance of a careful and specific multidimensional approach (medical, social, economic).

Introdução: o termo subnutrição refere-se aos desequilíbrios na ingestão de energia, proteínas, e/ou nutrientes involucrados tanto na subnutrição como na obesidade. O objetivo do trabalho é identificar o efeito das variáveis constitutivas do sujeito, seus hábitos e condições socioeconómicas sobre categorias nutricionais da população adulta urbana da Argentina. Materiais e métodos: estima-se um modelo logístico multinomial aplicado aos dados da Enquete Nacional de Fatores de Risco de 2005 e 2009.Apresentam-se além indicadores de risco relativo associados a cada cofator. Resultados: a subnutrição se associa com as variáveis constitutivas e socioeconómicas, enquanto que na obesidade intervém além os hábitos. Discussão: a complexidade dos problemas nutricionais na Argentina, originada na heterogeneidade em hábitos alimentares e condições de vida, torna complexas as intervenções necessárias para solucioná-los destacando o carácter multidimensional da problemática (médica, social, económica).

Socio-spatial patterning of off-sale and on-sale alcohol outlets in a Texas city.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: To examine the socio-spatial patterning of off-sale and on-sale alcohol outlets following a policy change that ended prohibition of off-sale outlets in Lubbock, Texas. DESIGN AND METHODS: The spatial patterning of alcohol outlets by licensing type was examined using the k-function difference (D statistic) to compare the relative degree of spatial aggregation of the two types of alcohol outlets and by the spatial scan statistic to identify statistically significant geographic clusters of outlets. The sociodemographic characteristics of the areas containing clusters of outlets were compared with the rest of the city. In addition, the socioeconomic characteristics of census block groups with and without existing on-sale outlets were compared, as were the socioeconomic characteristics of census block groups with and without the newly issued off-sale licenses. RESULTS: The existing on-sale premises in Lubbock and the newly established off-sale premises introduced as a result of the 2009 policy change displayed different spatial patterns, with the latter being more spatially dispersed. A large cluster of on-sale outlets identified in the north-east of the city was located in a socially and economically disadvantaged area of the city. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The findings support the view that it is important to understand the local context of deprivation within a city when examining the location of alcohol outlets and add to the existing research by drawing attention to the importance of geographic scale in assessing such relationships.

Fatores associados a padrões alimentares em adolescentes: um estudo de base escolar em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso / Factors associated with dietary patterns in adolescents: a school-based study in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso

OBJETIVO: Identificar padrões alimentares de adolescentes e sua associação com características socioeconômicas, estilo de vida e estado nutricional. MÉTODOS: Investigou-se amostra probabilística de estudantes entre 14 a 19 anos de idade do ensino médio público e privado de Cuiabá/Mato Grosso (n = 1.139). Os dados foram coletados em sala de aula utilizando-se questionário autoaplicado. Para a obtenção de dados de consumo alimentar, aplicou-se questionário de frequência alimentar semiquantitativo. O estado nutricional foi classificado pelo escore z do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC = peso/estatura²). Para a classificação socioeconômica considerou-se a escolaridade do chefe da família e a presença de bens e equipamentos no domicílio. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados por meio da análise fatorial exploratória (método de extração: análise de componentes principais) e sua associação com as características socioeconômicas, estilo de vida e estado nutricional foi estimada por modelos de regressão linear múltipla mutuamente ajustados para os outros padrões. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados três padrões alimentares: "ocidental", "tradicional" e "misto". Estudar no turno vespertino e consumir bebidas alcoólicas foram associados (p < 0,05) a maior aderência ao padrão "ocidental". Meninos de escolas públicas, com menor poder aquisitivo e IMC na faixa de normalidade aderiam ao padrão "tradicional". O padrão "misto" foi adotado pelos meninos, estudantes de escolas públicas e que relataram prática de atividade física. CONCLUSÃO: Em adolescentes, vários fatores se associam aos padrões alimentares, mas destacamos que o consumo dos alimentos tradicionais da dieta brasileira associou-se ao IMC na faixa de normalidade.

OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary patterns among adolescents and to assess their association with socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics and nutritional status. METHODS: A probabilistic clustered two-stage sample of students between 14 and 19 years old from public and private high schools from Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, was investigated (n = 1.139). A self-administered food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain information on food intake. Nutritional status was classified according to the Body Mass Index (BMI = weight/height²) z-score. Socioeconomic status was inferred by the education level of head of household and by the presence of electrical appliances in the household. Dietary patterns were identified by applying exploratory factor analysis (extraction method: principal component analysis) and their relationship with socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle variables, and nutritional status was estimated by mutually adjusted multilinear regression models. RESULTS: "Western", "traditional" and "mixed" dietary patterns were identified. Studying in the morning hours and reporting the intake of alcoholic beverages were associated with greater adherence to the "Western" pattern. Male low-income students from public schools who have a BMI in the normal range preferred the "traditional" pattern. The "mixed" pattern was adopted by boys from public schools reporting physical activity. CONCLUSION: Several factors were associated with dietary patterns of adolescents and the Brazilian traditional diet was associated with normal weight.

Variáveis sociodemográficas como determinantes do domínio meio ambiente da qualidade de vida de adolescentes / Sociodemographic variables as determinant of the environment domain of quality of life of adolescents

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a relação entre variáveis sociodemográficas e o domínio meio ambiente da qualidade de vida (QV) de adolescentes. A amostra foi composta por 608 adolescentes com idades entre 14 e 20 anos, do município da Lapa (PR). Para a avaliação da QV e da condição socioeconômica, foram utilizados, respectivamente, o questionário WHOQOL-Bref e da ABEP. Para análise dos dados, recorreu-se à estatística descritiva e aos testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e regressão logística binária, considerando p<0,05. O valor médio da QV global e do domínio meio ambiente dos adolescentes foi 67,3 por cento e 55,6 por cento, respectivamente. Moças tiveram 1,9 vezes mais chance para apresentar domínio meio ambiente ruim do que rapazes, bem como indivíduos menos abastados (classe B e C+D+E) apresentaram, respectivamente, 5,7 e 7,4 vezes mais risco para possuir domínio meio ambiente ruim quando comparados com adolescentes da classe socioeconômica A. Pode-se inferir que o domínio meio ambiente apresentou-se como ponto vulnerável da QV dos adolescentes investigados. Os principais subgrupos em risco para possuir domínio meio ambiente da QV ruim foram compostos por adolescentes do sexo feminino e pertencentes às classes socioeconômicas menos favorecidas.

This study aimed to identify the relationship between sociodemographic variables and environment domain of Quality of Life (QOL) of adolescents. The sample was composed by 608 adolescents aged 14 to 20 years, from the municipality of Lapa, Paraná State, South of Brazil. The WHOQOL-Bref and ABEP questionnaires were used, respectively, to assess the QOL and socioeconomic condition. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, exact Fisher and logistic regression binary, considering p<0.05. The average value of QOL overall and environment domain of adolescents was 67.3 percent and 55.6 percent, respectively. Girls were 1.9 times more likely to present poor environment domain than boys, and less wealthy individuals (B and C+D+E classes) showed, respectively, 5.7 and 7.4 times more risk to have poor environment domain when compared with adolescents of A class socioeconomic. It can be inferred that the environment domain presented themselves as vulnerable point of the QOL of adolescents investigated. The main groups in risk to the have poor environment domain of the QOL were composed by female adolescents, belonging to less advantaged socioeconomic classes.

Caracterização do estado nutricional, condições socioeconômicas e alimentares de uma comunidade rural no Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha - MG / Characterization of nutritional status, social-economic and food intake conditions from a rural community of Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha/MG

Objetivo: Caracterizar o estado nutricional e as condições socioeconômicas e alimentares de famílias residentes na comunidade rural de Galheiros – MG. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal cujos dados foram coletados a partir da aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado, contendo informações pessoais e itens referentes às condições antropométricas, socioeconômicas, de infraestrutura e ao inquérito dietético da comunidade... Conclusão: Esta é uma comunidade com características da transição nutricional que vem ocorrendo no nosso país. O presente resultado demonstra que essa comunidade deve ser monitorada, sendo necessária a implementação de medidas que visem prevenir a ocorrência de novos casos de excesso de peso e, principalmente, que objetivem o alcance ou a manutenção de um adequado estado nutricional para as gerações futuras.

Objective: To evaluate nutritional status, social-economic and food intake conditions of families from Galheiros/MG. This was a cross-sectional study. All data were collected by means of a semi-structured questionnaire containing personal, socioeconomic conditions, infrastructure, dietary intake and anthropometric information from the community... Conclusion: This community shows characteristics of nutritional transition, which is occurring in our country, so it should be monitored. The implementation of measures to prevent over weight is necessary, so adequate nutritional status will be achieved for future generations.