Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage of Fiber-reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations Immersed in Three Different Beverages: In Vitro Study.

AIM: The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the microleakage of fiber-reinforced glass ionomer cement (GIC) and conventional glass ionomer cement restorations immersed in three different beverages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 96 human exfoliating deciduous molars were selected which were cleaned and disinfected. Standardized Class V cavity preparations were done and buccal surface were restored with experimental fiber-reinforced glass ionomer cement (Exp-FRGIC), lingual surface were restored with Type II conventional GIC. They were divided into four groups according to the test beverage. The samples were subjected to various immersion regimes and evaluated for microleakage under stereomicroscope. RESULTS: Intragroup comparison for (Exp-FRGIC) showed significant microleakage when immersed in fresh fruit juice at high immersion whereas intragroup comparison in conventional GIC, showed highest microleakage with soft drink. Intergroup comparison of (Exp-FRGIC) in high immersion regime, showed more microleakage with specimen immersed in soft drink followed by fresh fruit juice. CONCLUSION: It can thus be concluded that the three beverages used in the study affected the microleakage of both restorative materials significantly. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Increasing usage of fruit juices in the pediatric diet has a definite impact on the progression of caries and it directly or indirectly affects the quality of restorations placed in the oral cavity. How to cite this article: George MA, Chandak SA, Khekade SH, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Microleakage of Fiber-reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement and Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement Restorations Immersed in Three Different Beverages: In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(4):346-353.

Associations of Eating Habits with Self-Rated Health and Life Satisfaction in Adolescents: A 42-Country Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the associations of eating habits with self-rated health and life satisfaction in adolescents using a multiple-country sample. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) 2013/2014 wave was used in this study. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data on independent variables including breakfast on weekdays, breakfast at weekends, and consumption of fruits, vegetables, sweets, and soft dirks. Outcomes included self-rated health and life satisfaction. Regression models were used to assess the associations between the independent variables and the two outcomes, separately, after controlling for covariates. Results were presented using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Of all the study participants (aged 11-15 years), 50.8% were girls. Compared with no consumption of breakfast on weekdays, eating breakfast for five days had 1.22 times greater likelihood for improved self-rated health (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.19-1.25, p < 0.001). Participants who ate breakfast for both days (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.36-1.46, p < 0.001) and one day (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.08-1.17, p < 0.001) were more likely to experience improved self-rated health compared to never eating breakfast at weekends. Five or more days for fruit and vegetable consumption resulted in better self-rated health (all p < 0.001). Similar results were found in terms of the associations of breakfast, fruit, and vegetable consumption with life satisfaction. For example, a higher frequency of fruit intake was associated with enhanced self-rated health (e.g., OR for more than once daily = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.34-1.51, p < 0.001) compared to no fruit consumption. Similarly, a higher-frequency vegetable intake, such as more than once daily (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.26-1.39, p < 0.001), was associated with improved self-rated health. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy eating habits, especially regular breakfast and a higher consumption of vegetables and fruit, are associated with better self-rated health and life satisfaction in school-aged children. Of note, the consumption of fruit would have the greatest impact on health and wellbeing outcomes. This study offers evidence that healthy eating habits can play a vital role in school-aged children's health and wellbeing, highlighting the practical significance of educating adolescents to develop healthy eating habits.

Association between soft drinks intake and low glomerular filtration rate in Mexican adults: Results from RenMex.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To evaluate the association between soft drinks (SDs) consumption and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a Mexican adult population. METHODS: We used data from the RenMex consortium (n = 2095) that included the Mexican Teachers Cohort Study (34-65 years), the Health Workers Cohort Study (18-90 years), and the Comitán Study (19-91 years). In this cross-sectional study, we assessed SDs consumption (cola and flavored soda) using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and estimated eGFR using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Quantile regression was used to assess the association between SDs consumption and eGFR with eGFR as a continuous variable. Multinomial logistic regression models were used for eGFR categories derived from quantile regression (mildly decreased eGFR, ≥72.9-87.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 and moderately decreased eGFR, <72.9 mL/min/1.73 m2). RESULTS: Mean age of study participants was 47.2 years, 67.5% were women, and 12.2% had diabetes. eGFR was <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in 3.7% of study participants. Mildly decreased eGFR was present in 14.8%, and moderately decreased eGFR was present in 10.1% of study participants. Quantile regression results showed that SDs consumption was associated with lower eGFR at the 10th, 25th, 50th and 75th percentile. Based on the final adjusted multinomial model, ≥7 servings/week was positively associated with moderately decreased eGFR relative to <1 serving/week (Relative Risk Ratio = 1.95; 95% CI: 1.07-3.57). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that higher SDs consumption is associated with lower eGFR. Encouraging healthy dietary choices should be part of the management and prevention of CKD.

Determination of radon concentrations and physicochemical parameters of non-alcoholic carbonated beverages consumed in Türkiye and assessment of radiological health risk.

The strategy for controlling the existence of radionuclides in drinking water depends upon an individual dose criterion (IDC) of 0.1 mSv/y, which represents a very low level of risk that is not expected to cause any identified adverse health effects. Radon gas, considered a carcinogenic radionuclide, can dissolve and accumulate in drinking water. Non-alcoholic carbonated beverages (NACBs), which mainly contain drinking water, phosphoric acid, citric acid, caffeine, and sugar, represent one of the most consumed groups worldwide and in Türkiye. In this study, the radon activity concentration and some physicochemical characteristics of 45 NACB samples from 24 most preferred commercial brands in Türkiye were determined to assess the radiological health risk associated with the ingestion of these samples. Radon activity concentrations measured in NACB samples using the AlphaGUARD radon analyzer ranged from 22.8 ± 0.7 to 54.9 ± 1.7 mBq/L. The pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and brix values in NACB samples ranged from 2.31 to 7.29, 401 to 3281 µSv/cm, 355 to 2453 mg/L, and 0.10 to 12.95%, respectively. Total (ingestion and inhalation) annual effective doses and the corresponding excess lifetime cancer risks estimated for adults to assess the radiological health risk are significantly below the IDC and advised safety limit (10-3), respectively.

The Double Burden of Malnutrition is Associated with Continued Breastfeeding and Early Consumption of Ultra-Processed Drinks in Socially Vulnerable Brazilian Children.

This study aimed to assess the association between the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) with continued breastfeeding and the early introduction of ultra-processed drinks in children living in situations of social vulnerability. This cross-sectional population-based study was carried out in a capital city in the Northeast of Brazil, which included 561 children. It was observed that introducing soft drinks into the child's diet during the first year of life was directly associated with DBM but indirectly with continuous breastfeeding for 12 or more months. These results indicate paths that can be followed to reverse the current scenario.

Parliamentary reaction to the announcement and implementation of the UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy: applied thematic analysis of 2016-2020 parliamentary debates.

OBJECTIVE: The UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) (announced in March 2016; implemented in April 2018) aims to incentivise reformulation of soft drinks to reduce added sugar levels. The SDIL has been applauded as a policy success, and it has survived calls from parliamentarians for it to be repealed. We aimed to explore parliamentary reaction to the SDIL following its announcement until two years post-implementation in order to understand how health policy can become established and resilient to opposition. DESIGN: Searches of Hansard for parliamentary debate transcripts that discussed the SDIL retrieved 186 transcripts, with 160 included after screening. Five stages of Applied Thematic Analysis were conducted: familiarisation and creation of initial codebooks; independent second coding; codebook finalisation through team consensus; final coding of the dataset to the complete codebook; and theme finalisation through team consensus. SETTING: The United Kingdom Parliament. PARTICIPANTS: N/A. RESULTS: Between the announcement (16/03/2016) - royal assent (26/04/2017), two themes were identified 1: SDIL welcomed cross-party 2: SDIL a good start but not enough. Between royal assent - implementation (5/04/2018), one theme was identified 3: The SDIL worked - what next? The final theme identified from implementation until 16/03/2020 was 4: Moving on from the SDIL. CONCLUSIONS: After the announcement, the SDIL had cross-party support and was recognised to have encouraged reformulation prior to implementation. Lessons for governments indicate that the combination of cross-party support and a policy's documented success in achieving its aim can help cement the resilience of it to opposition and threats of repeal.

Associations between household food environment and daily intake of regular and diet soft drinks per BMI status of European children: Feel4Diabetes Study.

The objective of this study was to investigate how the availability of food in the household environment is associated with a daily intake of regular and diet soft drinks in European children, considering BMI status. This cross-sectional study utilised baseline data from 12 211 schoolchildren participating in the Feel4Diabetes European lifestyle modification intervention. Sociodemographics, soft drink intake and household food availability data were collected using parent-completed questionnaires. Anthropometry was recorded, and children were classified into BMI categories according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis controlled for children's sex, mother's BMI, and educational level, frequent household availability of fruit juice (sugar added), regular soft drinks and salty snacks compared to less frequent were positively associated with daily regular soft drink intake in children, regardless of BMI group (ORs range 1.59-6.69). Conversely, frequent availability of fruit juice (no added sugar) was inversely related to regular soft drink intake in both BMI groups, as was the availability of fresh fruit in the overweight/obesity group, and the availability of diet soft drinks in the underweight/normal-weight (ORs range 0.31-0.54). In conclusion, habitual household availability of selected energy-dense foods/beverages was positively associated with a daily intake of regular soft drinks in European children, regardless of BMI status. Contrastingly, household availability of fresh fruit, fruit juice (no added sugar) and diet soft drinks were inversely associated with regular soft drink intake. Programmes focusing on reducing children's soft drink intake should consider reducing the availability of sugar-added beverages in the household food environment and encouraging water consumption, as a practical, healthier alternative suggestion.

Temporal trends of carbonated soft-drink consumption among adolescents aged 12-15 years from eighteen countries in Africa, Asia and the Americas.

Carbonated soft-drink consumption is detrimental to multiple facets of adolescent health. However, little is known about temporal trends in carbonated soft-drink consumption among adolescents, particularly in non-Western countries. Therefore, we aimed to examine this trend in representative samples of school-going adolescents from eighteen countries in Africa, Asia and the Americas. Cross-sectional data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey 2009-2017 were analysed. Carbonated soft-drink consumption referred to drinking carbonated soft-drinks at least once per day in the past 30 d. The prevalence of carbonated soft-drink consumption was calculated for each survey, and crude linear trends were assessed by linear regression models. Data on 74 055 students aged 12-15 years were analysed (mean age 13·9 (sd 1·0) years; 49·2 % boys). The overall mean prevalence of carbonated soft-drink consumption was 42·1 %. Of the eighteen countries included in the study, significant decreasing, increasing and stable trends of carbonated soft-drink consumption were observed in seven, two and nine countries, respectively. The most drastic decrease was observed in Kuwait between 2011 (74·4 %) and 2015 (51·7 %). Even in countries with significant decreasing trends, the decrease was rather modest, while some countries with stable trends had very high prevalence across time (e.g. Suriname 80·5 % in 2009 and 79·4 % in 2016). The prevalence of carbonated soft-drink consumption was high in all countries included in the present analysis, despite decreasing trends being observed in some. Public health initiatives to reduce the consumption of carbonated soft-drink consumption among adolescents are urgently required.

Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drinks and Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

INTRODUCTION: Previous observational studies have reported inconsistent findings on the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks (SSSDs) and the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. This study investigated the associations between SSSD consumption and the risk of GI cancer using a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Observational epidemiological studies were searched from the PubMed and EMBASE databases until June 2021. We conducted a meta-analysis of all included studies and subgroup meta-analyses based on various factors. RESULTS: In a meta-analysis of 27 studies with nine case-control studies and 18 cohort studies, the consumption of SSSDs was modestly associated with an increased risk of GI cancer (odds ratio [OR]/relative risk [RR]: 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.16), with a significant positive dose-response relationship. In the subgroup meta-analysis by study design, there was a significant positive association between the consumption of SSSDs and GI cancer in cohort studies (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.20; n = 18), but not in case-control studies. In the subgroup meta-analysis by type of cancer, consumption of SSSDs was significantly associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (OR/RR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.07-1.19). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that SSSD consumption significantly increases the risk of GI cancer, specifically colorectal cancer.

Evaluation of radiological health risk due to ingestion and inhalation of radon in commercial packaged fruit juices consumed in Turkey.

Fruit juices (FJs) are among the most popular beverages frequently preferred by consumers, believing FJs contain the nutritional values, minerals, phytochemicals, vitamins, and antioxidants necessary for a healthy life. However, FJs may contain natural radionuclides such as radon (222Rn), which originates from the fruit and water utilized in their production, at levels that may pose a health risk to people. Inhalation and ingestion of 222Rn gas increases the risk of lung and stomach cancer. In this study, commercially packaged FJs from the seventeen most popular brands consumed in Turkey were analyzed for physicochemical properties and 222Rn activity concentrations to evaluate the radiological health risk. The values of pH, brix and 222Rn activity concentrations in FJ samples varied from 2.68 to 4.28, 2.50 to 14.30%, 9.6 ± 1.1 to 25.2 ± 2.5 mBq/L, respectively. The radiological health risk caused by internal exposure was evaluated for children and adults by estimating the ingestion and inhalation annual effective dose. The average values of the total annual effective dose for children and adults were found as 0.039 µSv and 0.056 µSv, respectively, which are much lower than the recommended dose of 100 µSv for drinking water.

Relación entre la erosión dental y el consumo de bebidas refrescantes en escolares de 12 a 16 años de un centro educativo en Perú / Relationship between dental erosion and the consumption of refreshing drinks in schoolchildren from 12 to 16 years of age at an educational center in Peru

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la erosión dental y el consumo de bebidas refrescantes en escolares de 12 a 16 años del Centro Educativo Juan Velasco Alvarado, en el distrito de Pillco Marca, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacio- nal, transversal de una muestra de 135 niños de 12 a 16 años. Se seleccionaron historias clínicas que contaran con datos so- bre variables demográficas, la valoración del tipo de erosión dental según la clasificación de Eccles y que hayan respondi- do la encuesta sobre el consumo de las bebidas refrescantes (gaseosas, rehidratantes y jugos). Para evaluar la asociación entre las variables se aplicó la prueba chi-cuadrado; el nivel de significación establecido fue de p<0,05. Resultados: La frecuencia de la erosión dental en los es- colares fue del 54,1%. Un 3,7% consumía bebidas refrescan- tes de 3 a 5 veces por semana, un 45,9% consumía 2 veces por semana, y el 50,4% no consumía o consumía menos de 2 ve- ces a la semana. Las gaseosas que más frecuentemente se con- sumían fueron la Coca-Cola (20,7%) y la Kola Real (20%). El 43,7% no ingería ningún tipo de bebida gaseosa. Se halló una asociación entre la erosión dental y la ingesta de bebidas refrescantes (chi-cuadrado 84,77, p<0,05), con una ingesta de 2 veces por semana o más (chi-cuadrado 62,589, p<0,05). La erosión dental fue más frecuente en aquellos alumnos que in- gerían ambas bebidas, gaseosas y rehidratantes en su dieta, comparado con solo gaseosas o rehidratantes (p=0,048). Conclusiones: Las bebidas refrescantes resultaron ser no- civas para la erosión dental, cuando estas bebidas se toman al menos dos veces por semana (AU)

Aim: Determine the relation between dental erosion and the consumption of the refreshing drinks in schoolchildren from 12 to 16 years of Juan Velasco Alvarado Educational Center, from Pillco Marca district, Peru. Materials and methods: An observational, cross-sec- tional study was carried out on a sample of 135 children from 12 to 16 years of age. From all the medical records avail- able, the final selection included the ones that had data on demographic variables, the assessment of the type of dental erosion according to the Eccles classification and that had answered the survey on the consumption of refreshing drinks (soft drinks, rehydrating drinks and juices). To evaluate the association between the variables, the chi-square test was ap- plied; the established significance level was p<0.05. Results: The frequency of dental erosion in schoolchil- dren was 54.1%. 3.7% consumed refreshing drinks 3 to 5 times a week, 45.9% consumed 2 times a week, and 50.4% did not consume or consumed less than 2 times a week. The soft drinks most frequently consumed were Coca-Cola (20.7%) and Kola Real (20%). 43.7% did not ingest any type of soft drink. An association was found between dental erosion and the intake of refreshing drinks (chi-square 84.77, p<0.05), with an intake of at least twice a week (chi-square 62.589, p<0.05). Dental erosion was more frequent in those students who ingested both soft drinks and rehydrating drinks in their diet, compared to only soft drinks or only rehydrating drinks (p=0.048 Conclusions: Refreshing drinks turned out to be harmful in relation to dental erosion, when these drinks are taken at least twice a week (AU)

Soft Drinks as a Dietary Source of Fluoride Exposure.

High fluoride exposures can lead to adverse effects such as dental and bone fluorosis, as well as endocrine and cognitive developmental problems. Water is the main dietary source of this ion, although significant concentrations have also been detected in other beverages widely consumed by the population such as soft drinks. A total of 200 soft drink samples (60 flavoured, 70 extracts, 60 fruit juice and 10 soft drinks) were analysed by fluoride ion selective potentiometry. A consumption of 330 mL was estimated for exposure assessment and subsequent F-risk assessment by soft drink consumption. The highest average concentration was found in extract soft drinks (2.45 ± 1.15 mg/L), followed by flavoured (1.71 ± 2.29 mg/L) and carbonated soft drinks (1.38 ± 0.40 mg/L), while the lowest was found in fruit juice soft drinks (1.09 ± 0.62 mg/L). The flavours with the highest concentration were tea-melon and tea-passion fruit with 3.66 ± 0.40 and 3.17 ± 0.56 mg/L respectively and the lowest was lemon flavour with 0.69 mg/L. The contribution of these beverages, considering the UL (Upper level) reference values set by EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) are between 3.28-41.78%, depending on age group and sex.

Efficacy of a school-based education intervention on the consumption of fruits, vegetables and carbonated soft drinks among adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of a school-based education intervention on the consumption of fruit, vegetables and carbonated soft drinks among adolescents. DESIGN: Cluster-randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Eight secondary schools from Dhaka, Bangladesh, participated in this trial and were randomly allocated to intervention (n 160) and control groups (n 160). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 320 students from 8th to 9th grades participated and completed the self-reported questionnaires at baseline, and at 8 and 12 weeks. The intervention included weekly classroom-based nutrition education sessions for students and healthy eating materials for students and parents. Repeated measures ANCOVA was used to assess the effects of the intervention. RESULTS: Daily fresh fruit intake was more frequent in the intervention (26 %) compared to the control group (3 %) at 12 weeks (p = 0·006). Participants from the intervention group also reported a significantly (P < 0·001) higher (49 %) proportion of fresh vegetable intake compared to the control group (2 %) at 12 weeks. Frequency of daily carbonated soft drinks intake decreased (25 %) in the intervention group at 12 weeks compared to baseline, while it remained unchanged in the control group; the interaction effect was observed significant (P = 0·002). CONCLUSION: Our school-based education intervention increased the daily frequency of fresh vegetables and fruit intake and decreased carbonated soft drink consumption among adolescents in the intervention group. There is a need for scaling up the intervention to engage students and empower them to develop healthy dietary habits.

Detection of Erosive Changes on Smooth Surfaces with and without Orthodontic Brackets Using an Intraoral Scanner-An In Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: Consumption of acidic beverages favours development of erosions. Modern diagnostic methods are required to detect erosions at an early stage. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of an intraoral scanner (IOS) for detection of erosive changes on smooth surfaces adjacent to orthodontic brackets. METHODS: Orthodontic metal brackets were attached to the buccal surfaces of 58 extracted permanent human teeth. Teeth were randomly divided into groups: A = 6% citric acid, B = Coca-Cola, C = Redbull, D = Powerade, E = Control, no acid exposure. Teeth were exposed to acid in three erosion cycles, followed by rinsing and brushing. Scans of teeth were performed at baseline and after each erosion cycle and enamel loss was measured. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) measurements were performed as reference standard. RESULTS: Significant substance loss was measured in all acid groups after the second and third erosion cycle (p < 0.0001). Correlation between scans and QLF were significant (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: With IOS, it was possible to detect and quantify enamel erosion at smooth surfaces with and without orthodontic brackets after a short exposure time. Considering the limitations of in vitro results, the use of IOS can be a promising digital tool to detect and monitor erosive enamel changes during fixed orthodontic treatment.

The effects of taxation on the individual consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.

To assess the impact of taxation on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) most economic studies using household data consider the average consumer. Individual consumption is, however, very heterogeneous. In this paper, we propose a three-step methodology to evaluate the impact of SSB taxation on individual consumption. First, we use a disaggregation method to recover individual consumption from observed household consumption. Second, we estimate the demand for different categories of households. Finally, we simulate the impact of a tax policy on individual consumption. We find a high level of heterogeneity in consumption. Adults, both men and women, consume a greater quantity of SSBs than children. More importantly, for any given age category, the average consumption of SSBs increases with body mass index (BMI). Among heavy consumers of SSBs, obese and overweight people are over-represented. In France, a €0.20/l tax on SSBs might decrease sugar intake by more than 2 kg per year on average and by more than 5 kg, roughly 3 teaspoons/day, for 5% of the adult population. Moreover, overweight and obese men and women, who correspond to 41% of the adult population, represent 56% of the last five percentiles of the distribution of the variation in sugar intake. This is a key result because the objective of taxation is to decrease the consumption of individuals who are more at risk, that is those who are overweight and obese. We also show that classical method of the assessment of tax policies based on per-capita consumption underestimate the effect of the tax for obese adults by 9%. Finally, we estimate that a €0.20/l tax on SSBs might avoid about 640 deaths (about 1.6% of the considered diseases) as a consequence of the decrease in SSB consumption.

Impact of carbonated beverages on early onset of osteoporosis: A narrative review.

Background: Processed and semi-processed foods are getting popular in the diets of the Western population. The Western diet is almost coupled with consuming carbonated beverages, either alcoholic or nonalcoholic. The presence of sugar, caffeine, and alcohol in different carbonated beverages and detrimental dietary patterns are leading causes of obesity, diabetes, and periodontal diseases in the young population. Aims: This article aims to review the impact of carbonated beverages on early onset of osteoporosis. Methods: A nonsystematic literature review searches in PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases with predefined terms relating to carbonated beverages, caffeine intake, childhood obesity, osteoporosis, and bone softness. Results: Bone diseases significantly increase due to early exposure to caffeine and phosphoric acid in the pubertal period. Musculoskeletal growth is a dynamic and complex process, and bone mass achievement is of great importance in this process. According to the global burden of diseases, bone disorders consist of "6.8% of total disability-adjusted life-years." The consumption of soft drinks and their impact on bone accretion and bone mineral density in the young population is under research in the current literature on osteoporotic disorders. Since bone is a metabolically active tissue, it's in constant reconstruction mode. This process is regulated by genetic, hormonal, nutritional, and physical factors. Any imbalance in one of these processes might lead to mineral deposition and osteoporosis. Conclusion: Habitual intake of carbonated drinks with added sugars and caffeine is associated with increased body weight and bone fragility; stringent regulations are needed for proper education.

Soft Drinks and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in Overweight Subjects: A Longitudinal Analysis of an European Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Studies about the association of carbonated/soft drinks, coffee, and tea with depression and anxiety are scarce and inconclusive and little is known about this association in European adults. Our aim was to examine the association between the consumption of these beverages and depressive and anxiety symptom severity. METHODS: A total of 941 European overweight adults (mean age, 46.8 years) with subsyndromal depression that participated in the MooDFOOD depression prevention randomized controlled trial (Clinical Trials.gov identifier: NCT2529423; date of the study: from 2014 to 2018) were analyzed. Depressive and anxiety symptom severity and beverage consumption were assessed using multilevel mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression models for each beverage consumption (carbonated/soft drink with sugar, carbonated/soft drink with non-nutritive sweeteners, coffee, and tea) with the three repeated measures of follow-up (baseline and 6 and 12 months). A case report form for participants' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, the Food Frequency Questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale, the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0, the Short Questionnaire to Assess Health-Enhancing Psychical Activity, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test were the research tools used. RESULTS: Daily consumption of carbonated/soft drinks with sugar was associated with a higher level of anxiety. Trends towards significance were found for associations between both daily consumption of carbonated/soft drinks with sugar and non-nutritive sweeteners and a higher level of depression. No relationship was found between coffee and tea consumption and the level of depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The high and regular consumption of carbonated/soft drink with sugar (amount of consumption: ≥1 unit (200 mL)/day) tended to be associated with higher level of anxiety in a multicountry sample of overweight subjects with subsyndromal depressive symptoms. It is important to point out that further research in this area is essential to provide valuable information about the intake patterns of non-alcoholic beverages and their relationship with affective disorders in the European adult population.

Impact of Replacing Soft Drinks with Dairy Products on Micronutrient Intakes of Chinese Preschool Children: A Simulation Study.

At present, energy surplus and micronutrient deficiency coexist in preschool children in China. The low intake of dairy products accompanied by an increased consumption of soft drinks in this age group reveals some of the reasons for this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the improvement of key micronutrients in preschool children by quantifying the dietary nutritional gap before and after simulating the use of dairy products instead of equal amounts of soft drinks. In the cross-sectional dietary intake survey of infants and young children in China (2018-2019), 676 preschool children aged 3-6 years were randomly selected. Four days of dietary data were collected through an online diary for simulation. The individual intake of soft drinks was substituted at a corresponding volume by soymilk, cow's milk, or formulated milk powder for preschool children (FMP-PSC). In these three models, the simulated nutrient intake and nutrient inadequacy or surplus were compared with the actual baseline data of the survey. The results of this study indicated that all three models made the nutrient intakes of this group more in line with the recommendations. For the whole population, the replacement of soymilk improved the intake of zinc (from 4.80 to 4.85 mg/d), potassium (from 824.26 to 836.82 mg/d), vitamin A (from 211.57 to 213.92 µg retinol activity equivalent/d), and vitamin B9 (from 115.94 to 122.79 µg dietary folate equivalent/d); the simulation of cow's milk improved the intake of calcium (from 311.82 to 330.85 mg/d), zinc (from 4.80 to 4.87 mg/d), potassium (from 824.26 to 833.62 mg/d), vitamin A (from 211.57 to 215.12 µg retinol activity equivalent/d), vitamin B2 (from 0.53 to 0.54 mg/d), and vitamin B12 (from 1.63 to 1.67 µg/d); and the substitution of FMP-PSC improved the intake of calcium (from 311.82 to 332.32 mg/d), iron (from 9.91 to 9.36 mg/d), zinc (from 4.80 to 4.96 mg/d), potassium (from 824.26 to 828.71 mg/d), vitamin A (from 211.57 to 217.93 µg retinol activity equivalent/d), vitamin B2 (from 0.53 to 0.54 mg/d), vitamin B9 (from 115.94 to 118.80 µg RA dietary folate equivalent/d), and vitamin B12 (from 1.63 to 1.70 µg/d). Therefore, correct nutritional information should be provided to parents and preschool children. In addition to changing the consumption behavior of soft drinks, it is also necessary to have a diversified and balanced diet. When necessary, the use of food ingredients or nutritional fortifiers can be encouraged.

Marketing Responses to the Taxation of Soft Drinks Comment on "Understanding Marketing Responses to a Tax on Sugary Drinks: A Qualitative Interview Study in the United Kingdom, 2019".

The paper by Forde et al provides a useful qualitative consideration of marketing responses to the implementation of the 2018 Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) in the United Kingdom. This commentary discusses that paper and its conclusions and seeks to place them in a broader context for marketing, fiscal measures and health and public policy. It suggests that modern conceptualisations of marketing and wider considerations of market and non-market strategies could provide a valuable lens to understand the ways in which companies and sectors respond to the threats they perceive and the constantly changing sectoral opportunities. It is important that fiscal measures introduced have the desired effects, and that not only positive behaviours (whether of companies or consumers) are incentivised, but that adverse behaviours are actively disincentivised.

Role of parenting practices and digital media on beverage intake in European schoolchildren of different weight status. Feel4Diabetes-study.

OBJECTIVES: Halting the rise in childhood obesity is an ongoing challenge in Europe. Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and artificially sweetened beverage (ASB) consumption has become common practice at home and during family meals. The objective of this study was to investigate associations of parenting practices and home digital media availability with beverage intake in European schoolchildren of different weight groups. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were derived from six countries taking part in the multicentered Feel4Diabetes-study. Anthropometric data were measured for 12 030 schoolchildren (n = 6097 girls; median age = 8.1 y). Details on sociodemographic characteristics, beverage intake, food parenting practices, and home availability of digital media were collated from questionnaires. The outcomes, daily SSB and ASB intakes, were included as dependent variables in multivariable regression models that provided odds ratios reflecting their association with parenting practices and digital media (exposures), after stratifying for children's weight status (underweight or normal versus overweight or obese). RESULTS: After controlling for children's sex, region, maternal body mass index, and education, the multivariate model found that in both body mass index groups, permissive parenting practices, such as rewarding and allowing consumption of unhealthy foods "very often or often," as compared with "rarely or never," were associated with a high daily intake of SSBs and ASBs in children, while parents "watching television together with their child," rewarding with screen time, and availability of television in children's rooms increased the likelihood of both beverages in the underweight or normal-weight group. CONCLUSIONS: Modification of permissive parenting practices and removal of television from children's rooms could effectively reduce SSB intake and curb the ongoing threat of child obesity in Europe.