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1.
J Soil Sci Plant Nutr ; 23(1): 398-419, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36415481

ABSTRACT

Due to its deleterious and large-scale effects on the ecosystem and long-range transboundary nature, acid rain has attracted the attention of scientists and policymakers. Acid rain (AR) is a prominent environmental issue that has emerged in the last hundred years. AR refers to any form of precipitation leading to a reduction in pH to less than 5.6. The prime reasons for AR formation encompass the occurrence of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), and organic acids in air produced by natural as well as anthropogenic activities. India, the top SO2 emitter, also shows a continuous increase in NO2 level responsible for AR formation. The plants being immobile unavoidably get exposed to AR which impacts the natural surrounding negatively. Plants get affected directly by AR due to reductions in growth, productivity, and yield by damaging photosynthetic mechanisms and reproductive organs or indirectly by affecting underground components such as soil and root system. Genes that play important role in plant defense under abiotic stress gets also modulated in response to acid rain. AR induces soil acidification, and disturbs the balance of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, litter properties, and microbial and enzymatic activities. This article overviews the factors contributing to AR, and outlines the past and present trends of rainwater pH across the world, and its effects on plants and soil systems.

2.
Sci. agric ; 80: e20220076, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1427784

ABSTRACT

The urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) reduces NH3 losses from urea (UR) surface-applied to soils, but its efficacy may be lower in acidic soils. The period when urease inhibition occurs efficaciously may change with soil pH. This needs to be clarified in tropical soils which are commonly acidic. This study evaluated the effectiveness of NBPT-treated urea to delay and reduce ammonia volatilization in two soils at three pH levels. Two experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions in soils with different textures (sandy-clay and clay). The treatments consisted of three soil pH levels and two N sources (UR and UR + NBPT), with five replicates. The soil pH values were adjusted and reached values of 4.5, 5.6, and 6.4 in the sandy-clay, and 4.5, 5.4, and 6.1 in the clay soil. Ammonia volatilization was measured using glass chambers (1.5 L). In the sandy-clay soil, NH3 losses were 40-47 % of the UR-N. In the clay soil, losses were 26-32 %. The addition of NBPT to UR reduced the NH3 volatilization by 18-53 %; the inhibitor decreased the N losses under all soil pH conditions but was significantly less efficient in acidic soils (pH 4.5). The lower efficiency of the inhibitor under acidic conditions was more evident in the first few days: 50 % of the total NH3 losses occurred in less than four days in soils with pH 4.5, but in 8-11 days in soils with pH above 5.4. The rapid loss in efficiency in more acidic soils is a drawback. Using NBPT in severely acidic soils showed a relatively small advantage over untreated UR as the inhibitor did not provide extra time for fertilizer incorporation and further reduction of NH3 losses.(AU)


Subject(s)
Volatilization , Soil Acidity , Ammonia/analysis , Urea/chemistry , Urease/chemical synthesis
3.
Heliyon ; 8(6): e09790, 2022 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35785240

ABSTRACT

The intake of Cd-enriched food is the main Cd pathway for the nonsmoking population. In some cases, Cd bioaccumulates in edible plant parts which comprise risk to consumers, because of Cd is a harmful heavy metal that can cause potent environmental and health hazards. For instance, Cd enrichment of cacao seeds have led to Cd enrichment of cacao-based products. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Cd bioaccumulation in cacao seeds occurs in different regions with diverse edaphoclimatic conditions, which makes it difficult to select soil remediation alternatives. Limited resources require that potential amendments must be carefully investigated through laboratory and/or greenhouse conditions before scaling up to field experiments. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of four biochars: coffee-, quinoa-, and inoculated- and palm-biochar, derived from three feedstocks: coffee husk, quinoa straw, and oil palm residues, respectively. Biochars were applied in two rates (1 and 2% w/w) in two soils, one moderately acidic and one slightly alkaline (Cd-spiked and non-spiked). CCN-51 cacao plants were used for the greenhouse experiment. After 130 days, biometric parameters, the bioavailability of Cd in the soil, and the concentration of Cd and mineral nutrients in the plants were measured. Quinoa biochar at the 2% significantly decreased (P < 0.01), by ∼71%, bioavailable Cd in moderately acidic and slightly alkaline soils, and leaf-Cd by ∼48%. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, and effective cation exchange capacity were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with bioavailable soil and leaf-Cd. Biochar characteristics, such as ash contents, basic cations content, and surface functional groups could be used as indicators for the selection of biochars to reduce Cd uptake by cacao. Additionally, application of quinoa derived biochar provided P and K, which could increase productivity to offset mitigation costs. Overall, incorporation of quinoa biochar at 2% rate is effective for lowering bioavailable Cd in different soil types which reduces leaf-Cd in cacao plants.

4.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 52(4): e20210840, 2022. tab, ilus, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1339683

ABSTRACT

The Markov stochastic chain model and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) were used as tools to support decision-making for the best crop-planting choice in the city of Caxias do Sul, Brazil. Temperature and precipitation information were collected from the Meteorological Database for Teaching and Research of the National Institute of Meteorology of Brazil for the period 1997-2017. The stochastic model was applied to obtain the probability of transition between a range of variations for temperature and precipitation. In the second phase of the study, an algebraic model was developed, making it possible to link the probability of the Markov chain transition matrix to the AHP judgment matrix. In the third phase, the AHP was applied as a tool to determine the most beneficial crop that could be planted for the studied city, considering the evaluated criteria: temperature, precipitation, and soil pH. The alternatives for crop planting were carrots, tomatoes, apples, and grapes. These were chosen because they are the most-planted crops in the city of Caxias do Sul. The ranking of the benefit-force results of applying the model for spring was carrots (0.297), apples (0.259), grapes (0.228), and tomatoes (0.215); for summer: grapes (0.261), tomatoes (0.261), apples (0.238), and carrots (0.230); for autumn: carrots (0.316), grapes (0.243), tomatoes (0.228), and apples (0.213); and for winter: carrots (0.327), tomatoes (0.235), apples (0.222), and grapes (0.216). Thus, it was concluded that farmers would have a better chance of success if they planted carrots during the spring, autumn, and winter, and grapes during the summer.


O Modelo de Cadeia Estocástica de Markov e o Processo de Hierarquia Analítica (AHP) foram utilizados como ferramentas de apoio à tomada de decisão para a melhor escolha de plantio na cidade de Caxias do Sul, Brasil. As informações de temperatura e precipitação foram coletadas de 1997 a 2017 no Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia do Brasil. O modelo estocástico foi aplicado para obtenção da probabilidade de transição entre faixas de variação para temperatura e precipitação. Na segunda fase do estudo, um modelo algébrico foi desenvolvido, possibilitando vincular a probabilidade da matriz de transição de cadeias de Markov na matriz de julgamento do AHP. Na terceira fase, o AHP foi aplicado como ferramenta de apoio à decisão do cultivo mais benéfico para a cidade estudada, considerando os critérios avaliados: temperatura, precipitação e pH do solo. As alternativas escolhidas para fazer o ranking foram: cenoura, tomate, maçã e uva, escolhidas por possuírem a maior quantidade de plantio na cidade de Caxias do Sul. O ranking do resultado de força de benefício da aplicação do modelo para a primavera foi: cenoura (0,297), maçã (0,259), uva (0,228) e tomate (0,215); para o verão: uva (0,271), tomate (0,261), maçã (0,238) e cenoura (0,230); para o outono: cenoura (0,316), uva (0,243), tomate (0,228) e maçã (0,213); para o inverno: cenoura (0,327), tomate (0,235), maçã (0,222) e uva (0,216). Assim, concluiu-se que o agricultor terá mais chances de sucesso se optar por plantar cenoura durante a primavera, outono e inverno, e uva durante o verão.


Subject(s)
Climate Change , 24444 , Soil Analysis , Markov Chains , Solanum lycopersicum , Daucus carota , Malus , Vitis
5.
Integr Environ Assess Manag ; 16(5): 669-675, 2020 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32196962

ABSTRACT

The failure of the Fundão dam in Brazil spilled alkaline contaminated sediments (pH ~8) into the Doce River basin. The contaminated sediments had high levels of ether amine (6 mg/kg) and Na (54 mg/kg) in relation to those in preserved sites. In the present study, a riparian forest was established over contaminated sediment using 2 main remediation strategies: phytoremediation with species native to the Atlantic forest and previously selected for their tolerance to sediment toxicity, and physicochemical remediation by incorporating organic matter (OM) into the sediment. In the experimental site (ES), the tolerant native woody species were cultivated in 2 treatments: T1, scraping of the sediments and incorporation of the OM, and T2, nonmanaged sediment and superficial deposition of the OM. The results were compared with the findings from a degraded site (DS), which was reached by the contaminated sediments but lacked vegetation, and a preserved site (PS), which was composed of a fragment of preserved Atlantic forest. Six months after transplanting, the plants from T1 showed a better height growth performance and survival index in relation to those from T2. Furthermore, T1 showed a significant decline in the pH (to ~6) concomitant with a reduction in the ether amine and Na contents (to ~0.4 mg/kg and 23 mg/kg, respectively). There was an improvement in the soil fertility and total microbial biomass in both treatments, especially in T1. Therefore, the adopted phyto- and physicochemical remediation procedures are recommended to reclaim zones reached by dam tailings containing Na and ether amine. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:669-675. © 2020 SETAC.


A ruptura da Barragen de Fundão em Mariana (Brazil) lançou um sedimento alcalino (pH ~8) ao longo da Bacia do Rio Doce. O sedimento contaminado apresentou altos níveis de éter-amina (6 mg/kg) e Na (54 mg/kg) em relação aqueles encontrados na área preservada. No presente estudo, uma floresta riparia foi estabelecida sobre este sedimento contaminado usando-se 2 estratégias de remediação: Fito-remediação com espécies nativas da Mata Atlântica, previamente selecionadas pela tolerância à toxicidade do sedimento, e remediação físico química pela raspagem superficial do sedimento e aplicação de matéria orgânica (OM). Na área experimental (ES) as espécies arbóreas da mata Atlântica selecionadas foram plantadas sob 2 tratamentos: T1, Raspagem superficial do sedimento e incorporação da OM, e T2, sedimento não foi manejado e recebeu aplicação superficial de OM. Os resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos na área degradada (DS), atingida pelo sedimento contaminado e sem vegetação, assim como com aqueles obtidos em uma área preservada (PS), constituída de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica. Após seis meses do plantio as plantas de T1 apresentaram um maior crescimento em altura e maior taxa de sobrevivência que as plantas de T2. Além disto ES, especialmente T1 mostraram um significante declínio do pH (~6.0) e concomitante redução nos teores de éter-amina e Na (~0.4 mg/kg e 23 mg/kg, respectivamente). Os procedimentos de remediação permitiram também um significativo aumento da fertilidade química e da biomassa microbiana do sedimento em ambos os tratamentos, especialmente em T1. Assim, os procedimentos de remediação físico-quimica e fitoremediação aqui adotados, são recomendados para recuperar as zonas atingidas pelo rejeito da barragem contaminado com sódio e éter-amina. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:669-675.


Subject(s)
Rivers , Soil , Biodegradation, Environmental , Brazil , Forests
6.
Ci. Rural ; 49(6): e20180098, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-22666

ABSTRACT

The influences of byproduct amendments, containing silicon, calcium, magnesium and potassium, on acidic soil quality in Jiaodong Peninsula of China had been studied and compared with that of lime through monitoring physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of acidic soil over a 120-day period. Byproduct amendments (1125, 2250, 4500 and 9000 kg ha-¹) and lime 2250 kg ha-¹ was applied in the acidic soil. Results showed that both byproduct amendments and lime significantly increased the pH, EC and enzyme activities of soil. The by-product amendments inhibited microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration. Nevertheless, the lime-treated soil had a much more higher level of CO2 emission than the by-product amendments-treated soil. Compared to the by-product amendments-treated soil, the lime-treated soil had the higher pH, peroxidase activity, phenol oxidase activity and invertase activity. Therefore, lime might be a better choice over by-product amendments to improve chemical and biological properties of the acidic soil in Jiaodong Peninsula of China. For soils lacking available calcium and magnesium, the mixture of 4500 kg ha-¹ amendments and 2250 kg ha-¹ lime was recommend to treat the soil.(AU)


As influências do emprego de subprodutos que contêm silício, cálcio, magnésio e potássio, sobre a qualidade do solo ácido na Península de Jiaodong da China, foram estudadas e comparadas com a da cal através do monitoramento das propriedades físico-químicas e atividades enzimáticas do solo ácido ao longo de um 120- período do dia. Os resultados mostraram que as alterações dos subprodutos e a cal aumentaram significativamente as atividades de pH, CE e enzimas do solo. As alterações dos subprodutos obviamente inibiram o carbono da biomassa microbiana e a respiração do solo, mas o solo tratado com cal apresentou um maior nível de emissão de CO2. Em comparação com as modificações do subproduto, o solo tratado tinha o maior pH, a atividade da peroxidase, a atividade da fenol oxidase e a atividade da invertease. Portanto, o cal pode ser uma escolha melhor em relação às alterações dos subprodutos para melhorar as propriedades químicas e biológicas do solo ácido na Península de Jiaodong da China.(AU)


Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Waste Products/analysis , Soil Acidity/analysis , Calcium Oxide/methods , Alkalinization , Soil Treatment/methods , China
7.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 49(6): e20180098, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1045374

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: The influences of byproduct amendments, containing silicon, calcium, magnesium and potassium, on acidic soil quality in Jiaodong Peninsula of China had been studied and compared with that of lime through monitoring physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of acidic soil over a 120-day period. Byproduct amendments (1125, 2250, 4500 and 9000 kg ha-1) and lime 2250 kg ha-1 was applied in the acidic soil. Results showed that both byproduct amendments and lime significantly increased the pH, EC and enzyme activities of soil. The by-product amendments inhibited microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration. Nevertheless, the lime-treated soil had a much more higher level of CO2 emission than the by-product amendments-treated soil. Compared to the by-product amendments-treated soil, the lime-treated soil had the higher pH, peroxidase activity, phenol oxidase activity and invertase activity. Therefore, lime might be a better choice over by-product amendments to improve chemical and biological properties of the acidic soil in Jiaodong Peninsula of China. For soils lacking available calcium and magnesium, the mixture of 4500 kg ha-1 amendments and 2250 kg ha-1 lime was recommend to treat the soil.


RESUMO: As influências do emprego de subprodutos que contêm silício, cálcio, magnésio e potássio, sobre a qualidade do solo ácido na Península de Jiaodong da China, foram estudadas e comparadas com a da cal através do monitoramento das propriedades físico-químicas e atividades enzimáticas do solo ácido ao longo de um 120- período do dia. Os resultados mostraram que as alterações dos subprodutos e a cal aumentaram significativamente as atividades de pH, CE e enzimas do solo. As alterações dos subprodutos obviamente inibiram o carbono da biomassa microbiana e a respiração do solo, mas o solo tratado com cal apresentou um maior nível de emissão de CO2. Em comparação com as modificações do subproduto, o solo tratado tinha o maior pH, a atividade da peroxidase, a atividade da fenol oxidase e a atividade da invertease. Portanto, o cal pode ser uma escolha melhor em relação às alterações dos subprodutos para melhorar as propriedades químicas e biológicas do solo ácido na Península de Jiaodong da China.

8.
Syst Appl Microbiol ; 37(8): 605-12, 2014 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25294010

ABSTRACT

In order to investigate bean-nodulating rhizobia in different types of soil, 41 nodule isolates from acid and alkaline soils in Mexico were characterized. Based upon the phylogenetic studies of 16S rRNA, atpD, glnII, recA, rpoB, gyrB, nifH and nodC genes, the isolates originating from acid soils were identified as the phaseoli symbiovar of the Rhizobium leguminosarum-like group and Rhizobium grahamii, whereas the isolates from alkaline soils were defined as Ensifer americanum sv. mediterranense and Rhizobium radiobacter. The isolates of "R. leguminosarum" and E. americanum harbored nodC and nifH genes, but the symbiotic genes were not detected in the four isolates of the other two species. It was the first time that "R. leguminosarum" and E. americanum have been reported as bean-nodulating bacteria in Mexico. The high similarity of symbiotic genes in the Rhizobium and Ensifer populations showed that these genes had the same origin and have diversified recently in different rhizobial species. Phenotypic characterization revealed that the "R. leguminosarum" population was more adapted to the acid and low salinity conditions, while the E. americanum population preferred alkaline conditions. The findings of this study have improved the knowledge of the diversity, geographic distribution and evolution of bean-nodulating rhizobia in Mexico.


Subject(s)
Phaseolus/microbiology , Rhizobium , Soil Microbiology , Soil/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Mexico , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Rhizobium/classification , Rhizobium/genetics , Rhizobium/physiology , Root Nodules, Plant/microbiology , Symbiosis
9.
Environ Toxicol Chem ; 33(10): 2197-207, 2014 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24619962

ABSTRACT

The adsorption of selenium (Se) on soil is important because of the relevance of Se to environmental and health issues. The adsorption of Se(IV) and Se(VI) was evaluated on soil samples from São Paulo State, Brazil, as a function of varying pH, and the experimental data were fitted to the constant capacitance model. Adsorption experiments were conducted for 15 soil samples, after the addition of 20 µmol L(-1) of either Se(IV) or Se(VI), and the adjusted pH ranged between 2.5 and 10. Selenite adsorption was high for all soils, decreased with increasing pH, and was strongly correlated with Fe and Al oxide content. In contrast, Se(VI) adsorption was very low at pH values commonly found in agricultural soils, except for the highly weathered Rhodic Acrudox. The constant capacitance model fitted the Se(IV) and Se(VI) adsorption data well. Optimizations of mono- and bidentate complexation and surface protonation constants were used for the Se(IV) adsorption data. For Se(VI), optimizations for the 2 monodentate species were employed.


Subject(s)
Selenium/analysis , Soil Pollutants/analysis , Soil/chemistry , Adsorption , Agriculture , Brazil , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Models, Chemical , Selenium/isolation & purification , Soil Pollutants/isolation & purification
10.
R. Ci. agrovet. ; 12(1): 78-87, 2013.
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-3439

ABSTRACT

A indústria de celulose gera resíduos alcalinos que devem ser caracterizados para avaliar sua viabilidade técnica para uso em solos agrícolas, como alternativa aos corretivos da acidez. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de resíduo alcalino em alguns atributos químicos e físicos de um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico e no desenvolvimento inicial das plantas de trigo. Os tratamentos foram doses de calcário (Cal) correspondentes a 0,5 e 1 SMP e de resíduo alcalino (Res) correspondentes a 0,25, 0,5 e 1 SMP para elevar o pH do solo a 6,0, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. O solo foi acondicionado em vasos com volume de 4 L e cultivado com trigo, em casa de vegetação. O uso do resíduo alcalino aumenta o pH, os teores e a saturação por sódio e reduz o grau de fl oculação da argila, porém não afeta a estabilidade dos agregados do solo. Os dois corretivos adicionam cátions básicos ao solo, porém o resíduo aumenta a relação Ca/Mg. O resíduo é uma alternativa para neutralizar a acidez de solos e melhorar as condições químicas do solo para o crescimento da cultura do trigo.(AU)


Cellulose industry generates alkaline residues which must be characterized in order to evaluate the technical viability of their use in agricultural soils as an alternative of soil acidity correction. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the application of alkaline residue on some chemical and physical properties of a Humic Cambisol and on the initial growth phase of a wheat crop. The treatments consisted in doses of lime corresponding to 0.5 and 1 SMP and doses of residue corresponding to 0.25, 0.5 and 1 SMP in order to increase pH up to 6.0. The wheat was sown in 4 L pots fi lled with soil . The pots were arranged in a greenhouse according to a completely randomized experimental design with four replicates. The addition of Res increased soil pH, the sodium content and soil sodium saturation and reduced the clay fl occulation. However, the stability of soil aggregates was not affected. Both correctives increased the soils basic cations, although the residue increased the Ca/Mg ratio. This alkaline residue is an alternative to correct acid soils and improve the chemical conditions of soils to grow wheat.(AU)


Subject(s)
Cellulose/analysis , Soil Analysis , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Nutrients/analysis , Chemistry
11.
Rev. Ciênc. Agrovet. (Online) ; 12(1): 78-87, 2013.
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1487961

ABSTRACT

A indústria de celulose gera resíduos alcalinos que devem ser caracterizados para avaliar sua viabilidade técnica para uso em solos agrícolas, como alternativa aos corretivos da acidez. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de resíduo alcalino em alguns atributos químicos e físicos de um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico e no desenvolvimento inicial das plantas de trigo. Os tratamentos foram doses de calcário (Cal) correspondentes a 0,5 e 1 SMP e de resíduo alcalino (Res) correspondentes a 0,25, 0,5 e 1 SMP para elevar o pH do solo a 6,0, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. O solo foi acondicionado em vasos com volume de 4 L e cultivado com trigo, em casa de vegetação. O uso do resíduo alcalino aumenta o pH, os teores e a saturação por sódio e reduz o grau de fl oculação da argila, porém não afeta a estabilidade dos agregados do solo. Os dois corretivos adicionam cátions básicos ao solo, porém o resíduo aumenta a relação Ca/Mg. O resíduo é uma alternativa para neutralizar a acidez de solos e melhorar as condições químicas do solo para o crescimento da cultura do trigo.


Cellulose industry generates alkaline residues which must be characterized in order to evaluate the technical viability of their use in agricultural soils as an alternative of soil acidity correction. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the application of alkaline residue on some chemical and physical properties of a Humic Cambisol and on the initial growth phase of a wheat crop. The treatments consisted in doses of lime corresponding to 0.5 and 1 SMP and doses of residue corresponding to 0.25, 0.5 and 1 SMP in order to increase pH up to 6.0. The wheat was sown in 4 L pots fi lled with soil . The pots were arranged in a greenhouse according to a completely randomized experimental design with four replicates. The addition of Res increased soil pH, the sodium content and soil sodium saturation and reduced the clay fl occulation. However, the stability of soil aggregates was not affected. Both correctives increased the soil’s basic cations, although the residue increased the Ca/Mg ratio. This alkaline residue is an alternative to correct acid soils and improve the chemical conditions of soils to grow wheat.


Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Cellulose/analysis , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Nutrients/analysis , Chemistry
12.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 28(Supplement 1 - XXXIII Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência do Solo): 25-32, 2012.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-912079

ABSTRACT

The electrochemistry at the surface of colloidal particles in soils is related to important physical and chemical phenomena, such as flocculation and dispersion of soil particles, cation-exchange-capacity, anion adsorption, pesticides and heavy metals adsorption. Sorption of organic compounds on the surface of soil components may cause important changes on their electrochemical attributes. The vinasse has been applied in soils, mainly in sugarcane crops, as organic fertilizer. Its effects on physical, chemical and biological attributes of soils are well documented; however, little is known about the effects on electrochemical attributes. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of sugarcane vinasse on soil pH and zeta potential of the clay fraction of two Latosols (Oxisols) and an Argisol (Ultisol). The pH of soils amended with vinasse was measured in water and 1M KCl solution (ratio soil:water 1:2.5), and estimated the ∆pH (pH 1M KCl - pH in water). The zeta potential (ζ)) of the clay fraction was determined by electrophoretic mobility in 0,01M NaCl solution adjusted to different pH values (2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 11), and estimated the point of zero charge (PZC) (ζ) = 0). The soil pH and net charge of soils were clearly influenced by vinasse. These changes may influence important chemical and physical phenomena in soils and also help future studies involving vinasse in soils.


A eletroquímica das partículas coloidais do solo está relacionada com importantes fenômenos físicoquímicos, como floculação e dispersão do solo, capacidade de troca de cátions e ânions, adsorção de pesticidas e metais pesados. A sorção de compostos orgânicos na superfície dos componentes do solo pode causar importantes mudanças em seus atributos eletroquímicos. A vinhaça tem sido aplicada em solos, principalmente na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, como fertilizante orgânico. Embora os efeitos da vinhaça sobre atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo sejam bem conhecidos, estudos envolvendo a eletroquímica das partículas do solo ainda são necessários. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da vinhaça sobre o pH e potencial zeta da fração argila de amostras de dois Latossolos e um Argissolo. Foi determinado o pH em água e em solução KCl 1M (relação solo:água 1:2,5) e estimado o pH (pH em KCl 1M ­ pH em água). Na fração argila foi determinado o potencial zeta () por mobilidade eletroforética em solução de NaCl 0,01M com diferentes valores de pH (2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 e 11) e estimado o ponto de carga zero (PCZ) ( = 0). O pH do solo e as cargas superficiais foram claramente influenciadas pela vinhaça. Essas mudanças podem influenciar importantes fenômenos físico-químicos do solo, bem como, servir de base para estudos futuros envolvendo vinhaça em solos.


Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Soil Characteristics , zeta Potential , Soil Chemistry , Fertilizers
13.
Rev. bras. plantas med ; Rev. bras. plantas med;14(1): 92-96, 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-644618

ABSTRACT

O capim-limão, Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., é uma planta utilizada para fins medicinais e aromáticos, porém pouco se conhece sobre as exigências nutricionais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da elevação do pH do solo e da adubação com fósforo (P) na disponibilidade de nutrientes e no crescimento inicial do capim-limão. O experimento foi conduzido em Lages, SC, de abril a dezembro de 2008, em casa de vegetação. Foi utilizado um esquema fatorial, incluindo quatro níveis de pH (4,1; 5,5; 6,0 e 6,5) e três doses de P (0, 50 e 100 mg kg-1 de solo), com quatro repetições (correspondendo a um vaso com duas plantas). A correção do pH aumentou o Ca e Mg e diminuiu o Al, Mn, Fe, Cu e Zn no solo. A aplicação de 100 mg kg-1 de P elevou em mais de 250% a concentração deste nutriente no solo, independente do pH. A aplicação de P e, principalmente, a elevação do pH do solo incrementaram todos os atributos avaliados nas plantas de capim limão (massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, número de folhas e altura de plantas), sendo que a interação entre pH e dose de P somente foi significativa para o número de folhas. O maior crescimento das plantas ocorreu no tratamento com pH 6,5, associado à adição de 100 mg kg-1 de P.


Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., is a plant with medicinal and aromatic uses. However, little is known about its nutrition requirements. This work was carried out to investigate the effects of pH and phosphorus levels on nutrients availability and the initial growth of lemongrass. The experiment was carried out in Lages (SC, Brazil) from April tol December 2008, in greenhouse conditions. The experiment followed a factorial design, with four levels of pH (4.1, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5), three doses of phosphorus (0, 50, and 100 mg kg-1 of soil), and four replicates (each replicate corresponding to a pot with two plants). The correction of pH increased Ca and Mg, and reduced Al, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the soil. The addition of 100 mg kg-1 P increased by more than 250% the P in the soil, irrespective of pH. The addition of P and the correction of pH, specially the last one, increased all growth attributes of lemongrass (dry matter of shoot and root parts, number of leaves, and plant height), with a significant interaction between pH and the dose of P only for the number of leaves. The highest plant growth was achieved by correcting the soil pH to 6.5, with the addition of 100 mg kg-1 P.


Subject(s)
Plants, Medicinal/classification , Cymbopogon/growth & development , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Soil Alkalinity/analysis
14.
Ciênc. rural ; Ciênc. rural (Online);38(6): 1596-1603, jul.-set. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-491996

ABSTRACT

A grápia (Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog.) Macbride) é uma espécie florestal brasileira de grande interesse madeireiro, encontrando-se, atualmente, em processo de extinção. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da interação entre níveis de pH do solo e da adubação NPKS no crescimento de mudas de grápia. Foram avaliados 12 tratamentos em esquema trifatorial completo (3x2x2), em que os fatores consistiram da combinação de três níveis de pH (4,8, 5,5 e 6,0), dois níveis de adubação (sem e com adubação NPKS - 40:40:40:30mg kg-1, respectivamente) e dois horizontes (A e B) de um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. Como parcela experimental, foram usados vasos (3,5kg), em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições por tratamento. A análise do crescimento das plantas foi realizada mensalmente por meio da altura de planta, do diâmetro do caule e do número de folhas. Aos 150 dias após a emergência das plantas, avaliaram-se, ainda, a matéria seca de raízes, da parte aérea e do total da planta, o comprimento das raízes e a relação entre a matéria seca de raízes e da parte aérea. Houve diminuição do crescimento das plantas pela calagem do solo (horizonte A), sugerindo a adaptação da espécie às condições de solo ácido. A adubação NPKS resultou em aumento de crescimento das plantas somente em condição de solo ácido (pH 4,8).


Grápia (Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog.) Macbride) is a Brazilian forest species with great interest for timber-trade. Additionally, due to deforestation, it bas been considered in extinction process. The present research aimed to evaluate the interaction between levels of soil pH and NPKS fertilization on growth of seedlings of grápia. Twelve treatments were used in a complete trifactorial scheme (3x2x2), represented by the combination of three levels of soil pH (4.8, 5.5 and 6.0), two levels of fertilization (addition or not of NPKS - 40:40:40:30mg kg-1, respectively) and two horizons (A and B) of a Rhodic Paleudalf soil. Each pot of 3.5kg of capacity were arranged in a completely randomized design with five replicates per treatment. Plant height, stem collar diameter and leaves number was monthly evaluated. 150 days after plant emergence, above and belowground dry matter, total root length, and root to shoot dry matter ratio were also evaluated. Liming reduced growth of plants grown in soil of horizon A (topsoil), which suggests that grápia is well adapted to acid conditions. NPKS application increased plant growth only under acid soil (pH 4.8).

15.
Ci. Rural ; 38(6)2008.
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-705513

ABSTRACT

Grápia (Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog.) Macbride) is a Brazilian forest species with great interest for timber-trade. Additionally, due to deforestation, it bas been considered in extinction process. The present research aimed to evaluate the interaction between levels of soil pH and NPKS fertilization on growth of seedlings of grápia. Twelve treatments were used in a complete trifactorial scheme (3x2x2), represented by the combination of three levels of soil pH (4.8, 5.5 and 6.0), two levels of fertilization (addition or not of NPKS - 40:40:40:30mg kg-1, respectively) and two horizons (A and B) of a Rhodic Paleudalf soil. Each pot of 3.5kg of capacity were arranged in a completely randomized design with five replicates per treatment. Plant height, stem collar diameter and leaves number was monthly evaluated. 150 days after plant emergence, above and belowground dry matter, total root length, and root to shoot dry matter ratio were also evaluated. Liming reduced growth of plants grown in soil of horizon A (topsoil), which suggests that grápia is well adapted to acid conditions. NPKS application increased plant growth only under acid soil (pH 4.8).


A grápia (Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog.) Macbride) é uma espécie florestal brasileira de grande interesse madeireiro, encontrando-se, atualmente, em processo de extinção. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da interação entre níveis de pH do solo e da adubação NPKS no crescimento de mudas de grápia. Foram avaliados 12 tratamentos em esquema trifatorial completo (3x2x2), em que os fatores consistiram da combinação de três níveis de pH (4,8, 5,5 e 6,0), dois níveis de adubação (sem e com adubação NPKS - 40:40:40:30mg kg-1, respectivamente) e dois horizontes (A e B) de um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. Como parcela experimental, foram usados vasos (3,5kg), em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições por tratamento. A análise do crescimento das plantas foi realizada mensalmente por meio da altura de planta, do diâmetro do caule e do número de folhas. Aos 150 dias após a emergência das plantas, avaliaram-se, ainda, a matéria seca de raízes, da parte aérea e do total da planta, o comprimento das raízes e a relação entre a matéria seca de raízes e da parte aérea. Houve diminuição do crescimento das plantas pela calagem do solo (horizonte A), sugerindo a adaptação da espécie às condições de solo ácido. A adubação NPKS resultou em aumento de crescimento das plantas somente em condição de solo ácido (pH 4,8).

16.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1477262

ABSTRACT

Grápia (Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog.) Macbride) is a Brazilian forest species with great interest for timber-trade. Additionally, due to deforestation, it bas been considered in extinction process. The present research aimed to evaluate the interaction between levels of soil pH and NPKS fertilization on growth of seedlings of grápia. Twelve treatments were used in a complete trifactorial scheme (3x2x2), represented by the combination of three levels of soil pH (4.8, 5.5 and 6.0), two levels of fertilization (addition or not of NPKS - 40:40:40:30mg kg-1, respectively) and two horizons (A and B) of a Rhodic Paleudalf soil. Each pot of 3.5kg of capacity were arranged in a completely randomized design with five replicates per treatment. Plant height, stem collar diameter and leaves number was monthly evaluated. 150 days after plant emergence, above and belowground dry matter, total root length, and root to shoot dry matter ratio were also evaluated. Liming reduced growth of plants grown in soil of horizon A (topsoil), which suggests that grápia is well adapted to acid conditions. NPKS application increased plant growth only under acid soil (pH 4.8).


A grápia (Apuleia leiocarpa (Vog.) Macbride) é uma espécie florestal brasileira de grande interesse madeireiro, encontrando-se, atualmente, em processo de extinção. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da interação entre níveis de pH do solo e da adubação NPKS no crescimento de mudas de grápia. Foram avaliados 12 tratamentos em esquema trifatorial completo (3x2x2), em que os fatores consistiram da combinação de três níveis de pH (4,8, 5,5 e 6,0), dois níveis de adubação (sem e com adubação NPKS - 40:40:40:30mg kg-1, respectivamente) e dois horizontes (A e B) de um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. Como parcela experimental, foram usados vasos (3,5kg), em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições por tratamento. A análise do crescimento das plantas foi realizada mensalmente por meio da altura de planta, do diâmetro do caule e do número de folhas. Aos 150 dias após a emergência das plantas, avaliaram-se, ainda, a matéria seca de raízes, da parte aérea e do total da planta, o comprimento das raízes e a relação entre a matéria seca de raízes e da parte aérea. Houve diminuição do crescimento das plantas pela calagem do solo (horizonte A), sugerindo a adaptação da espécie às condições de solo ácido. A adubação NPKS resultou em aumento de crescimento das plantas somente em condição de solo ácido (pH 4,8).

17.
R. Ci. agrovet. ; 6(2): 104-113, 2007.
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-714077

ABSTRACT

Dregs is an alkaline industrial residue that can be used to raise soil pH at low cost. Since it presents low Mg and high sodium amounts, it can negatively affect plant growth. This work was carried out to evaluate the speed of dregs to neutralize the soil acidity; to measure the effect of soil pH elevation due to dregs in the availability of Mg for wheat plants; and to assess the behavior of Na adsorption in different levels of soil acidity. Three experiments were set up, in the laboratory or in a greenhouse, using samples of a Haplumbrept soil. Increasing amounts of dregs were used in the first two experiments, having the following composition: 354 g Ca kg-1, 9.2 g Mg kg-1, 10.2 g Na kg-1, pH = 10.7, neutralization value of 80% and relative efficiency of 100%. The effect of Mg addition on different pH levels after dregs addition was evaluated in the wheat experiment. The reactions dealing with neutralization of soil acidity due to addition of dregs were concluded in a period smaller than three weeks after dregs application. The adsorption of Na to the negative charges and the electronic affinity of Na for the solid phase of this Haplumbrept, defined by the partition coefficient of the adsorption reaction (KP), had the behavior of a C-type isotherm and both increased with the rise of soil pH. Despite the addition of Mg having increased the wheat dry mass yield in all rates of d


O dregs é um resíduo industrial de caráter alcalino que pode ser utilizado para elevar o pH do solo a um custo baixo. Como ele apresenta baixos teores de Mg e elevados teores de Na, pode interferir negativamente no crescimento das plantas. Este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a velocidade do dregs de neutralizar a acidez do solo; quantificar o efeito da elevação do pH do solo com dregs na disponibilidade de Mg para o trigo; e determinar o comportamento da adsorção de Na em diferentes níveis de acidez. Para isso, foram conduzidos três experimentos, em laboratório ou em casa-devegetação, utilizando-se amostras de um Cambissolo Húmico. Nos dois primeiros experimentos utilizaramse quantidades crescentes de dregs que tinha 354 g Ca kg-1, 9,2 g Mg kg-1, 10,2 g Na kg-1, pH = 10,7, valor de neutralização de 80% e eficiência relativa de 100%. No experimento com plantas, foi avaliada a resposta do trigo à adição de Mg em diferentes valores de pH resultantes da adição de dregs. As reações de neutralização da acidez do solo foram concluídas num período inferior a três semanas após a aplicação de dregs. A adsorção de Na às cargas negativas e sua afinidade eletrônica pela fase sólida desse Cambissolo, definida pelo coeficiente de partição da reação de adsorção (KP), tiveram o comportamento de uma isoterma tipo-C e aumentaram com a elevação do pH do solo. Apesar da adição de Mg ter aument

18.
Rev. Ciênc. Agrovet. (Online) ; 6(2): 104-113, 2007.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1488601

ABSTRACT

Dregs is an alkaline industrial residue that can be used to raise soil pH at low cost. Since it presents low Mg and high sodium amounts, it can negatively affect plant growth. This work was carried out to evaluate the speed of dregs to neutralize the soil acidity; to measure the effect of soil pH elevation due to dregs in the availability of Mg for wheat plants; and to assess the behavior of Na adsorption in different levels of soil acidity. Three experiments were set up, in the laboratory or in a greenhouse, using samples of a Haplumbrept soil. Increasing amounts of dregs were used in the first two experiments, having the following composition: 354 g Ca kg-1, 9.2 g Mg kg-1, 10.2 g Na kg-1, pH = 10.7, neutralization value of 80% and relative efficiency of 100%. The effect of Mg addition on different pH levels after dregs addition was evaluated in the wheat experiment. The reactions dealing with neutralization of soil acidity due to addition of dregs were concluded in a period smaller than three weeks after dregs application. The adsorption of Na to the negative charges and the electronic affinity of Na for the solid phase of this Haplumbrept, defined by the partition coefficient of the adsorption reaction (KP), had the behavior of a C-type isotherm and both increased with the rise of soil pH. Despite the addition of Mg having increased the wheat dry mass yield in all rates of d


O dregs é um resíduo industrial de caráter alcalino que pode ser utilizado para elevar o pH do solo a um custo baixo. Como ele apresenta baixos teores de Mg e elevados teores de Na, pode interferir negativamente no crescimento das plantas. Este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar a velocidade do dregs de neutralizar a acidez do solo; quantificar o efeito da elevação do pH do solo com dregs na disponibilidade de Mg para o trigo; e determinar o comportamento da adsorção de Na em diferentes níveis de acidez. Para isso, foram conduzidos três experimentos, em laboratório ou em casa-devegetação, utilizando-se amostras de um Cambissolo Húmico. Nos dois primeiros experimentos utilizaramse quantidades crescentes de dregs que tinha 354 g Ca kg-1, 9,2 g Mg kg-1, 10,2 g Na kg-1, pH = 10,7, valor de neutralização de 80% e eficiência relativa de 100%. No experimento com plantas, foi avaliada a resposta do trigo à adição de Mg em diferentes valores de pH resultantes da adição de dregs. As reações de neutralização da acidez do solo foram concluídas num período inferior a três semanas após a aplicação de dregs. A adsorção de Na às cargas negativas e sua afinidade eletrônica pela fase sólida desse Cambissolo, definida pelo coeficiente de partição da reação de adsorção (KP), tiveram o comportamento de uma isoterma tipo-C e aumentaram com a elevação do pH do solo. Apesar da adição de Mg ter aument

19.
Sci. agric. ; 63(6)2006.
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-440112

ABSTRACT

The costs related to the construction and maintenance of industrial landfills, and the environmental risks that they may represent, have increased the interest of several types of industries in studying the possibility of applying residues to agricultural soils. This study evaluates the efficiency of flue dust as a zinc source for corn, and the zinc availability for corn evaluated by four methods. A greenhouse experiment carried out at Campinas, SP, Brazil, evaluated the effect of two zinc sources (flue dust and zinc sulphate), at three rates (5, 50 and 150 mg dm-3), in one soil (Rhodic Hapludox) under two pH conditions (5.0 and 6.0). The treatments were arranged in a randomized factorial scheme design with three replications. Zinc availability indexes were determined by the pH 7.3 DTPA, Mehlich-1, and Mehlich-3 methods. The free Zn2+ activity in soil solution was calculated by the MINTEQ computer model. The extraction methods and the activity of the free ion Zn2+ were equally reliable to evaluate zinc availability in the soil amended with flue dust. More than 70% of the total Zn present in the saturation extract was in the free ion form, and the remainder was mainly complexed to SO4(2-) and OH-, independent of soil pH. Flue dust is a zinc supplier to plants. All tested methods were efficient in evaluating Zn availability for corn, independently of soil pH.


Os custos com a construção e manutenção de aterros industriais e os riscos ambientais que podem representar têm aumentado o interesse de vários tipos de indústrias em estudar a viabilidade de aplicação de resíduos no solo agrícola. Este trabalho avalia a eficiência do pó de aciaria quanto ao suprimento de zinco para o milho e a disponibilidade desse metal comparada por quatro métodos de extração. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em Campinas, SP, Brasil, avaliando o efeito de duas fontes de zinco (pó de aciaria e sulfato de zinco), em três doses (5, 50 e 150 mg dm-3) e um solo (Latossolo Vermelho) com dois valores de pH (5,0 e 6,0). Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial com três repetições. A disponibilidade de zinco foi determinada por DTPA pH 7.3, Mehlich-1 e Mehlich-3 e a atividade do Zn2+ livre na solução do solo foi calculada pelo modelo MINTEQ. Nos dois valores de pH estudados, tanto a atividade do Zn2+ como os três métodos de extração foram igualmente eficientes em avaliar a disponibilidade de zinco para as plantas em solos tratados com pó de aciaria. Mais que 70% do Zn total presente no extrato de saturação estava como íon livre e o restante complexado com SO4(2-) e OH-, independente do pH do solo. O pó de aciaria é uma fonte de zinco para as plantas. Todos os métodos testados foram eficientes em estimar a disponibilidade de Zn para o milho, independente do pH

20.
Sci. agric ; 63(6)2006.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1496688

ABSTRACT

The costs related to the construction and maintenance of industrial landfills, and the environmental risks that they may represent, have increased the interest of several types of industries in studying the possibility of applying residues to agricultural soils. This study evaluates the efficiency of flue dust as a zinc source for corn, and the zinc availability for corn evaluated by four methods. A greenhouse experiment carried out at Campinas, SP, Brazil, evaluated the effect of two zinc sources (flue dust and zinc sulphate), at three rates (5, 50 and 150 mg dm-3), in one soil (Rhodic Hapludox) under two pH conditions (5.0 and 6.0). The treatments were arranged in a randomized factorial scheme design with three replications. Zinc availability indexes were determined by the pH 7.3 DTPA, Mehlich-1, and Mehlich-3 methods. The free Zn2+ activity in soil solution was calculated by the MINTEQ computer model. The extraction methods and the activity of the free ion Zn2+ were equally reliable to evaluate zinc availability in the soil amended with flue dust. More than 70% of the total Zn present in the saturation extract was in the free ion form, and the remainder was mainly complexed to SO4(2-) and OH-, independent of soil pH. Flue dust is a zinc supplier to plants. All tested methods were efficient in evaluating Zn availability for corn, independently of soil pH.


Os custos com a construção e manutenção de aterros industriais e os riscos ambientais que podem representar têm aumentado o interesse de vários tipos de indústrias em estudar a viabilidade de aplicação de resíduos no solo agrícola. Este trabalho avalia a eficiência do pó de aciaria quanto ao suprimento de zinco para o milho e a disponibilidade desse metal comparada por quatro métodos de extração. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em Campinas, SP, Brasil, avaliando o efeito de duas fontes de zinco (pó de aciaria e sulfato de zinco), em três doses (5, 50 e 150 mg dm-3) e um solo (Latossolo Vermelho) com dois valores de pH (5,0 e 6,0). Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial com três repetições. A disponibilidade de zinco foi determinada por DTPA pH 7.3, Mehlich-1 e Mehlich-3 e a atividade do Zn2+ livre na solução do solo foi calculada pelo modelo MINTEQ. Nos dois valores de pH estudados, tanto a atividade do Zn2+ como os três métodos de extração foram igualmente eficientes em avaliar a disponibilidade de zinco para as plantas em solos tratados com pó de aciaria. Mais que 70% do Zn total presente no extrato de saturação estava como íon livre e o restante complexado com SO4(2-) e OH-, independente do pH do solo. O pó de aciaria é uma fonte de zinco para as plantas. Todos os métodos testados foram eficientes em estimar a disponibilidade de Zn para o milho, independente do pH

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