Survey data on the Italian public's perception of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (March-August 2022).

This article presents data collected through Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI), conducted in Italy with the aim of exploring the Italian population's reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and monitoring this reaction for the first six months of the attack through a six-round survey. Each round involved a representative sample of approximately 1010 (1007-1015) Italian adult citizens. Participants were asked questions about emotional reactions to the Russian invasion, coping strategies used, solidarity behaviour toward Ukrainian refugees, perceptions of refugees as a threat to the country, trust in national and international authorities to manage the international situation, and prospects for the future. Demographic data on the respondents were also collected. The survey design was developed by a research group from two universities (the University of Salento and the University of Foggia) and a European research centre, EICAP (European Institute of Cultural Analysis for Policy). The data provided in this article is a resource for researchers, public authorities, and other parties interested in surveying and studying public opinion. This dataset can be used to explore a wide range of topics, including prosocial behaviour and attitudes towards refugees in humanitarian emergencies.

Multi-risk instruments for emergency response: a multi-hazard and multi-risk assessment of the European Union's Solidarity and Emergency Aid Reserve.

Natural hazard-related disasters are on the rise and have significant impacts on the public and private sector. Different mechanisms and instruments exist on the pan-European level to deal with them, including the European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF). Recently, the EUSF expanded its scope to incorporate public health emergencies and merged with the Emergency Aid Reserve to become the Solidarity and Emergency Aid Reserve. It therefore became a multi-hazard and multi-risk instrument to assist countries during the emergency phase of disasters. As different types of hazards and risks are drawing from the same fund there is concern about what capitalisation levels have to be assumed to make it sustainable. Hence, it is important to understand to which hazards and risks the fund is most exposed and whether there are regional differences within Europe. To address these issues, this paper takes a risk-based approach and estimates the capitalisation levels needed for major hazards and risks, noting regional differences across Europe.

Solidarity with whom? Minority perspectives on allyship in Danish queer spaces.

Social psychological research has witnessed a burgeoning interest in advantaged group allies acting in solidarity with disadvantaged groups to challenge systems of inequality. While solidarity from advantaged group members is often deemed critical for social change, the perceptions of disadvantaged group members regarding ally participation are seldom addressed. This research delved into how LGBTQIA+ individuals in Denmark conceptualize allyship. Through 26 semi-structured interviews with participants and organizers of queer pride events, a thematic analysis identified three themes addressing how allyship materializes, what risks it bears and who it involves. Specifically, we present a three-levelled framework of allyship, which captures practices of allyship on a personal, relational and structural level. Our analysis also reveals the risk of allyship when it is not perceived as genuine and complexities of group boundaries when discussing allyship, shedding light on intersectional challenges within minority communities. These findings illustrate the nuances involved in providing and receiving allyship within and across various social (sub)groups.

Unraveling Image and Justice Concerns: A Social Identity Account on Appraisals and Emotional Drivers of High-Status Transgressor Group Members' Solidarity With Low-Status Groups.

High-status group members typically respond defensively when their ingroup members transgress against low-status groups. However, when they identify highly with transgressor groups, they sometimes also engage in solidarity with victimized low-status groups due to ingroup-focused motives. Yet, the response of low-identified transgressor group members, who can prioritize victims' plight over ingroup interests, remains underexplored. To address this gap, we conducted three preregistered studies (Ntotal = 886) concerning education-based transgressions in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, employing cross-sectional (Study 1) and experimental designs (Studies 2-3). Supporting previous research, we found that high-identifiers engage in nonradical solidarity driven by ingroup image concerns and image-related emotions. Low-identifiers, however, engage in both nonradical and radical solidarity through perceived injustice and justice-related emotions. Our findings provide insights into the roots of high-status group collective action on behalf of low-status groups against intergroup transgressions. Theoretical and societal implications were discussed.

How ingroup norms of multiculturalism (and tolerance) affect intergroup solidarity: The role of ideology.

Multiculturalism and tolerance, as two sets of normative beliefs about how to deal with intergroup diversity, have been recognized as effective at reducing outgroup negativity among majority group members. However, whether majority group members' normative beliefs regarding them might motivate their solidarity-based collective actions and how their political ideology might qualify this influence remained unclear. To answer these questions, we conducted two pre-registered experimental studies (N = 626), both zooming in on the multiculturalism issues in the context of the relationships between native Dutch citizens and citizens with a Moroccan background within Dutch university campuses (Study 1) and broader Dutch society (Study 2). In both studies, we found an ingroup norm of tolerance (vs. control) undermined majority group members' engagement in collective actions in support of ethnic minorities. Additionally, ideological leftists were more sensitive to norms than rightists: Study 1 showed a facilitative effect of the multiculturalism norm (vs. control) on solidarity-based collective action intentions particularly among leftists, whilst Study 2 revealed a dampening effect of the tolerance norm (vs. control) on these intentions particularly among leftists.

Intergenerational Solidarity During Emerging Adulthood: Associations with Psychological Distress and Satisfaction with Life in Southern Europe.

Background: Intergenerational solidarity between parents and emerging adult offspring requires more substantial attention at the present time. Changing demographic structures and transformations in family dynamics over recent decades have increased both opportunities and the need for parent-child interactions and exchanges of support and affection during emerging adulthood. Purpose: The study had two aims: first, to explore patterns in intergenerational solidarity in accordance with different sociodemographic characteristics of emerging adults; and second, to analyse associations between intergenerational solidarity and emerging adults' psychological distress and satisfaction with life. Methods: Participants were 644 emerging adult university students from Southern Europe (Spain and Portugal), aged between 18 and 29 years, who completed a self-report questionnaire designed to assess variables linked to sociodemographic aspects (gender, country of residence, sexual orientation, living status, family income), intergenerational solidarity, psychological distress and satisfaction with life. Results: The results indicated some differences in intergenerational solidarity patterns in accordance with a range of sociodemographic characteristics. They also revealed significant associations between intergenerational solidarity dimensions and emerging adults' satisfaction with life and psychological distress. Moreover, affective solidarity was found to fully mediate the relationship between associational, functional and normative solidarity and emerging adults' adjustment. In the case of conflictual solidarity, affective solidarity was found to partially mediate the relationship between this dimension of intergenerational solidarity and emerging adults' distress and to fully mediate the relationship between this same dimension and emerging adults' satisfaction with life. Conclusion: The results indicate that it is important to take sociodemographic diversity into account when exploring relationships between emerging adults and their parents. They also suggest that affective solidarity acts as a protective factor in promoting emerging adults' adjustment.

Providing Health Care and Social Support during Economic Crises: Lessons Learned from "Solidarity Outpatient Clinics" in Greece during the Great Recession.

"Solidarity outpatient clinics" (SOCs) emerged in Greece as a novel community-based health care resource during the global economic crisis that started in 2008. They have provided crucial social support to diverse vulnerable populations. Solidarity is a critical organizational principle underlying SOCs' operation. It is juxtaposed to charity to emphasize, among other things, building symmetrical relationships between providers and patients. Employing a case study approach and a multilevel, multimethod research design, we analyzed qualitative data collected through semistructured interviews (N = 20) with patients, staff, and other local stakeholders and content of monthly informational bulletins (N = 26) and weekly radio shows (N = 48) produced by a prominent SOC in Greece's capital. Findings provide insight into structural and functional dimensions of social support exchanges at SOCs and extend our understanding of different types of social support and the organizational contexts through which they are secured, particularly during financial crises.

The WHO Pandemic Agreement should be more specific about when and how to enable global access to technology.

Timeliness is repeatedly referenced in the World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Agreement negotiation draft, published in March 2024. However, the draft remains vague with regard to what is considered timely. Health policymaking should be much more conscious of the time scales it evokes and implements in order to support global equity and solidarity. The Pandemic Agreement negotiation draft could be made more specific to foster global synchronicity by: (1) replacing 'best endeavor' language with enforceable timelines, particularly for benefit sharing mechanisms, (2) mandating an automatically triggered time-bound IP waiver for pandemic health technologies to accelerate manufacturing and distribution scale-up to global levels, and (3) strengthening the pandemic fund and debt relief mechanisms to safeguard financial resources to enable global synchronicity for future pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. In summary, global solidarity during a pandemic requires more attention to synchronicity by ensuring the simultaneous implementation and rollout of measures to prevent, contain, or end a pandemic in different countries or regions.

Between common responsibility and national interest: When do Europeans support a common European migration policy?

The European Union has progressively communitarised its migration policy. The formation of public support for this integration of a core state power presents an intricate puzzle. On the one hand, immigration is part and parcel of the conflict around the opening and closing of nation states, and thereby mobilises nativist views and Euroscepticism. On the other hand, the European Union may serve as a shield against external threats such as uncontrolled immigration. This article sheds light on this conundrum by examining how refugee arrivals affect public support for a common European migration policy across 28 European Union member states between 1992 and 2021. The results lend support to a post-functionalist logic of an identitarian backlash against integration and a collective action logic of instrumental solidarity in line with national interests.

A typology of social network interactions in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from a rural population in Senegal.

Social isolation/marginalization in sub-Saharan Africa is under-researched, despite increasing evidence of weakening traditional community-based social support. This paper aims to develop a typology of social networks capable of accounting for social marginalization in a rural community in Western Senegal and to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of network profiles. Building on prior qualitative work, we carry out a latent profile analysis using a unique and extensive social network data set, identifying four different network profiles: Locally integrated, Constrained relationships, Locally marginalized, and Local elites. This paper provides the first empirically supported classification of social integration and marginalization in social networks in rural sub-Saharan Africa. In doing so, it can serve as a reference for future research seeking to understand both the broader scope of social integration and marginalization and the consequences of differential access to social capital through social networks on access to health resources and well-being.

How inter-ethnic relations are reproduced through everyday social practices: A perspective from the Javanese nasi pecel vendors in Mataraman cities.

There is growing scholarship on how ethnic groups with historical tensions recover and manage to build harmonious relationships. However, detailed accounts of the lived experiences of such relations are limited. We seek to address this gap by exploring everyday inter-ethnic relations between Javanese and Chinese Indonesians in Indonesia as exemplified in the practice of selling nasi pecel, the traditional food of Mataraman cities in East Java. Our eight-week fieldwork involved 30 nasi pecel sellers in the four cities of Madiun, Nganjuk, Kediri, and Jombang through go-alongs and subsequent photo-elicitation interviews. Our engagements with the sellers have enabled us to generate a large body of empirical materials comprising 35 interviews and over 200 photographs. In the roles of bricoleurs, we then worked abductively to make sense of the empirical materials generated to build case studies of six sellers which resonated with the stories of the other 24 nasi pecel sellers in the study. We focused on the centrality of the seemingly mundane everyday practices of selling nasi pecel in (re)producing inter-ethnic interactions between the Javanese nasi pecel sellers and the Chinese Indonesian landowners. The everyday interactions for purposes such as accessing electricity and water and serving the customers which have been enacted every day for decades build spaces for inter-ethnic friendship and solidarity. We discuss how such inter-ethnic relations are vital in Indonesian society by emplacing such phenomenon within the broader socio-historical context of Chinese Indonesian and Javanese inter-ethnic relations, which are often framed as adversarial.

UK national newspapers' representation of cancer patients and their care during the early part of the COVID-19 pandemic: Invoking and undermining solidarity?

During the COVID-19 pandemic media narratives of solidarity often cast nations like the UK as if at war, while acclaiming health-care workers as heroic and beloved. However, this solidarity was often fragile and fleeting, as concerns and criticism about workers, citizens and services also circulated. In this article we explore these dynamics of solidarity in more depth, analysing framings of cancer patient suffering, private and public provision of health care in news media during the early part of the COVID-19 pandemic. We explore how cancer patients were positioned as victims of failure and abandonment by the state and its health-care providers, and how the private health-care system was presented in a saviour role. We conclude by reflecting on the implications of new media's alignment of appeals to solidarity with highly individualised forms of care and the consequences for state-based services founded on principles of solidarity.

Analysis of the chain mediation effect between intergenerational support and mental health of older adults in urban China: a structural equation model.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed investigate the impact of intergenerational support on the mental health of older adults in urban China. It also sought to evaluate the chain mediation effect of attitudes toward younger people and willingness to interact with younger people within a non-familial context between intergenerational support and mental health. METHODS: Data were derived from a community survey that adopted quota sampling in mainland China in 2022 (N = 780). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data, and the bootstrap technique was used to test the mediation effect. RESULTS: A significant positive association was found between intergenerational support and the mental health of older adults in urban China (B = 0.852, 95% confidence interval CI [0.157,1.617]). Intergenerational support had a specific indirect effect on mental health through older adults' attitudes toward younger people within a non-familial context (B = 0.665, 95% CI [0.443,1.046]). There was a chain mediation effect (B = 0.126, 95% CI [0.069,0.224]) in relation to attitudes toward younger people and the willingness to interact with younger people between intergenerational support and mental health. Mediation accounted for 44.44% of the total effects in the model. CONCLUSION: These findings help identify modifiable factors that can improve the mental health of older adults. In line with the proposed serial multiple mediation model, this study provides theoretical and practical insights concerning the synergistic effect of intergenerational support at the family level and intergenerational interaction at the community level. Policy and social service implications are also discussed.

Solidarity as a Political Determinant of Health: Insights from EU Competition Policy.

CONTEXT: The connection between law and political determinants of health is not well-understood, but nevertheless it is suggested that the two are inseparable, and that this represents an "upstream" level with scope for influencing other determinants of health (particularly social). Solidarity underpins European healthcare systems and given its clear link with redistribution, can be seen as a means to address health inequities. As such, solidarity may be seen as a political determinant of health in the specific context of EU competition policy. METHODS: A range of EU case law, Treaty provisions, and Commission publications relating to EU competition policy are analysed. FINDINGS: Solidarity is typically juxtaposed as antithetical to competition, thus underpins exceptions to the applicability of the prohibitions on anticompetitive agreements, abuse of dominance, and state aid. Case law indicates a further dynamic between definitions of solidarity at EU and national levels. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis leads to two groups of considerations when framing solidarity as a political determinant of health in the EU competition policy context: firstly, the predominance of solidarity suggests it may shape competition reforms, and secondly the EU-Member State dynamic which indicates less EU-level reach into national competition reforms in healthcare than may be expected.

The Power of Proximity: Toward an Ethic of Accompaniment in Surgical Care.

Although the field of surgical ethics focuses primarily on informed consent, surgical decision-making, and research ethics, some surgeons have started to consider ethical questions regarding justice and solidarity with poor and minoritized populations. To date, those calling for social justice in surgical care have emphasized increased diversity within the ranks of the surgical profession. This article, in contrast, foregrounds the agency of those most affected by injustice by bringing to bear an ethic of accompaniment. The ethic of accompaniment is born from a theological tradition that has motivated work to improve health outcomes in those at the margins through its emphasis on listening, solidarity against systemic drivers of disease, and proximity to individuals and communities. Through a review of surgical ethics and exploration of a central patient case, we argue for applying an ethic of accompaniment to the care of surgical patients and their communities.

Injustice in the international COVID-19 response: lessons to learn / Injusticia en la respuesta internacional a la COVID-19: lecciones que aprender / Injustiça na resposta internacional à COVID-19: lições a aprender

Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic surprised even the most economically developed nations. The surprise was not the emergence of a new pandemic, which was already on the horizon of the most attentive health professionals, but its intensity and effects in all countries, even the richest ones. In terms of response, although initiatives such as the COVAX Mechanism (WHO) were encouraged by everyone, they were not sufficient to guarantee minimally fair conditions for responses to the pandemic around the world. Objective: to critically analyze the experience of the COVAX Facility project as an international solidarity project. Discussion: The effects of colonial and neocolonial exploitation and coloniality preserve injustices in political relations and prevent a fairer distribution of resources to combat the pandemic. Pandemics such as Covid-19 have exposed the exploitative nature of globalization: the circulation of goods, people and services around the world generates a vector of capital accumulation directed at central countries, and its effects, for example, the spread of infectious diseases with high infectivity, they penalize the poorest countries even more. Inequalities in access to vaccines and health services between countries are unfair and constitute fertile ground for new viral strains that can be even more transmissible and of greater severity. Final considerations: The social determinants of the health and disease process must be considered when planning responses to health emergencies, both locally and internationally, recognizing that the protection of citizens and communities must be recognized as an ethical imperative. The Anthropocene is a reality, and it is necessary to take care of the planet as a whole, with effectively solidary actions, in terms of reflective solidarity as Dean suggests, if we want to avoid collapse.

Introducción: La pandemia de Covid-19 sorprendió incluso a las naciones económicamente más desarrolladas. La sorpresa no fue la aparición de una nueva pandemia, que ya estaba en el horizonte de los profesionales sanitarios más atentos, sino su intensidad y efectos en todos los países, incluso en los más ricos. En términos de respuesta, si bien iniciativas como el Mecanismo COVAX (OMS) fueron alentadas por todos, no fueron suficientes para garantizar condiciones mínimamente justas para las respuestas a la pandemia en todo el mundo. Objetivo: analizar críticamente la experiencia del proyecto COVAX Facility como proyecto de solidaridad internacional. Discusión: Los efectos de la explotación colonial y neocolonial y la colonialidad preservan las injusticias en las relaciones políticas e impiden una distribución más justa de los recursos para combatir la pandemia. Pandemias como la Covid-19 han puesto de manifiesto el carácter explotador de la globalización: la circulación de bienes, personas y servicios en todo el mundo genera un vector de acumulación de capital dirigido a los países centrales, y sus efectos, por ejemplo, la propagación de enfermedades infecciosas con alta infectividad, penalizan aún más a los países más pobres. Las desigualdades en el acceso a vacunas y servicios de salud entre países son injustas y constituyen un terreno fértil para nuevas cepas virales que pueden ser aún más transmisibles y de mayor gravedad. Consideraciones finales: Se deben considerar los determinantes sociales del proceso de salud y enfermedad al planificar respuestas a emergencias de salud, tanto a nivel local como internacional, reconociendo que la protección de los ciudadanos y las comunidades debe ser reconocida como un imperativo ético. El Antropoceno es una realidad, y es necesario cuidar el planeta en su conjunto, con acciones efectivamente solidarias, en términos de solidaridad reflexiva como sugiere Dean, si queremos evitar el colapso.

Introdução: A pandemia da Covid-19 surpreendeu até as nações economicamente mais desenvolvidas. A surpresa não foi o surgimento de uma nova pandemia, que já estava no horizonte dos sanitaristas mais atentos, mas a sua intensidade e efeitos em todos os países, mesmo nos mais ricos. Em termos de resposta, embora iniciativas como o Mecanismo COVAX (OMS) tenham sido encorajadas por todos, não foram suficientes para garantir condições minimamente justas para respostas à pandemia em todo o mundo. Objetivo: analisar criticamente a experiência do projeto COVAX Facility como projeto de solidariedade internacional. Discussão: Os efeitos da exploração colonial e neocolonial e da colonialidade preservam as injustiças nas relações políticas e impedem uma distribuição mais justa de recursos para combater a pandemia. Pandemias como a Covid-19 expuseram o carácter explorador da globalização: a circulação de bens, pessoas e serviços em todo o mundo gera um vector de acumulação de capital dirigido aos países centrais, e os seus efeitos, por exemplo, a propagação de doenças infecciosas com elevada infectividade , penalizam ainda mais os países mais pobres. As desigualdades no acesso às vacinas e aos serviços de saúde entre os países são injustas e constituem um terreno fértil para novas cepas virais que podem ser ainda mais transmissíveis e com maior gravidade. Considerações finais: Os determinantes sociais do processo de saúde e doença devem ser considerados no planejamento de respostas às emergências de saúde, tanto localmente como internacional, reconhecendo que a proteção dos cidadãos e das comunidades deve ser reconhecida como um imperativo ético. O Antropoceno é uma realidade, e é necessário cuidar do planeta na totalidade, com ações efetivamente solidárias, em termos da solidariedade reflexiva como sugere Dean, se quisermos evitar o colapso.

Corrigendum: How Russia's war in Ukraine can change gender studies.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1220438.].

Enhancing Elderly Nutrition: A Qualitative Evaluation of Menus in a Social Solidarity Institution in the North of Portugal.

This work addresses the importance of food and nutrition in promoting the health of the elderly population, with a specific focus on the qualitative evaluation of menus provided by a social solidarity institution in Portugal. The aim of this study is to conduct a qualitative evaluation of menus furnished by a social solidarity institution situated in the northern region of Portugal in order to prevent and/or treat malnutrition in the elderly. The methodology involves the evaluation of four weekly menus, totaling 28 complete daily menus for the elderly, using the "Avaliação Qualitativa de Ementas Destinadas a Idosos" (AQEDI) tool. This assessment tool comprises six domains: general items, soup, protein suppliers, carbohydrate suppliers, vegetable suppliers, and dessert, each consisting of various parameters. The findings reveal that all menus were classified as "acceptable," with percentages ranging from 60.73% to 68.84%, and suggest that there exists room for improvement. This study emphasizes the necessity for coordinated efforts within the institution to enhance menu planning, taking into account both nutritional guidelines and sensory aspects of food. Effective coordination within the institution is crucial for maintaining positive aspects and rectifying inadequacies in menu planning.

Social and solidarity economy and social inclusion of cooperatives in the Assin Fosu Municipality, Ghana.

The social and solidarity economy (SSE) model is an alternative strategy to the neoliberal hegemonic paradigm amid global economic and political uncertainties and its associated decline in living conditions, inequalities and social exclusion. In response to these inadequacies, the study explored how cooperatives in the Assin Fosu Municipality of Ghana promote social inclusion, focusing on farm-based cooperatives. Using a mixed-method approach, quantitative data were collected from 175 randomly sampled members of six farm-based cooperatives and triangulated with qualitative data from the executives of the cooperatives who were constituted into a focus group. Data were described using descriptive statistics and the associations and effects were tested with the chi-square and binary logistic regression tools. We found that cooperatives promote social inclusion by facilitating access to productive and financial resources with members of credit-based cooperatives experiencing high social inclusion. Members with smaller households had more social status because they could engage in more social and economic activities within their communities and groupings. We recommended access to credit and productive resources and long-term birth control measures as these factors are sine qua non for high social inclusion.

Does the South African government have a duty to fund influenza vaccination of adults 65 years and older?

In this paper, we draw on the thinking about solidarity, reciprocity and distributive justice grounded in Afro-communitarian ethics from the Global South to argue for institutions, particularly the South African (SA) government, have a prima facie duty to foster influenza vaccine uptake for adults 65 years and older. Although we focus specifically on the South African government to defend our position, we believe that our argument extends to all governments. Notably, these duties are that the SA government ought to make influenza vaccines freely available for the older adult in both the public and private health facilities, provided financial allocation and their extant relationships allow for this. Further, the SA government has a duty to improve influenza vaccine procurement and availability in the country, preferably through increasing manufacturing capabilities. This paper is intrinsically valuable to promote epistemic justice, thereby contributing toward the decolonization of the global healthcare system. Moreover, this project has social significance in contributing to mitigation efforts against future public health challenges associated with population aging in resource-limited developing African nations, wherein the impact of population transition will be felt most.