The Relationship and Effects of Self-Esteem and Body Shape on Eating Disorder Behavior: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Chinese University Students.

BACKGROUND: Eating disorders (EDs) have become a global public health concern among adolescents and young adults. However, Chinese university students exhibit a high prevalence of eating disorders. This study aims to investigate the effects of self-esteem (SE) and body shape (BS) on ED behaviors among Chinese university students. METHODS: Using random sampling, 946 Chinese university students (aged 18 to 24, M = 19.94, SD = 1.04) participated in a survey comprising the Sick, Control, One, Fat, and Food Questionnaire (SCOFF-Q), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BS-Q), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RS-S) to assess their eating disorder or non-eating disorder (NED) behavior. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between body shape and eating disorder behaviors (r = 0.19, p < 0.01), while there was a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and eating disorder behaviors (r = -0.14, p = 0.001 < 0.01). Gender was a moderating factor in the relationship between body shape and eating disorder behaviors (t = 3.14, p = 0.002 < 0.01), while parents' marital status was a moderating factor in the relationship between self-esteem and eating disorder behavior (t = 2.72, p = 0.007 < 0.01). Body shape (z = 6.47, p = 0.001 < 0.01), self-esteem (z = -2.81, p = 0.005 < 0.05), and gender (z = 3.06, p = 0.002 < 0.01) significantly influenced eating disorder behavior among Chinese university students aged 18-24 years. CONCLUSIONS: There was a direct effect between body shape and self-esteem and eating disorder behaviors among Chinese university students aged 18-24 years. Alarmingly, female university students are becoming susceptible to external influences on self-esteem and body shape, leading to eating disorder behaviors at an increasingly younger age in China.

A differentiated approach to the diagnosis of overweight and obesity in children based on bioimpedance analysis of body composition.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: The current study introduces a novel diagnostic algorithm employing bioimpedance analysis to comprehensively evaluate body composition in children, assessing fat content, skeletal muscle content, and fat distribution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: Bioelectrical impedance measurements were obtained using the TANITA MC-780 MA analyzer. Indicators such as body weight, BMI, total fat content, absolute limb muscle mass, skeletal muscle strength, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were assessed. A sample of 101 children aged 9 to 14 were studied using the proposed algorithm, refining BMI-based classifications. RESULTS: Results: The algorithm comprises three steps, categorizing children based on fat content, presence of sarcopenia, and central fat distribution. It identified diverse somatotypes within the groups classified by BMI. Notably, it revealed prognostically unfavorable somatotypes, such as sarcopenic obesity with central fat distribution, highlighting potential health risks. Current BMI-centric diagnoses may misclassify cardiometabolic risks, making early detection challenging. The algorithm enables a detailed evaluation, unmasking metabolically unfavorable conditions like sarcopenic obesity. The incorporation of functional tests, such as a standardized hand-grip test, enhances diagnostic accuracy. The proposed WHR indicator for characterizing fat distribution provides a practical method for determining somatotypes in children. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: This comprehensive algorithm offers an alternative to BMI-based classifications, enabling early detection of obesity and associated risks. Further validation through large-scale epidemiological studies is essential to establish correlations between somatotypes and cardiometabolic risks, fostering a more nuanced and individualized approach to pediatric obesity management.

Association between body shape misperception and unhealthy eating behaviors among Korean adolescents.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Body shape misperception (BSM) is the disagreement between the subjectively perceived body size and body mass index. This study investigated the association between BSM and unhealthy eating behaviors (UEB) among Korean adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey with 55,748 participants. UEB were measured according to the weekly consumption frequency of caffeinated energy drinks, fast food, carbonated beverages, and sugar-sweetened beverages. The covariates included demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and health-related factors. Multiple logistic regression analysis determined the association between BSM and UEB. RESULTS: Among the participants, 37,607 (67.5%) reported UEB. The gap between UEB among those with BSM was the largest between the underestimated and accurately estimated groups. Participants who underestimated their body shape were likelier to engage in UEB (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.25). Both sexes with underestimation of body size showed an association with UEB compared to those with accurate estimations (girls: AOR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.09-1.30; boys: AOR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.26). CONCLUSIONS: Underestimating body shape can provoke UEB among Korean adolescents. The need for appropriate school health interventional programs to prevent underestimating body shape is emphasized to avoid UEB.

Estimation of human somatype using inter-canine and inter-premolar distances of the maxillary arch.

Context: The establishment of a correlation between tooth dimensions and body size is crucial within the realm of forensic odontology. While numerous investigations have focused on the association between tooth morphology or width and stature, limited reports exist regarding the correlation between overall body structure or build and odontogenic parameters. This study focuses on finding a correlation between inter-arch dimensions and the body build of an individual. Aims: This study aimed to examine the potential correlation between an individual's somatotype (body build) and the measurements of inter-canine and inter-premolar maxillary arch widths. Study Settings: Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: The sample size of the study was 153 individuals aged 18-25 years. Impressions for the maxillary arch were taken, study models were made and inter-arch measurements were taken using a digital Vernier calliper. For body build measurements, Heath-Carter somatotype measuring technique was used. The collected data were entered into an Excel sheet, and statistical analysis was done. Statistical Analysis Used: Principal component analysis. Results: On using principal component analysis, it was seen that there exists no correlation between body build of an individual when compared to inter-canine and inter-premolar distances. Conclusions: While no positive correlation has been seen between the odontometric parameters and specific body type, it can be argued that this can be due to the cited limitations of the study. Hence, we conclude with the note that a more detailed study would offer more viable and credible results.

Anthropometric Characteristics, Handgrip Strength, and Upper Limb Asymmetries in Highly Trained Chilean Shot Put Para-Athletes / Características Antropométricas, Fuerza de Prensión Manual y Asimetrías de Miembros Superiores en Para-Atletas Chilenos de Lanzamiento de Bala Altamente Entrenados

SUMMARY: Anthropometric characteristics, including body size, shape, and composition, can have a significant impact on sports performance due to their influence on various physiological and biomechanical factors. However, limited research has been conducted on the anthropometric characteristics of highly trained throwing para-athletes. The purpose of this study was to describe the anthropometric characteristics, handgrip strength, and upper limb bilateral asymmetries of highly trained Chilean shot put para-throwers. Five male Chilean shot put para-athletes (average age of 38.8 ± 7.7 years) were assessed for their anthropometric characteristics, including skinfold thickness at six anatomical sites, girth at five sites, and bone breadth at two sites. Handgrip strength and bilateral asymmetries were also measured. The body mass and height of the athletes were found to be 90.5 ± 5.1 kg and 179.1 ± 8.9 cm, respectively. The athletes were found to have an endo-mesomorph somatotype (4.4-6.9-1.0) with high levels of fat mass (25.7 ± 2.8 %) and skeletal muscle mass (39.1 ± 3.7 %). The handgrip strength of the athletes was found to be 66.4 ± 6.7 kg with a bilateral asymmetry of 6.5 ± 6.2 %, with the dominant hand showing greater strength. The results indicate that the shot put para-athletes have a somatotype characterized by increased muscularity and body fat, along with a considerable stature. Although handgrip strength was found to be high, the athletes showed bilateral asymmetry, which requires further investigation to determine the cause and implications.

Las características antropométricas, incluido el tamaño, forma y composición del cuerpo, pueden tener un impacto significativo en el rendimiento deportivo debido a su influencia en diversos factores fisiológicos y biomecánicos. Sin embargo, las investigaciones sobre las características antropométricas para-atletas de lanzamiento altamente entrenados son limitadas. El propósito de este estudio fue describir las características antropométricas, la fuerza de prensión manual y las asimetrías bilaterales de miembros superiores de paralanzadores chilenos altamente entrenados en lanzamiento de la bala. Se evaluaron las características antropométricas de cinco atletas masculinos chilenos de lanzamiento de bala (edad promedio de 38,8 ± 7,7 años), incluido el grosor de los pliegues cutáneos en seis sitios anatómicos, la circunferencia en cinco sitios y la anchura de los huesos en dos sitios. También se midieron la fuerza de prensión manual y las asimetrías bilaterales. Se encontró que la masa corporal y la altura de los atletas eran 90,5 ± 5,1 kg y 179,1 ± 8,9 cm, respectivamente. Los atletas tenían un somatotipo endo-mesomorfo (4.4-6.9-1.0) con altos niveles de masa grasa (25.7 ± 2.8 %) y masa muscular esquelética (39.1 ± 3.7 %). Se encontró además que la fuerza de prensión manual de los atletas era de 66,4 ± 6,7 kg con una asimetría bilateral de 6,5 ± 6,2 %, mostrando mayor fuerza la mano dominante. Los resultados indican que los atletas de lanzamiento de bala tienen un somatotipo caracterizado por una mayor musculatura y grasa corporal, junto con una estatura considerable. Aunque se encontró que la fuerza de agarre era alta, los atletas mostraron asimetría bilateral, lo que requiere de más investigaciones para determinar las causa e implicaciones.

Anthropometric profile and body composition of the Mexican olympic beach volleyball team / Perfil antropométrico y composición corporal de la selección olímpica mexicana de voleibol de playa

SUMMARY: The present research corresponds to a cross-sectional descriptive study in the anthropometric field, which allows coaches to develop standards to identify talent and optimize training in the discipline of beach volleyball. Its objective was to define the anthropometric profile and body composition of the Mexican Olympic beach volleyball teams in both sexes. The participants were couples one and two of Mexico in both sexes (defined by FIVB ranking), 4 women and 4 men with average age of 30.25±6.85 and 27.25±7.36 years. The technique used was Heath-Carter´s somatotype method and the anthropometric profile restricted ISAK protocol. Among the findings resulting from the research, unification can be observed in the male morphological characteristics (triceps skinfold, front thigh skinfold, calf skinfold, circumference of relaxed and contracted arm, waist, hip, femur diameter and BMI), as for the somatotype, both sexes of Mexican couples are positioned in mesomorphs-balanced. In relation to other studies consulted, balance in somatotype and muscular development is observed with high performance teams. Weight and height, as well as age, are important variables for the selection of talent and future optimal performance in world and professional volleyball.

La presente investigación corresponde a un estudio descriptivo transversal en el campo antropométrico, que permite a los entrenadores desarrollar estándares para identificar talentos y optimizar el entrenamiento en la disciplina de voleibol de playa. Su objetivo fue definir el perfil antropométrico y la composición corporal de las selecciones olímpicas mexicanas de voleibol de playa en ambos géneros. Los participantes fueron las parejas uno y dos de México en ambos géneros (definidos por ranking Fédération Internationale de Volleyball), 4 mujeres y 4 hombres con edad promedio de 30.25±6.85 y 27.25±7.36 años. La técnica utilizada fue el método del somatotipo de Heath-Carter y el protoolo ISAK del perfil antropométrico restringido. Entre los hallazgos resultantes de la investigación, se puede observar una unificación en las carácteristicas morfológicas masculinas (pliegue cuatáneotricipital, pliegue cutáneo anterior del muslo, pliegue citáneo de la pantorrila, circunferencia del brazo relajado y contraído, cintura, cadera, diámetro del fémur e IMC), en cuanto al somatotipo, ambos sexos de las parejas mexicanas se posicionan en mesomorfos-equilibrados. En relación a otros estudios consultados, se observa equilibrio en somatotipo y desarrollo muscular con equipos de alto rendimiento. El peso y la altura, así como la edad, son variables importantes para la selección del talento y en el futuro desempeño óptimo en el voleibol mundial y profesional.

Research advances in lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 临床肝胆病杂志

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） is currently the main cause of chronic liver disease worldwide， and it can progress to hepatitis， liver fibrosis， liver cirrhosis， and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Although obesity plays a key role in the development of NAFLD， more and more studies have confirmed that NAFLD still exists in lean individuals， and lean NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of death and accelerated disease progression. Therefore， lean NAFLD also deserves careful evaluation and follow-up； however， we still know little about the pathophysiological mechanism of lean NAFLD. This article reviews the etiology， diagnosis， treatment， and prognosis of lean NAFLD.

Related factors of abnormal body posture among urban primary school students in Yinchuan / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of abnormal body posture among urban primary school students in Yinchuan City, and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of abnormal body posture.@*Methods@#A multi stage stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to select 1 947 urban primary school students aged 7-12 years from 9 schools in Yinchuan City. Body Style(Model.S-8.0) instrument was used to screen abnormal body posture and questionnaire was designed to investigate related factors.@*Results@#The comprehensive body posture score of urban primary school students in Yinchuan City was(22.07±2.87), and the detection rate of abnormal posturing was 71.29%；which varied significantly by gender, age, body mass index (BMI)( χ 2=9.84, 13.47, 6.46, P <0.05). Specially, the rate of girls (73.54%) was higher than that of boys( 69.07 %); the abnormal rate of children aged 7-8(68.24%) was lower than that of 9-10(72.17%) and 11-12(73.54%); obese children (74.91%) was higher than that of overweight (72.64%) and normal weight children(70.28%). The high and low shoulders (40.73%), pelvis forward (39.39%) and X/O legs (38.57%) were the most common indicators of abnormal posture; the composition of the overall body posture abnormalities was higher in mild (54.32%) than moderate (37.82%) and severe (7.85%).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that girls( OR =1.23), being older(9-10 years old OR =1.89, 11-12 years old OR = 2.48 ), overweight ( OR =1.39) and obesity( OR =2.34), occasionally participate in physical exercise ( OR =2.96), exercise duration <30 minutes daily ( OR =2.77), video duration ≥2 h daily ( OR =2.84), almost no dairy products ( OR =1.79), almost no food Fish consumption ( OR =1.77), almost no vegetables ( OR =2.14), drinking carbonated beverages daily ( OR =2.97), and sleeping time <6 h daily ( OR =2.56) were the related factors of body posture development of urban primary school students( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The abnormal body posture of urban primary school students in Yinchuan City is prevalent, which is related to the timely length of physical exercise, nutrition, video screen and sleep duration, and should be paid enough attention.

Anthropometric characteristics and physical activity level of Orienteers: a pilot study / Características antropométricas e nível de atividade física de Orientistas: um estudo piloto

Abstract The present study aimed to describe a study protocol for Orienteers' anthropometric characteristics and physical activity level. This is an individualized, observation and cross-sectional pilot study, that has encompassed three Orienteers (2 Portuguese men and 1 Spanish woman) with mean age 22.6 ± 3.78 years and 8.0 ± 2.64 consecutive years of Orientation practice. In total, 26 anthropometric variables were assessed: four basic measurements, nine skinfolds, nine girths and four breadths; Body Mass Index was calculated, as well as body composition and somatotype (according to the Heath-Carter method). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form was used to obtain the score expressed as metabolic equivalent and the energy expenditure in kilocalories, both during the reference week. Mean somatotype recorded for Orienteering athletes could be defined as balanced mesomorph. Scores recorded for different physical activity/ inactivity expressed domains have shown high-energy expenditure. Sports Science Professionals can use the herein proposed protocol to improve Orienteers' training.

Resumo Objetivou-se descrever um protocolo de estudo das características antropométricas e do nível de atividade física de Orientistas. Trata-se de um estudo piloto, caracterizado como individualizado, observacional e transversal. Participaram do estudo três Orientistas (2 homens Portugueses e 1 mulher Espanhola) com 22,6 ± 3,78 anos de idade e 8,0 ± 2,64 anos de prática consecutiva de Orientação. Foram avaliadas 26 variáveis antropométricas: quatro medidas básicas, nove dobras cutâneas, nove circunferências e quatro diâmetros ósseos; Índice de Massa Corporal foi calculado, bem como a composição corporal e o somatotipo (de acordo com o método Heath-Carter). O Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física, versão curta e auto-administrado, foi utilizado para obter a pontuação expressa como equivalente metabólico e o dispêndio energético em quilocalorias, ambos durante a semana de referência. A média do somatotipo dos atletas de Orientação pode ser definida como mesomorfo balanceado. As pontuações dos diferentes domínios da atividade física/ inatividade expressas, demonstraram um elevado dispêndio energético. Profissionais das Ciências do Esporte podem usar o protocolo proposto para melhor controle do treinamento de Orientistas.

Using Traditional Typologies to Understand Posture Movement and Cognitive Performance - A cross sectional study.

Context: We employed two classification methods that characterize psycho-somatotype categorization to understand motor and cognitive performance. The Trunk Index produces three somatotypes/body type categories: ectomorphs, mesomorphs, and endomorphs, and Prakriti classifications categorizes people into three categories: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Comparing these two categorization methods offers insights into anthropometric measures that combine psychological and physical characteristics to account for motor and cognitive behavior. Aims: The present study examined variations in cognitive and motor performances using the two typologies - prakriti and somato body types using cross-sectional study design. Subjects and Methods: The study employed fifty-eight healthy young adults, classified into prakriti (vata, pitta, kapha) and ecto-, meso-, endo-morph body types, to examine their cognitive performance (reaction time [RT] and accuracy), and motor performance (posture stability and posture accuracy) in standing yoga postures. Statistical Analysis Used: Analysis of covariance was performed to compare the cognitive and postural performance across the three somato and prakriti types after adjusting for age and gender as covariates. Post-hoc analysis of Bonferroni was performed with the consideration of Levene's test. Partial correlations were employed to investigate the correlation between postural stability and cognitive performance measures for each of the prakriti- and somato-body types as well as between the prakriti typology (scores) and trunk index values (adjusting the effects of age and gender as control variables). A P < 0.05 was selected at the statistical significance level. SPSS 26.0 version was used for the analysis. Results: Cognitive performance was observed to vary in terms of RT across somato- and prakriti body types (P < 0.05). Postural stability and cognitive performance are positively connected only for ectomorph body types (P < 0.05). Variations in motor performance were not significant. Barring ectomorph type, no other somato- and prakriti body types showed significant relationships between postural stability and cognitive performance. Likewise, the association between the features used for prakriti classification, and the trunk index scores showed marginal significance, only for a small subset of physical features of prakriti assessment (P = 0.055) (P1). Conclusions: Comparing classifications that use psychophysical attributes might offer insights into understanding variations in measures of motor and cognitive performance in a sample of healthy individuals.

A New Strategy for Somatotype Assessment Using Bioimpedance Analysis: Stratification According to Sex.

Body composition assessment is a relevant element in the biomedical field, in research and daily practice in the medical and nutritional fields, and in the management of athletes. This paper aimed to operate in an Italian sample investigating the possibility of predicting the somatotype from bioimpedance analysis and comparing the predicted results with those obtained from anthropometric measurements. This observational study was conducted with retrospective data collected from 2827 subjects. The somatotype of each subject was calculated both with the Heath−Carter method and by a multiple regression model based on bioimpedance and anthropometric parameters. Somatotypes (endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph) were predicted with a high goodness of fit (R2 adjusted > 0.80). Two different somatocharts were obtained from anthropometric measures and bioimpedance parameters and subsequentially compared. Bland−Altman plots showed acceptable accuracy. This study could be a first step in developing a new approach that allows the detection of a subject's somatotype via bioimpedance analysis, stratified according to sex, with a time-saving and more standardized procedure. It would allow, for example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, to minimize operator−patient contact in having measurements.

Correlations between physical activity, sedentary behavior and physical posture disorders in primary school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore correlations between physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB) and physical posture disorders in primary school students, and to provide reference for the prevention and correction of adverse body posture in this group.@*Methods@#From September to December 2020, 206 children from 4 primary schools in Chaoyang District of Beijing were selected by multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. Body posture and PA were assessed using a body posture tester and a triaxial accelerometer. Children s Leisure Activity Questionnaire was used to investigate SB.@*Results@#The detection rate of abnormal body posture in primary school students was 76.70%. PA showed positive assocation with high and low shoulder, X/O leg, pelvis forward, spine curvature and comprehensive evaluation ( β =0.17, 0.21, 0.19, 0.24, 0.19, P <0.05). SB had significant negative linear correlation with high and low shoulder, X/O leg,pelvis forward, spine curvature and comprehensive evaluation ( β = -0.24 , -0.22, -0.36, -0.24, -0.27, P <0.05). In the combination analysis, children with high PA plus low SB ( OR=2.12, 95%CI= 1.46-3.37, P <0.05) and children with low PA plus high SB had the highest and lowest advantages of qualified rate of body posture assessment,respectively. Compare with low SB and low PA( OR=1.71, 95%CI=1.41-2.74, P <0.05), high PA and high SB ( OR=1.85, 95%CI=1.38-2.86, P <0.05) had higher qualified rate of body posture assessment.@*Conclusion@#Physical activity shows positive effects on physical posture while sedentary behavior shows negative effects on physical posture. The combination of PA and SB has a counteracting or synergistic interaction effect.

Correlation of body composition parameters and anthropometric somatotypes with Prakriti body types among the Meitei adults of Manipur, India.

BACKGROUND: Body composition and types are often considered essential health indicators for lifestyle-related disease. Assessment of body type based on tridosha is regarded as a prerequisite in Ayurveda. AIM: To correlate body compositions and somatotypes with Prakriti body types. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study on 463 adult individuals was done. Anthropometric and body composition parameters were measured. Heath-Carter somatotypes and Prakriti body types were also determined. Tests of association were calculated. Correlation and concordance analysis was also done to infer the correlation between body composition parameters and Prakriti body types. RESULTS: Kapha Prakriti have significantly higher body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage and body fat mass. Vata have the lowest mean values in all body composition parameters with Pitta in the intermediate position compared to the other Prakriti types. There is a strong and positive statistical association between Prakriti body types and body composition parameters, except height. Cohen's Kappa analysis reveals there is a fair concordance between Prakriti body types and somatotype. CONCLUSIONS: Prakriti assessment can explain an individual's fatness as it correlates with body composition parameters and could be used to predict risk susceptibility to various complex disorders.

Perfil morfológico en levantadores de pesas federados de la región de Valparaíso, Chile / Morphological profile of federated weightlifters from the Valparaiso region, Chile

Introducción: En la halterofilia los perfiles antropométricos permiten una mejor planificación y ejecución del entrenamiento deportivo. Objetivo: Describir y comparar según sexo, el perfil antropométrico y somatotipo de levantadores de pesas federados de la región de Valparaíso, Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Participaron 40 adultos levantadores de pesas. La evaluación antropométrica fue realizada utilizando el protocolo de medición y marcaje de la Sociedad Internacional de Avances en Cineantropometría, método pentacompartimental de Ross y Kerr y somatotipo de Heath-Carter. Se aplicó la T de Student para muestras independientes y U Mann-Whitney para comparar características antropométricas entre grupos. El poder estadístico y el tamaño efecto se calculó con "d" de Cohen. Resultados: Existen diferencias significativas entre grupos, para masa muscular relativa (p=0,003; d=0,96) y absoluta (p≤;0,001; d=2,42); masa adiposa relativa (p≤0,001; d=1,46); masa ósea absoluta (p≤0,001; d=1,41); masa piel relativa (p≤0,001; d=1,96) y absoluta (p≤0,001; d=0,97); masa residual relativa (p=0,006; d=1,08) y absoluta (p≤0,001; d=2,09), mientras que la distribución del somatotipo clasifica al grupo masculino como Endo-Mesomorfo y al femenino como Mesomorfo-Endomorfo, observando diferencias significativas en el mesomorfismo (p≤;0,001; d=1,48). Conclusiones: Existe un predominio del somatotipo mesomórfico, existiendo diferencias significativas en los componentes de composición corporal.

Introduction: Anthropometric profiles allow better planning and execution of sports training in weightlifting. Objective: To describe and compare, according to gender, the anthropometric profile and somatotype of federated weightlifters from the Valparaiso region of Chile. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study that included 40 adult weightlifters. The anthropometric assessment was carried out using the measurement and marking protocol of the International Society for Advances in Kinanthropometry, Ross and Kerr pentacompartmental method, and Heath-Carter somatotype. A Student's t test was applied for independent samples and U Mann-Whitney was used to compare anthropometric characteristics between groups. The statistical power and effect size were calculated using Cohen's "d". Results: There are significant differences between groups for: relative (p=0.003; d=0.96) and absolute (p≤0.001; d=2.42) muscle mass; relative fat mass (p≤0.001; d=1.46); absolute bone mass (p≤0.001; d=1.41); relative (p≤0.001; d=1.96) and absolute (p≤0.001; d=0.97) skin mass; relative (p=0.006; d=1.08) and absolute (p≤0.001; d=2.09) residual mass. Based on the somatotype distribution, the male and female groups were classified as Endo-Mesomorph and Mesomorph-Endomorph, respectively, which showed significant differences in mesomorphism (p≤0.001; d=1.48). Conclusions: There is a predominance of the mesomorphic somatotype, with significant differences in the components of the body composition.

Effects of isotonic muscle exercise on body shape and neck-shoulder muscle activity of college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#The purpose of this study was to investigate effects two kinds of isotonic muscle contraction training on muscle body shape and neck-shoulder muscle activity among college students with physical inactivity and poor body posture, to provide appropriate exercise options for these college students.@*Methods@#Thirty subjects with typical sedentary behavior and upper-cross syndrome were randomly divided into no load isotonic training(IT),resistance isotonic training(RIT) and health education control(C) groups. Two training groups were trained for 12 weeks. All subjects were tested their heath-carter anthropometric somatotype,cervical spine angle,range of cervical spine extending and scapula adduction,surface electromyography data of neck and shoulder musle activity were measured before/after training.@*Results@#After training,three factors value in IT, RIT, C groups were[(3.68±1.01)(5.68±1.05)(3.17±0.54)，(2.84±0.84)(5.87±1.45)(1.34±0.10)，(3.82±0.18)(4.83±1.03)(3.30±0.22)] respectively. After training,cervical spine angles were(32.70±9.20)(20.78±2.24)(11.24±3.21)°; extending angles of cervical spine were(3.21±1.82)(2.24±0.60)(1.24±0.01)°; ranges of scapula adduction were(3.44±1.28)(3.08±1.35)(6.08±1.57)cm in IT, RIT, C groups respectively. Three parameters in two training groups significantly increased(F=8.43, 7.29, 8.04, P<0.05). Antagonistic muscle coactivation in neck and shoulder in three groups were(0.11±0.01) and(0.34±0.02)(0.31±0.01) and(0.56±0.03)(0.36±0.11) and(0.69±0.04) respectively,which significantly decreased in two training groups(F=27.39,5.45,P<0.05). There were more obviously changes of neck and shoulder musclebone system in IT group(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Musculoskeletal system improved while body fat reduced after resistance isotonic training. No load isotonic training was more superior in adjusting and correctingg upper-crossed syndrome posture than resistance isotonic training. College students with sedentary behavior and upper-cross syndrome can choose no load isotonic training preliminarily for muscle strength and concordance increasing before adding load.

[Anthroponutriciology: the development of the ideas of the founders of a new scientific direction].

The most outstanding Russian anatomists and anthropologists D.A. Zhdanov and B.A. Nikityuk and the leading nutritionist A.A. Pokrovsky were the founders of the Anthroponutritiology, which arose at the junction of Anthropological Anatomy and Nutrition Science and represented a new stage in the integration of these two sciences. Both Sciences, enriching each other with facts, existing methodology and established traditions, implementing modern innovative approaches, bring the physical and nutritional status of individuals closer to the standard (the "gold standard"). One of the applied tasks of Anthroponutritiology is the identification of the constitutional dependence of morphophysiological characters and determination of anthropological and clinical associations. Solving problems of Anthroponutritiology is a primary public concern, the most crucial state task. This issue is under the mandate of Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology and biotechnology, which implements this new branch of Science.

Predictive effect of somatotype cognitive deviation on dieting tendency in female college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#BMI-based Silhouette Matching Test was used to quantify body image perception and expectation perception of female college students, and to investigate the predictive effect of body image perception deviation on dieting tendency. so as to provide evidence for further intervention measures.@*Methods@#A total of 579 female college students from 5 classes in two normal universities in Chongqing were conveniently sampled, and a questionnaire survey was conducted among the female college students. Multivariate stepwise regression was used to analyze the predictors of dieting tendency.@*Results@#About 41.62% of female college students had deviation between subjective somatotype perception and actual somatotype, and 81.69%(473) of female college students had deviation in their somatotype expectation after quantification. The degree of cognitive deviation of somatotype expectation was negatively correlated with eating behavior and positively correlated with dieting tendency(r=-0.10, 0.36, P<0.05). Dieting tendency was positively correlated with BMI and negatively correlated with eating behavior(r=0.14, -0.18, P<0.05). The degree of cognitive deviation of somatotype expectation, eating behavior, BMI, eating health awareness, and grade all had predictive effects on dieting tendency. The multivariate correlation coefficient between the five predictive variables and dieting tendency was 0.43, and the determination coefficient was 0.18. The overall test value of the regression model was 4.24(P=0.04). The five predictive variables accounted for 18.1% of the dieting tendency, among which the most powerful was the degree of cognitive deviation in somatotype expectation, which accounted for 12.9% of the variance.@*Conclusion@#There is a general deviation in female college students’ cognition of somatotype, mainly because they expect to be thinner. Irrational expectations of somatotype will lead to poor diet and even dieting behaviors, which will seriously affect their physical and mental health. Targeted intervention measures should be taken.

Follow-up study on height growth of preschool children with different stable physique / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the characteristic of height growth among preschool children with normal physique, overweight and obese, and in order to provide basis for proper physical growth intervention of preschool children.@*Methods@#Cluster sampling method was used and preschool children of kindergartens in 7 cities were selected, height and weight was measured, the information of birth date and sex were collected by parents’ questionnaires. The "WHO Child Growth Standards" was used for evaluate children’s height and body mass index. ANOVA analysis and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used for statistic analysis.@*Results@#There were 2 479 children who were normal weight, overweight and obese at baseline and were followed up for 2 years. The detection rate of <P25 height decreased by years(12.08%, 3.70%, 2.21%), and ≥P75 height evaluation increased among children with different physique(35.20%, 55.56%, 73.48%). Compared with normal weight children, overweight and obese children had higher average height, annual height growth value, detection rate of annual height growth value greater than 7 cm, detection rate of ≥P75 height and height annual increase rate.@*Conclusion@#Parents and practitioners in MCH should pay attention to the children’s height growth, especially on overweight and obese children. More in-depth research are needed to explore the relationship between children’s height and physique.

Características de la estructura corporal, hábitos dietéticos y función renal a través de la vida, de personas saludables de clase media entre los 20 y 80 años de edad de Lima / Body features, dietary habits and renal function of healthy middle class people between 20 and 80 years of age in Lima

Objetivos: Describir los cambios en el agua corporal, masa magra, contenido de grasa, aclaramiento de creatinina y urea y características dietéticas de personas saludables en Lima-Perú. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron personas de sexo y edades entre 20 y 80 años, comparables con Índice Masa Corporal normal, autosuficientes, calidad de vida satisfactoria y sin enfermedad crónica. Se midieron los datos estructurales con Bioimpedancia. La función renal se determinó mediante la creatinina y urea en sangre y el aclaramiento de creatinina y de urea. Las características dietéticas se infirieron de la medición de urea, sodio y potasio en la misma muestra de orina. Resultados: Hubo diferencia significativa en: agua corporal, grasa, masa magra, creatinina (sérica y urinaria) y urea sérica entre sexos. La masa magra se relacionó directamente con el agua corporal (r=0,81; p=0,000 en hombres y r=0,465; p=0,000 en mujeres) e inversamente con la grasa. En el análisis de regresión lineal multivariado, únicamente la masa magra, grasa y agua corporal mostraron significancia estadística con la edad, pero los cambios de estas variables difirieron entre hombres y mujeres. La creatinina y urea sérica no cambiaron con la edad, pero sí el aclaramiento de ambas. El aclaramiento de urea tuvo regresión lineal en hombres y cúbica en las mujeres. Hubo correlación negativa entre edad e ingesta proteica en hombres (r=-0,594; p=0,006), sal sódica (r=-0,451; p=0,021) y potasio (r=-0,443; p=0,023) en mujeres. Conclusiones: La estructura corporal, filtración glomerular y hábitos dietéticos cambian con la edad en nuestra población normal, pero con características diferentes entre hombres y mujeres. (AU)

Objectives: To describe changes in body water, lean body mass, fatty content, creatinine and urea clearance and dietary habits of healthy persons in Lima. Methods: Persons of both sexes between 20 and 80 years with normal body mass index, self-sufficient, with satisfactory quality of life and without chronic renal disease were included in the study. Electric bio impedance was used to get body structural data. Renal function was measured with creatinine clearance, serum creatinine and urea. Dietary features were inferred from urea, sodium and potassium measurements from a urine sample. Results: A statistical significant difference in sexes was found for body water, fatty content, lean body mass, creatinine (in serum and urine) and urea. Lean body mass was directly correlated with body water (r=0.81; p=0.000 in males and r=0.465; p=0.000 in females) and inversely correlated with fatty content. The multivariate lineal regression analysis only found correlation of lean body mass, fatty content and body water with age, but changes in these variables differed between males and females. Serum urea and creatinine did not change with age, but the clearance of both of them did it. Urea clearance showed linear correlation in males but cubic in females. A negative correlation between age and protein intake was observed (r=-0.594; p=0.006), sodium salt (r=-0.451; p=0.021) and with potassium in females. Conclusions: Body structure, glomerular filtration and dietary habits change with age in our healthy population but with differences by sex. (AU)

Perfil morfológico de jugadoras profesionales de fútbol en Chile / Morphological Profile of Female Professional Soccer Players in Chile

Fundamentos: En deportes colectivos como el fútbol, el conocimiento de los perfiles de los jugadores puede permitir una mejor selección y entrenamiento. El fútbol femenino, si bien comenzó en los años 70, solo en las últimas décadas ha tenido un desarrollo profesional considerable.Objetivo: describir el perfil antropométrico y somatotipo de futbolistas mujeres.Métodos: estudio descriptivo, que consistió en evaluar a 72 jugadoras del sexo femenino, pertenecientes a la Federación Chilena de Fútbol Femenino. Para la obtención y análisis del perfil morfológico de estas, se midió masa corporal, estatura de pie, estatura sentado, sumatoria de seis pliegues cutáneos y sumatoria de ocho pliegues cutáneos, según el protocolo de marcaje y medición de la Sociedad Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Cineantropometría. También fueron calculados los tres componentes del somatotipo de Heath-Carter por cada posición de juego.Resultados: no se encontraron diferencias significativas a nivel de masa corporal, estura, sumatoria de seis y ocho pliegues, pero sí en la variable estatura sentado (p<0,05). No hubo diferencias significativas a niveles absolutos y relativos de masa muscular y adiposa, pero sí en la masa ósea relativa (p<0,05). El 66,7 % de las jugadoras presentó un mesomorfismo como componente principal.Conclusión: en todas las categorías predominó el somatotipo mesomórfico, y existen diferencias significativas en la composición corporal entre categorías, por ello sería importante considerar estrategias específicas para cada una de ellas a fin de optimizar el rendimiento deportivo de las atletas.

Foundation: In team sports as soccer, knowing the player´s profiles may allow a better choice and training. Female soccer, even though it started in the 70´s, only in the last decades it has had a considerable development.Objective: to describe the anthropometric and somatotype of soccer female players.Methods: descriptive study which consisted on evaluating 72 female soccer players pertaining to the Chilean Female Soccer Federation. For obtaining and analyzing their morphologic profile, their body mass, standing height, sitting height, the total sum of six cutaneous folders and eight cutaneous folders were measured according to the protocol of marking and measuring of the International Society for developing Cineanthropometry. There were also calculated the three components of Health-Carter somatotype for each game position.Results: There were not found significant differences of body mass, height, total of six and eight cutaneous folders, there were in the variable sitting height (p<0,05). There were not significant differences at absolute and relative levels of adipose and body mass but there was in relative bone mass (p<0, 05). The 66, 7 % of the players showed a mesomorphism as the main component.Conclusion: Mesomorphic somatotype predominated in all categories and there are significant differences among categories. That is why it is necessary to consider specific strategies for each of them aiming at optimizing the athlete's sport output