Aquisição da líquida não lateral por crianças de Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brasil / Acquisition of the non-lateral liquid by children from Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais -Brazil / Adquisición de la liquida no lateral por niños de Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brasil

Introdução: Estudos demonstram que a aquisição das líquidas não laterais, tanto na língua portuguesa quanto na inglesa, é a mais tardia devido a suas características acústicas e articulatórias. Entretanto, não há consenso sobre sua idade de aquisição. Desta forma, é importante se conhecer os resultados das várias regiões geográficas devido às variantes linguísticas. Objetivo: Verificar a aquisição do fonema /?/ em crianças falantes da variante mineira do português brasileiro em onset simples e complexo.Método: Amostra composta por 86 crianças de 3 a 6 anos e 11 meses de escolas públicas e privadas, com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem. O fonema foi considerado adquirido quando 75% das crianças apresentassem 75% de acertos na produção das palavras. Resultados: Observou-se que o fonema /?/ em onset simples foi adquirido aos 4 anos de idade e em onset complexo aos 6 anos. Conclusão: A aquisiçãodo fonema em questão nas crianças estudadas está equiparada à de crianças do Rio Grande do Sul e do Rio de Janeiro em onset simples. Em onset complexo a idade de aquisição se compara com a pesquisafeita em São Paulo.(AU)

Introduction: Studies have shown that the acquisition of the non-lateral liquids, both in the Portuguese and the English language, occurs at a later stage due to the acoustic and articulatory characteristics of those phonemes. However, there is no consensus as to the age of their acquisition. Thus, it is important to know the outcomes of research in the various geographic regions given the existing linguistic variants. Aim: To assess the acquisition of the phoneme /?/ by children who are speakers of the Brazilian Portuguese variant spoken in the city of Belo Horizonte (state of Minas Gerais) in simple and complex onset. Method: The sample comprised 86 children aged 3 years to 6 years 11 months from public and private schools with typical language development. The phoneme was considered acquired when 75% of the children produced at least 75% of the words correctly. Results: The phoneme /?/ was acquired at 4 years of age in simple onset and at 6 years in complex onset. Conclusion: The acquisition of the phoneme /?/ in simple onset by the children in our study is comparable to that observed in children from the states of Rio Grande doSul and Rio de Janeiro. Regarding the complex onset, the age of acquisition was comparable to that of a study conducted in São Paulo state.(AU)

Introducción: Estudios demuestran que la adquisición de las líquidas no laterales, tanto en la lengua portuguesa como en la inglesa, es la más tardía debido a sus características acústicas y articulatorias. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso sobre la edad de adquisición. De esta manera, es importante que se conozcan los resultados de las varias regiones geográficas debido a sus variantes lingüísticas. Objetivo: Verificar la adquisición del fonema /?/ en niños hablantes de la variante lingüística de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) del portugués brasileño en onset simple y complejo. Método: la muestra estuvo compuesta de 86 niños de 3 a 6 años y 11 meses de escuelas públicas y privadas, con desarrollo típico del lenguaje. Se consideró adquirido el fonema cuando el 75% de los niños presentara el 75% de aciertos en la producción de las palabras. Resultados: Se observó que el fonema /?/ en onset simple fue adquirido alos 4 años de edad y en onset complejo a los 6. Conclusión: La adquisición de este fonema en los niños analizados se equipara a los niños del Rio Grande do Sul y de Rio de Janeiro en onset simple. En onset complejo la edad de adquisición se compara a la investigación realizada en Sao Paulo.(AU)

Aquisição da líquida não lateral por crianças de Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brasil / Acquisition of the non-lateral liquid by children from Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais -Brazil / Adquisición de la liquida no lateral por niños de Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brasil

Introdução: Estudos demonstram que a aquisição das líquidas não laterais, tanto na língua portuguesa quanto na inglesa, é a mais tardia devido a suas características acústicas e articulatórias. Entretanto, não há consenso sobre sua idade de aquisição. Desta forma, é importante se conhecer os resultados das várias regiões geográficas devido às variantes linguísticas. Objetivo: Verificar a aquisição do fonema /?/ em crianças falantes da variante mineira do português brasileiro em onset simples e complexo. Método: Amostra composta por 86 crianças de 3 a 6 anos e 11 meses de escolas públicas e privadas, com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem. O fonema foi considerado adquirido quando 75% das crianças apresentassem 75% de acertos na produção das palavras. Resultados: Observou-se que o fonema /?/ em onset simples foi adquirido aos 4 anos de idade e em onset complexo aos 6 anos. Conclusão: A aquisição do fonema em questão nas crianças estudadas está equiparada à de crianças do Rio Grande do Sul e do Rio de Janeiro em onset simples. Em onset complexo a idade de aquisição se compara com a pesquisa feita em São Paulo.

Introduction: Studies have shown that the acquisition of the non-lateral liquids, both in the Portuguese and the English language, occurs at a later stage due to the acoustic and articulatory characteristics of those phonemes. However, there is no consensus as to the age of their acquisition. Thus, it is important to know the outcomes of research in the various geographic regions given the existing linguistic variants. Aim: To assess the acquisition of the phoneme /?/ by children who are speakers of the Brazilian Portuguese variant spoken in the city of Belo Horizonte (state of Minas Gerais) in simple and complex onset. Method: The sample comprised 86 children aged 3 years to 6 years 11 months from public and private schools with typical language development. The phoneme was considered acquired when 75% of the children produced at least 75% of the words correctly. Results: The phoneme /?/ was acquired at 4 years of age in simple onset and at 6 years in complex onset. Conclusion: The acquisition of the phoneme /?/ in simple onset by the children in our study is comparable to that observed in children from the states of Rio Grande doSul and Rio de Janeiro. Regarding the complex onset, the age of acquisition was comparable to that of a study conducted in São Paulo state.

Introducción: Estudios demuestran que la adquisición de las líquidas no laterales, tanto en la lengua portuguesa como en la inglesa, es la más tardía debido a sus características acústicas y articulatorias. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso sobre la edad de adquisición. De esta manera, es importante que se conozcan los resultados de las varias regiones geográficas debido a sus variantes lingüísticas. Objetivo: Verificar la adquisición del fonema /?/ en niños hablantes de la variante lingüística de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) del portugués brasileño en onset simple y complejo. Método: la muestra estuvo compuesta de 86 niños de 3 a 6 años y 11 meses de escuelas públicas y privadas, con desarrollo típico del lenguaje. Se consideró adquirido el fonema cuando el 75% de los niños presentara el 75% de aciertos en la producción de las palabras. Resultados: Se observó que el fonema /?/ en onset simple fue adquirido alos 4 años de edad y en onset complejo a los 6. Conclusión: La adquisición de este fonema en los niños analizados se equipara a los niños del Rio Grande do Sul y de Rio de Janeiro en onset simple. En onset complejo la edad de adquisición se compara a la investigación realizada en Sao Paulo.

Phonetic variations and sound changes in Hong Kong Cantonese: diachronic review, synchronic study and implications for speech sound assessment.

The aim of this article was to describe phonetic variations and sound changes in Hong Kong Cantonese (HKC) to provide speech-language pathologists with information about acceptable variants of standard pronunciations for speech sound assessments. Study 1 examined the pattern of variations and changes based on past diachronic research and historical written records. Nine phonetic variations were found. Five in syllable-initial and syllabic contexts: (1) [n-] → [l-], (2) [ŋ-] → Ø-, (3) Ø- → [ŋ-], (4) [k(w)ɔ-] → [kɔ-], (5) syllabic [ŋ̍] → [mÌ©]; and four in syllable-final contexts: (6) [-ŋ] → [-n], (7) [-n] → [-ŋ], (8) [-k] → [-t], (9) [-t] → [-k]. Historical records demonstrated the pattern of variation and changes in HKC across time. In study 2, a large-scale synchronic study of speakers of differing ages was undertaken to determine acceptable phonetic variations of HKC for speech sound assessments. In the synchronic study, single-words were elicited from 138 children (10;8-12;4) and 112 adults (18-45 years) who spoke Cantonese and lived in Hong Kong. Synchronic evidence demonstrated five acceptable variants in syllable-initial and syllabic contexts: (1) [n-] → [l-], (2) [ŋ-] → Ø-, (3) Ø- → [ŋ-], (4) [k(w)ɔ-] → [kɔ-] and (5) syllabic [ŋ̍] → [mÌ©] and four incomplete sound changes in syllable-final contexts: (6) [-ŋ] → [-n], (7) [-n] → [-ŋ], (8) [-k] → [-t] and (9) [-t] → [-k]. The incomplete sound changes may still be accepted as variants in speech sound assessments unless related speech problems are indicated.

The Usefulness of Picture Consonant Articulation Test Determining the Effectiveness of Frenotomy in Ankyloglossia Patients / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent of speech articulation disorder in ankyloglossia patients and to determine whether picture consonant articulation test has potential as a screening test to predict the outcome of surgery. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A total of 35 patients (25 boys and 10 girls with mean age of 3.69+/-1.18 years) with ankyloglossia who underwent frenotomy and recovered completely without complications were enrolled in this study. We examined the correlation between the subjective satisfaction of parents and the results of picture consonant articulation test. RESULTS: In the picture consonant articulation test, 20 patients (20/35, 57.14%) needed postoperative speech therapy. When the resutls of preoperative picture consonant articulation test and postoperative parents' subjective satisfaction were compared, "normal" had a satisfaction score of 4.53+/-0.74 points, "consider" had 3.89+/-1.05 points, and "demand" had 3.27+/-1.45 points. When a postoperative speech therapy was required, parents' satisfaction decreased (correlation coefficient r=-0.456). CONCLUSION: The preoperative picture consonant test in our study showed potential as a screening test for predicting the outcome of surgery for ankyloglossia patients.

Speech Improvement of the Patients Performed Primary Palatal Repair over 4 Years Old

Time to time, we face patients who missed the proper time for primary palatal repair. Although we do not have enough available documents, it is important to establish efficacy of palatal repair in patients more than 4 years old. From May 1995 to March 2005, we selected 14 patients who underwent palatal repair in more than 4 years old patients and they are able to tolerate speech articulation tests. Out of 14 patients 5 males an 9 females in sex, aged form 4 to 50 years old. 6 patients with incomplete cleft palate and 8 patients with submucous cleft palate. Double reversing Z-plasty(n=5), pushback palatoplasty(n=4), two flap palatoplasty(n=2), von Langenbeck palatoplasty(n=2), and intravelar veloplasty(n=1) were performed. Preoperative and postoperative speech articulation test, "Simple method of speech evaluation in Korean patients with cleft palate", were conducted. Satisfaction rate was sorted into 5 levels. There is no significant statistical correlation in the speech improvement, satisfaction rate, patients sex, cleft type and operative method. But there is significant statistical correlation between the speech improvement and patienet's age. There were better result in younger patient group than aged patients group.

Postoperative Speech Improvement in the Patients of Velopharyngeal Dysfunction without Definite Cleft Palate

The velopharyngeal dysfunction usually occurs in patients with previous operation of the cleft palate or with submucosal cleft palate. In case of velopharyngeal dysfunction without cleft palate, no study has been made when it comes to operative method and postoperative results. Here, we would like to present the operative methods and the postoperative results with the cases we've experienced. This study is based on seven cases of velopharyngeal dysfunction without cleft palate from 1999 to 2004. Analysis of age, sex, etiology, operative methods, satisfaction rate and speech evaluation was done. The patients were 3 males and 4 females, with an age ranged from 10 to 28 at the time of surgery. The follow-up period was more than six months. One case had bifid uvula, another had atypical anomaly in palate, and five cases had no anatomical abnormality. The palatal lengthening was done on one patient, the levator muscle repositioning on another patient and to the rest of them, the superiorly based posterior pharyngeal flap was done. It was difficult to determine the etiology of the velopharyngeal dysfunction without cleft palate. The speech improvement and the satisfaction rate of the patients and parents were diverse. Although the authors had a problem with statistical analysis between the operative age and the speech improvement, it was reasonable to perform a surgical operation because post operative speech improvement was observed in most cases regardless of age. There is little statistical correlation, but significantly higher outcomes were observed in palatal lengthening and levator muscle repositioning than in pharyngeal flap.