Aproximaciones del Complejo Médico Industrial y Financiero (CMIF) en el tenis, el ciclismo y el boxeo en Colombia / Approaches of the Industrial and Financial Medical Complex (IFMC) in tennis, cycling and boxing in Colombia

RESUMEN Desde sus inicios a mediados del siglo XX en los Estados Unidos de América, el complejo médico industrial (CMI) ha venido encontrando diferentes nichos de acumulación y rentabilidad, en la medida en que han ocurrido las transformaciones en el sistema capitalista global. El deporte es uno de los escenarios en los que paulatinamente ha entrado a operar el CMI con diferentes actores, que ya en el siglo XXI acumulan millonarias cifras de dinero a costa de los y las deportistas, sus cuerpos despojados y explotados, así como su salud y la vida. En tal sentido, el propósito de este artículo es aportar algunas reflexiones alrededor de las relaciones del CMF con el deporte como campo social de disputas capitalistas.

ABSTRACT Since its beginnings in the mid-20th century in the United States of America, the imedical-industrial complex (MIC) has been finding different niches of accumulation and profitability as transformations have occurred in the global capitalist system. Sport is one of the scenarios in which the MIC has gradually come to operate with different actors, who in the 21st century is already accumulating millions of dollars at the expense of athletes, their stripped and exploited bodies, as well as their health and life. In this sense, the purpose of this article is to contribute to some reflections on the relationship between the MIC and sport as a social field of capitalist disputes.

Nitrate-rich beet juice intake on cardiovascular performance in response to exercise in postmenopausal women with arterial hypertension: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: There is no evidence of the use of beetroot juice with a previously recommended dose of nitrate (NO3) (> 300 mg) on the cardiovascular performance during and recovery following exercise in postmenopausal women with systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). METHODS: We will investigate the effects of beetroot juice rich in NO3 acutely (800 mg) and during a week with daily doses (400 mg) on blood pressure, heart rate (HR), cardiac autonomic control, endothelial function, inflammatory, hormonal, and stress biomarkers oxidative stress and enzymes involved in nitric oxide synthesis and mitochondrial regulation, under resting conditions, as well as mediated by submaximal aerobic exercise sessions. Through a randomized, crossover, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 25 physically inactive women with SAH will undergo an acute and 1-week trial, each with two intervention protocols: (1) placebo and (2) beetroot, in which will ingest beet juice with or without NO3 in its composition with a 7-day washout interval. On collection days, exercise will be performed on a treadmill for 40 min at a speed corresponding to 65-70% of VO2peak. The collection of variables (cardiovascular, autonomic, and blood samples for molecular analyses) of the study will take place at rest (135 min after ingestion of the intervention), during exercise (40 min), and in the effort recovery stage (during 60 min) based on previously validated protocols. The collections were arranged so that the measurement of one variable does not interfere with the other and that they have adequate intervals between them. DISCUSSION: The results of this research may help in the real understanding of the nutritional compounds capable of generating safety to the cardiovascular system during physical exercise, especially for women who are aging and who have cardiovascular limitations (e.g., arterial hypertension) to perform physical exercise. Therefore, our results will be able to help specific nutritional recommendations to optimize cardiovascular health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05384340. Registered on May 20, 2022.

Conhecimentos em nutrição para o esporte e consumo de suplementos por praticantes de musculação em uma rede de academias / Sports Nutrition Knowledge and Supplement Consumption by Resistance Training Practitioners at a Gym Chain

Conhecimentos em nutrição para o esporte e consumo de suplementos por praticantes de musculação em uma rede de academiasARTIGO ORIGINALErivan de Olivindo Cavalcante1, Maria Rosimar Teixeira Matos2Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou avaliar os conhecimentos em nutrição para o esporte e o consumo de suplementos alimentares entre praticantes de musculação de uma rede de academias. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com 168 praticantes de musculação em três unidades de uma rede de academias de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Foram avaliados os conhecimentos em nutrição para o esporte e o consumo de suplementos através de um questionário estruturado, abordando os dados de identificação, informações sobre a prática de musculação e sobre a utilização de suplementos e questões objetivas acerca dos conhecimentos de nutrição para o esporte, sendo esses posteriormente classificados em baixo, moderado e alto, de acordo com pontuação obtida. A análise estatística foi realizada pela construção de frequências simples e relativas, médias e desvio-padrão, assim como por medidas de correlação, com significância fixada em 5%. Resultados: Observou-se que quase metade dos praticantes referiu o consumo de suplementos alimentares. Dentre os suplementos mais consumidos, destacaram-se os proteicos, estando o consumo independente de gênero, tempo de prática de musculação e conhecimentos em nutrição (p<0,05). A maioria dos indivíduos mostrou conhecimento moderado em nutrição, entretanto, observou-se dificuldade em associar os nutrientes com suas funções e suas utilizações para o esporte, principalmente quanto ao manejo proteico. Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo revelaram uma supervalorização do consumo proteico no âmbito da musculação, predispondo à adoção de práticas alimentares e de suplementação inadequadas. Faz-se necessária, assim, a elaboração e efetivação de ações de educação e assistência nutricional voltadas a esse público. (AU)

Objective: This study aims to assess knowledge on sports nutrition and dietary supplements consumption among resistance-training practitioners at a gym chain. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, carried out among 168 resistance-training practitioners in three units of a gym chain in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The participants' sports nutrition and supplement consumption knowledge was assessed using a structured questionnaire that addressed: identification data, information on training and supplement use, and objective questions on sports nutrition awareness, classifying the results as low, moderate and high, accordingly to the obtained scores. Statistical analysis was performed by simple and relative frequencies, mean, standard deviation, and correlation, with significance set as 5%. Results: It was observed that half of the respondents mentioned the consumption of dietary supplements. Among the most consumed, protein-based supplements were prominent, with consumption independent of gender, years of resistance training, and nutrition awareness (p<0.05). Most participants showed moderate nutrition knowledge, despite a perceivable difficulty in associating nutrients to their functions and sport-related uses, especially protein handling. Conclusion: These findings show an overvaluation of protein intake in the context of resistance training, which may lead to the adoption of inadequate dietary and supplementation practices. It is thus necessary to develop and implement education and nutrition assistance actions targeting this public (AU)

Suplementos alimentares e práticas corporais: a emergência da análise antropológica para a intervenção profissional em saúde / Dietary supplements and body practices: the emergence of anthropological analysis for professional health intervention

Na seara de estudos do campo das Ciências Humanas e Sociais em Alimentação, o presente manuscrito problematiza os usos de suplementos alimentares como uma construção socio-cultural no contexto das práticas corporais. Do mesmo modo que o ato de "comer" pode ser compreendido especificamente a partir de determinados grupos sociais em dado tempo histórico, este ensaio discute a relevância do campo antropológico para análise das condi-ções materiais e simbólicas do "tomar" suplementos alimentares por praticantes da cultura fit. Assim, com base em uma revisão narrativa, objetiva-se analisar e discutir a emergência da análise antropológica para a compreensão das relações entre práticas corporais e suple-mentos alimentares, especialmente para a intervenção profissional em saúde. Em termos gerais, optou-se por delinear quatro eixos argumentativos no sentido de sustentar o poten-cial teórico-metodológico da Antropologia para a sensibilização do ofício laboral em saúde no que diz respeito a esses produtos. Em síntese, foi possível considerar que a ingestão dessas substâncias pelos sujeitos revela experiências e vivências sociais que podem ser mo-duladas, articuladas, interpretadas e incorporadas à prescrição ou à orientação nos consul-tórios ou nos espaços de práticas corporais. Conclui-se que, diante do aumento do mercado consumidor desses produtos, há a necessidade de defender uma intervenção profissional dialógica, afetiva, sensível, integral, crítica, reflexiva, emancipada e, sobretudo, humana sobre o processo de suplementação.

In the field of studies of the Humanities and Social Sciences on Food, this manuscript problematizes the uses of dietary supplements as a sociocultural construction in the con-text of body practices. In the same way that the behavior of "eating" can be understood specifically from particular social groups in a given historical time, this essay discusses the relevance of the anthropological field for the analysis of the material and symbolic conditions of "taking" dietary supplements by practitioners of the fit culture. Thus, ba-sed on a narrative review, this manuscript aimed to analyze and discuss the emergence of the anthropological analysis to understand the relationships between body practices and dietary supplements, especially for professional health intervention. In general terms, this manuscript selected four arguments to support the theoretical and methodological poten-tial of Anthropology for the health work profession regarding these products. In summary, this text considered that these substances intake reveals social experiences and practices that can be modulated, articulated, interpreted, and incorporated into the prescription or guidance in clinics or in the spaces of body practices. The study concludes that, due to the increase in the consumer market for these products, there is a need to defend a dialogical, affective, sensitive, integral, critical, reflective, emancipated professional intervention and, above all, human intervention on the supplementation process.

Effects of N-acetylcysteine supplementation on cellular damage and oxidative stress indicators in volleyball athletes.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation on cellular damage and oxidative stress indicators in volleyball athletes. Twenty male volleyball athletes at national level performed a physical training session and were divided into 2 groups, which for 7 days took the placebo substance or NAC. After 7 days the athletes repeated the same training session. In both sessions, blood samples were collected 30 min before and immediately after the training session to measure cellular damage and oxidative stress markers. The main results show that, although higher concentrations of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were observed in post-session 1 than those in postsession 2, the other markers showed an increase in antioxidant action after supplementation of NAC, once the effect of experimental conditions (P=0.030) were observed in: time effect (P<0.001) and interaction (P=0.019) for total glutathione; time effect (P<0.001) and interaction (P<0.001) for reduced glutathione; and time effect (P<0.001) for ferric-reducing antioxidant potential. The oxidant action indicated by the protein carbonyl was higher in the placebo group than in the NAC group (P=0.028), but a time effect (P<0.001) for the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances showed lower values in presession 1 than in presession 2. For the cellular damage markers, antagonistic results between markers were found. Based in the results, the supplementation of NAC during a short period was effective in reducing oxidant action and increasing antioxidant action. However, conclusive alterations in the responses of the cellular damage markers were not obtained.

Effects of carbohydrate intake on time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution during supramaximal exercise / Efeito da ingestão de carboidrato sobre o tempo de exaustão e contribuição anaeróbia durante exercício supramáximo

ABSTRACT Objective: This study evaluated the effect of carbohydrate intake on time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution during supramaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer. Methods: The sample comprised ten participants with a mean age of 23.9±2.5 years, mean body mass of 75.1±12.3 kg, mean height of 170.0±1.0 cm, and mean body fat of 11.3±5.2%. The participants underwent an incremental test to determine maximal oxygen uptake and maximum power output, and two supramaximal tests with a constant load of 110% of the maximum power output to exhaustion. Thirty minutes before the supramaximal tests the participants consumed carbohydrates (2 g.kg-1) or placebo. Results: The times to exhaustion of carbohydrate and placebo did not differ (carbohydrate: 170.7±44.6s; placebo: 156.1±26.7s, p=0.17; effect size=0.39). Similarly, the anaerobic contributions of the two treatments did not differ (carbohydrate: 3.0±0.9 L; placebo: 2.7±1.1 L, p=0.23; effect size=0.29). Conclusion: Carbohydrate intake was not capable of increasing time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution in physically active men cycling at 110% of maximum power output.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo foi conduzido com o intuito de verificar o efeito da ingestão de carboidrato sobre o tempo de exaustão e a contribuição anaeróbia durante o exercício supramáximo em uma bicicleta ergométrica. Métodos: Dez participantes fizeram parte da amostra (idade: 23,9±2,5 anos; massa corporal: 75,1±12,3 kg; estatura: 170,0±1,0 cm; gordura corporal: 11,3±5,2%). Todos realizaram um teste incremental para determinar o consumo máximo de oxigênio e a potência máxima e dois testes supramáximos com carga constante de 110% da potência máxima até a exaustão. Os participantes ingeriram carboidrato (2 g.kg-1) ou placebo 30 minutos antes dos testes supramáximos. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa no tempo de exaustão entre carboidrato e placebo (carboidrato: 170,7±44,6s; placebo: 156,1±26,7s, p=0,17; effect size=0,39). De forma similar, não houve diferença significativa na contribuição anaeróbia entre as condições (carboidrato: 3,0±0,9 L; placebo: 2,7±1,1 L, p=0,23; effect size=0,29). Conclusão: A ingestão de carboidrato não foi capaz de aumentar o tempo até a exaustão e a contribuição anaeróbia em exercícios à 110% da potência máxima em homens fisicamente ativos.

Perfil nutricional e uso de suplementação entre praticantes de musculação e atletas de judô em academias de Campo Grande, MS / Nutritional profile and use of supplementation by bodybuilders and judo athletes in gyms of Campo Grande, MS

Introdução: Avaliar o perfil nutricional e o uso de suplementação entre praticantes de musculação e atletas de judô em academias de Campo Grande, MS. Método: Estudo transversal descritivo com 50 participantes, de ambos os gêneros, entre 18 e 35 anos. Para avaliação do consumo alimentar, foram aplicados inquéritos dietéticos, medindo-se consumo energético e de macronutrientes. Foram realizadas medidas de peso, estatura, pregas cutâneas e circunferência. Para cálculo do percentual de gordura, foi utilizado somatório de três pregas cutâneas. O uso de suplemento foi avaliado por meio de aplicação de questionário. A análise estatística foi realizada com o software SPSS, considerando p<0,05. Resultados: A média de energia consumida pelos praticantes de musculação foi 1768,4 kcal/dia e a média dos valores das necessidades estimadas de energia foi 2445,6 kcal/dia; entre os atletas de judô, foi 1851,1 kcal/dia e 2800,1 kcal/dia, respectivamente. O consumo de carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios foi 50,49%, 20,44% e 29,06% entre os praticantes de musculação e 45,06%, 23,31% e 31,61% entre os judocas, respectivamente. Houve diferença significativa na composição corporal entre os participantes nas variáveis índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura, massa magra e massa gorda. A utilização de suplementos ocorreu em 26% dos participantes. Conclusões: A quantidade de energia consumida foi menor do que a necessidade estimada de energia em ambos os grupos e os valores de macronutrientes estavam inadequados. Houve diferença significativa na composição corporal dos participantes, destacando- se percentual elevado de gordura em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença significativa entre o uso de suplementos entre os grupos.(AU)

Introduction: To evaluate the nutritional status and the use of supplementation by bodybuilders and judo athletes in gyms of Campo Grande, MS. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with 50 participants, of both genders, between 18 and 35 years. Dietary surveys were applied to assess food consumption, evaluating energy consumption and macronutrients. Measures of weight, height, skin folds and circumference were performed. To calculate the percentage of fat was used sum of three skinfolds. The use of supplementation was assessed by questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, considering p<0.05. Results: The average power consumed by bodybuilders was 1768.4 kcal/day and the average value of the estimated energy needs was 2445.6 kcal/day; among the judo athletes was 1851.1 kcal/day and 2800.1 kcal/day, respectively. The consumption of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids was 50.49%, 20.44% and 29.06% among bodybuilders and 45.06%, 23.31% and 31.61% among judokas, respectively. There were significant differences in body composition between the participants in variables body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass and lean mass. The use of supplements occurred in 26% of participants. Conclusions: The amount of energy consumed was lower than the estimated energy requirements in both groups and macronutrient values were inadequate. There were significant differences in body composition of the participants, highlighting high percentage of fat in both groups. There was no significant difference between the use of supplements between groups.(AU)